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PubMed1998

Hand, foot, and mouth disease: a case report.

Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a viral infection related to coxsackieviruses A5, A6, A9, and A10, coxsackieviruses B2 and B5, and echovirus 11. It generally affects children, but this article presents a clinical case of a young woman with hand, foot, and mouth disease. Patients with this disease have oral and skin lesions that may be confused with other diseases. The differential diagnosis is very important because both dental and medical professionals may misdiagnose the disease and sometimes prescribe an inappropriate medication.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The possible use of native foot-and-mouth disease non-structural protein 3A in a serological screening test.

ELISA's for antibodies to non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease developed to date use recombinant proteins as antigens. To compare the antibody response to recombinant antigen and native antigen we developed an antigen capture ELISA for foot-and-mouth protein 3A. The concentration of 3A protein in virus cultures was significantly higher in the cell debris than in the supernatant, which made it possible to use proteins directly eluted from cells separated from virus culture using Filteraid. The antigen was trapped between one monoclonal antibody coated to the plate, and a second monoclonal antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. The reaction of the second (conjugated) monoclonal antibody could be blocked by several post-infection sera. Further research has to be performed to determine whether or not this method can result in a reproducible serological test.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Burning mouth syndrome.

Complaint of a burning mouth is an increasingly common problem in the aging population. This has remained an enigma for the treating clinician, because visible pathologic lesions or processes are usually not evident. Local, systemic and environmental causes must be assessed to elicit the predisposing factors. Some suggestions for managing burning mouth syndrome are offered.

Burning Mouth Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Oral intra vascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia in the floor of the mouth.

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) is an unusual vascular lesion of proliferating endothelial cells. It is more frequently seen in the extremities, particularly in the fingers. Oral IPEH has been reported with the common sites being lip, tongue, and buccal mucosa. In this article, we present a case of oral IPEH of the floor of the mouth, an unusual location, presenting in a 9-month-old male. The histogenesis, histologic features, and ultrastructural features are also reviewed. A misdiagnosis of angiosarcoma can be made in a case of IPEH due to similar histopathologic features. It is imperative to rule out this error by an elaborate histopathologic evaluation ofthese lesions.

Connective Tissue↗
PubMed1994

[A temporal fascio-cutaneous island flap in the mucosal reconstruction of the oropharynx and the mouth after oncologic surgery. Apropos of 22 cases].

The temporal fasciocutaneous scalp flap (TFSF) is used as mucosal reconstruction in 22 oropharyngeal and oral carcinomas. The anatomical basis of the flap and the clinical observations are described. The qualities of such a flap clearly appear: high liability and plasticity, perfectly adapted with oropharyngeal and oral mucosal loss. However attention must be payed to reconstruction of the anterior floor of the mouth which seems to be the limit of the rotation arc. Within these limits the TFSH has an inconspicuous donor site scar and low morbidity quite resumed by the hair regrowth on the intral-oral skin paddle.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed2002

Risk factors for positive minor salivary gland biopsy findings in Sjögren's syndrome and dry mouth patients.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate risk factors for positive minor salivary gland biopsy results in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and dry mouth patients. METHODS: A total of 289 patients with dry mouth symptoms were evaluated. Potential risk factors for positive minor salivary gland biopsy results (>1 focus of lymphocytes) were studied in 2 phases. In phase 1, predictor variable candidates were identified for the test study (phase 2). Odds ratios were calculated for predictor variables. RESULTS: IgG, IgA, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and sex, identified as the best predictor variables from phase 1 data, were included in a logistic regression model using phase 2 data. Only IgG demonstrated association with biopsy results (chi(2) = 20.4, P = 0.0001). An elevated IgG level (>1,482 mg/dl) had a high specificity (97% and 97%), high positive predictive value (PPV) (97% and 97%), but poor sensitivity (40% and 45%) in predicting positive biopsy results and SS, respectively. CONCLUSION: Elevated serum IgG levels best predicted a positive biopsy result and SS with high PPV and specificities.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The relationship between sucking and grasping in the human newborn: a precursor of hand-mouth coordination?

The relationship between grasping and sucking, a possible precursor of hand-mouth coordination, was examined in human newborns of varying gestational ages. Grasping was elicited by rapidly tilting the infant backwards while he rested on a padded board and held a grasp bar. Infants were tilted 4 times under each of 3 conditions: grasping, sucking, and grasping-while-sucking. The dependent variables were strength and duration of grasp and frequency and amplitude of sucks during the 15 sec following the tilt. The results indicated that grasping did not affect sucking but that sucking increased the strength and the duration of the grasp. Furthermore, either response system was more highly correlated with indices of maturity of the central nervous system when elicited in the presence rather than the absence of the other. We conclude that in human newborns sucking may be dominant over grasping but that both are part of an integrated system which may form the basis for the development of hand-mouth coordination.

Hand↗
PubMed2002

Patients with head and neck cancer cured by radiation therapy: a survey of the dry mouth syndrome in long-term survivors.

BACKGROUND: Xerostomia can have a significant impact on the quality of life of patients treated by radiation therapy (RT) for cancer in the head and neck. The first aim of the study was to evaluate the degree of xerostomia in 39 long-term survivors treated between 1965-1995 by conventional two-dimensional radiation therapy and currently without evidence of disease. The second aim was to develop a concise instrument to evaluate the subjective aspects of xerostomia. METHODS: A newly developed questionnaire and a visual analog scale (VAS) were used in analyzing the degree of dry mouth and xerostomia-related problems. The radiation dose received by the major salivary glands was estimated by analyzing two-dimensional simulation films. RESULTS: Sixty-four percent of the patients experienced a moderate to severe degree of xerostomia. In the multivariate analysis, three questions regarding dry mouth, eating, and speech were particularly discriminatory for establishing the degree of xerostomia as expressed by the VAS score. CONCLUSIONS: In this survey, 64% of the long-term survivors, after treatment by conventional two-dimensional radiation therapy for a malignancy in the head and neck region, still experienced a moderate to severe degree of permanent xerostomia. A simplified instrument to evaluate xerostomia subjectively can consist of the VAS score and three graded questions.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Predictive value of laminin-5 and membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase expression for cervical lymph node metastasis in T1 and T2 squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue and floor of the mouth.

BACKGROUND: Laminin-5 (Ln-5) cleaved by membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) enhances the migration of tumor cells. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not enhanced expression of both Ln-5 and MT1-MMP was associated with lymph node metastasis in patients with T1 and T2 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue and floor of the mouth. METHODS: By use of biopsy specimens of primary tumors from 57 patients, intratumoral expression of Ln-5 and MT1-MMP was evaluated immunohistochemically and its association with node metastasis analyzed. RESULTS: The tumors were categorized into three groups: Ln-5 focal type/MT1-MMP (-) (group I, n = 14), Ln-5 focal type/ MT1-MMP (+) and Ln-5 diffuse type/MT1-MMP (-) (group II, n = 16), and Ln-5 diffuse type/MT1-MMP (+) (group III, n = 27). The incidence of node metastasis (initial and latent metastases) was two of 14 (14.3%), five of 16 (31.3%), and 15 of 27 (55.6%) in groups I, II, and III, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified tumor thickness (odds ratio, 4.751; p = .0152) and Ln-5/ MT1-MMP expression (odds ratio, 3.795, p = .0304) as independent factors of node metastasis. Moreover, in 35 patients with N0 disease, Ln-5/MT1-MMP expression was the only parameter associated with latent node metastasis (odds ratio, 12.800, p = .0247). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that immunohistochemical evaluation of Ln-5 and MT1-MMP expression is useful for identifying patients with T1 and T2 SCC of the tongue and floor of the mouth who should be treated with elective neck dissection.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Methods for the statistical analysis of binary data in split-mouth designs with baseline measurements.

Many split-mouth trials are characterized by the pairing of site-specific outcome and baseline data within each segment of a subject's mouth. However when the response variable of interest is binary, methods of statistical analysis for this design are not well developed. In this paper we present several analytic approaches that may be taken to the resulting data, showing how the efficiency of statistical inferences can be improved by appropriately incorporating the baseline information. The advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches are discussed in the context of an example from the published literature. The results from a limited simulation study are also presented.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1997

Effects of temperature and volume on measures of mouth dryness, thirst and stomach fullness in males and females.

The immediate post-ingestive effects of temperature on thirst reduction were explored. Thirst was assessed by both ratings and a volume selection task. Supplementary ratings assessed mouth dryness and stomach fullness. All measures were taken before and 0, 2.5 and 5 min after drinking one of four water samples (150 ml/5 degrees C, 400 ml/5 degrees C, 150 ml/22 degrees C or 400 ml/22 degrees C). After 2.5 min, the cold sample produced greater reductions than the warmer sample in (i) the thirst ratings of males who received 400-ml samples, and (ii) the volume selections of females who received 150-ml samples. It is proposed that temperature influenced thirst reduction because of its differential effects on the post-ingestive state of the mouth.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Hand-mouth coordination, congenital absence of limb, and evidence for innate body schemas.

Studies of phantom limb in cases of congenital (aplasic) absence of limb have provided inadequate evidence concerning the innate neurological substrate responsible for the phantom. In this study we review evidence from ultrasonic and behavioral studies of hand-mouth coordination in utero and in early infancy, neurobiological studies in primates, and studies of neural reorganization following amputation. We suggest two complementary hypotheses to explain aplasic phantoms. First, aplasic phantoms are based on the existence of specific neural circuitry associated with innate motor schemas, such as the neural matrix responsible for early hand-mouth coordination. Second, aplasic phantoms are modified by mechanisms that involve a reorganization of neural representations of the missing limb within a complex network involving both cortical and subcortical structures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Amitraz effects on foot-and-mouth disease virus in mammalian cells in vitro.

The toxicity of the acaricide amitraz and its effect on foot-and-mouth disease virus multiplication were evaluated in IB-RS-2 cells in vitro. A reduction of cell growth rate that was dependent on the dose and the length of treatment was observed in cells exposed to amitraz concentrations ranging from 20 to 50 micrograms/ml. Foot-and-mouth disease virus infectivity remained essentially unchanged in cells exposed to amitraz (20 micrograms/ml) 24 hr prior to virus infection or after the adsorption period. Viral RNA synthesis evaluated through [3H]uridine incorporation in cells treated for 24 hr prior to infection was not affected by amitraz.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Re-analysis of the hominid radii from Cave of Hearths and Klasies River Mouth, South Africa.

Two of the few postcranial fragments from the late Early Stone Age and/or the Middle Stone Age of southern Africa are the proximal radii from the Cave of Hearths and Klasies River Mouth. The Cave of Hearths fossil is metrically indistinguishable from both archaic (e.g., Neandertals) and recent humans, and presents a mosaic of primitive and modern features. The primitive include a relatively slender neck and thick cortical bone (the latter of which distinguishes recent humans from archaic, Early Modern, and Upper Paleolithic hominids); the modern includes an anteromedially (rather than medially) facing radial tuberosity. Its extreme collo-diaphyseal angle is unusual, although it can be matched by modern homologues. The neck-shaft angle of some Neandetral and Early Modern radii also appears to match that of the Cave of Hearths specimen. The Klasies River Mouth radius also has thick cortical bone of the neck. It is morphologically indistinguishable from Early Modern and Neandertal homologues. These, and other fossils, suggest a mosaic pattern of evolution in the postcranial skeleton of the late Early Stone Age and/or Middle Stone Age inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Molecular cloning and expression of the VP1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus C1 in E. coli: effect on bacterial cell viability.

The VP1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus (serotype C1) has been cloned in Escherichia coli Clts cells, under the control of the bacteriophage lambda pL promoter. The expressed VP1 protein was complete and non-fused, and its molecular weight was indistinguishable from that of the VP1 obtained from virions. Cells harbouring the recombinant vectors exhibited symptoms of plasmid instability and toxicity and died in a few weeks even when never exposed to inducing conditions. A new plasmid clone in which a segment of the VP1 gene was fused with contiguous genes of the viral genome was very stable. The expressed partial VP1 protein contains the two major immunogenic domains of the virion. This system can be used as a tool to design an immunogenic VP1, and to explore possible synthetic vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Resolution of block neutralization test curves into components of the foot-and-mouth disease virus system.

Classic neutralization studies by Fazekas de St. Groth and Webster (8) on mixtures of influenza viruses and mixtures of rabbit antisera are reinterpreted in terms of a percentage contaminant in the stock used for the dilution series. A very small amount of a different virus changes the shape of quantal assay curves considerably, but even a large amount of a different antiserum has negligible effect on the shape and merely shifts the curve along the serum dilution axis. These conclusions are the reverse of the authors, who only considered an absolute amount of another component in all dilution tubes. An artificial mixture of 2.7 percent O8 in O1 foot-and-mouth disease virus strains was tested against anti-O1 serum assaying in suckling mice. The small amount of O8 virus greatly altered the shape of the neutralization curve in the direction expected from the reanalysis of the influenza literature data. Results from artificial mixtures are used to explain what were hitherto anomalously broad neutralization curves for some other foot-and-mouth disease strains given by Booth et al. (1) Many of the virus stocks studied can now be postulated as a natural mixture of related virus strains. In fact, the O1 and O8 stocks used might also be of themselves mixtures. These virus strains also exhibit still a further test complication in that the virus-antibody reaction appeared to shift away from complexes on dilution immediately prior to assay.

Antigen-Antibody Reactions↗
PubMed1997

[Reconstruction of an ancient Egytian mouth-opening device. As early as 5000 years ago artificial respiration was basically possible].

Reproduction of an ancient Egyptian mouth-opening device raises certain technological and historical questions. The most effective variation has proven to be a device made of strip iron built exactly according to the proportions given in the Hunefer papyrus. This device allows quick and safe intubation of intubation dummy CLA 8 without a supplementary light source. Originally, the device was a metal instrument made of meteoric iron, apparently produced only in small numbers. To data, the form of production remains a mystery, since the smelting and processing of iron was totally uncommon in ancient Egypt. Based on the material structure of the device and certain portrayals in graves in Deir el-Medina, mouth-opening as it was actually performed reveals a methodology that can be reconciled with modern pre-clinical polytrauma management. In principle, this indicates that the introduction of artificial respiration thousands of years ago would have been possible.

Egypt, Ancient↗
PubMed2003

Clorgyline-induced switch from locomotion to mouthing in sensitization to the dopamine D2/D3 agonist quinpirole in rats: role of sigma and imidazoline I2 receptors.

RATIONALE: The monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) clorgyline, blocks locomotor sensitization to the D(2)/D(3) dopamine agonist quinpirole and sensitizes self-directed mouthing behavior in rats by a mechanism independent of MAO inhibition. Clorgyline has a high affinity for imidazoline I(2) and sigma receptors, which could account for its effects on quinpirole sensitization. OBJECTIVES: To examine whether the effect of clorgyline on quinpirole sensitization is attributed to stimulation of either I(2) or sigma receptors. METHODS: In one experiment, rats received injections of the I(2) receptor agonist 2-BFI (0.2 mg/kg, IP) or vehicle, 90 min prior to each injection of quinpirole (0.5 mg/kg, SC, x 8, twice weekly) or saline. A similar protocol was used to examine the effects of the MAOI Ro 41-1049 (10 mg/kg, SC) on quinpirole sensitization. Unlike clorgyline, Ro 41-1049 has no affinity for sigma or I(2) sites. An initial experiment demonstrated that intermittent injections of clorgyline (1 mg/kg, SC) are as effective as a continuous clorgyline administration (1 mg/kg per day via osmotic mini-pump) on quinpirole sensitization. RESULTS: Like clorgyline, Ro 41-1049, but not 2-BFI, blocked the development of quinpirole-induced locomotor sensitization and induced instead sensitization of self-directed mouthing. CONCLUSIONS: Because Ro 41-1049 produced the same effects as clorgyline, and 2-BFI had no effects on quinpirole sensitization, it is unlikely that clorgyline exerts its effects via an action at sigma or I(2) receptors. Our results are consistent with the suggestion that clorgyline and Ro 41-1049 affect the behavioral response to quinpirole via the MAOI-displaceable quinpirole binding (MQB) site, and the hypothesis that the MQB site selects what motor output becomes sensitized to repeated injections of quinpirole.

Animals↗