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At least 1,387 records · Page 77Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

[Analysis of the practical significance of amino acid requirements in human nutrition].

The objective of this paper was to analyze the usefulness of the actual figures of amino acid requirements in human nutrition. In order to establish the amino acid pattern, the amino acid requirements are related to the safe level of protein intake. Since this safe level has been modified, the amino acid patterns also change, unless there is also a similar modification in the amino acid requirements. Consequently, the use of an amino acid pattern similar to the amino acid composition of a high-quality protein, as is the case of milk, is suggested. Another concept which is necessary to emphasize is that the amino acid pattern proposed for normal nutrition can not be applied to different pathological states. This statement is exemplified by the dietetic treatment of hepatic coma. The mean amino acids intake in physiological studies oriented to determine protein requirements, as well as those observed in low socioeconomic level population groups, are higher than the requirements. These observations can be explained by the methodology used in their determinations, with a previous adaptation period which produces a decrease in the tissue mass of a high percentage of individuals. It is concluded that to obtain a rational application of the amino acids requirements, determined by physiological methods, it is necessary to perform a critical analysis of the figures proposed by the Committees, and adapt them to local prevailing conditions.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hysterical manifestations in Black Africa. Pilot study conducted at the Neuro-Psycho-Pathology Center, Kinshasa].

In a retrospective study on twenty Zairese patients, presenting a hysterical personality structure, the different forms of decompensation have been described and classified according to the DSM III criteria. Even taking into account the inconstancy of hysterical manifestations and the use of criteria not adapted to the local context, some of the described syndromes seem rather atypical. Such findings should stimulate the African psychiatry to develop its own nosographical criteria.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Eradication or antimalaria control: return to training in malariology].

The persistent endemicity in tropical Africa, the repeated resurgences in India, in South-East Asia and in tropical America require flexible tactics adapted to the local conditions. One of the main factors of success relies on the formation in depth of the triad: the epidemiologist, the medical entomologist and the sanitary engineer, by means of an up to date training of malariology.

Humans↗
PubMed1980

The control of leishmaniases.

Human leishmaniases are caused by at least 13 different species and subspecies of parasite of the genus Leishmania. These parasites are transmitted to man from other infected persons or mammals by sandflies when taking a blood meal. Leishmaniases have been reported from about 80 countries and probably some 400 000 new cases occur each year. Clinically the leishmaniases can be divided into three major groups: visceral leishmaniases, which are usually fatal if untreated; cutaneous leishmaniases, which often produce permanent facial disfigurement; and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis of the New World, which produces severe mutilation by destruction of the naso-oro-pharyngeal cavity and sometimes death. Since the various forms of leishmaniasis differ substantially from each other in their epidemiology, the strategy for control must be adapted to the local situation in each endemic area, after thorough ecological and epidemiological studies of the vectors, the hosts, and the landscape. If insufficient baseline information is available, failure of haphazardly applied control measures can be expected. Peridomestic insecticide spraying together with treatment of patients is effective in certain foci of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, urban visceral leishmaniasis, and uta. Extensive programmes to eradicate desert rodents, combined with land reclamation, resulted in a considerable decrease in the incidence of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in vast areas of the USSR. Since control of zoonotic cutaneous/mucocutaneous leishmaniasis of the New World is hardly feasible at present, the only rational approach to prevent some of mucosal lesions is early diagnosis and radical treatment of patients with the rather unsatisfactory drugs at present available.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Agronomic, nutritional and processing characteristics of soybean germ plasm with colored seed coats].

Ten soybean varieties with colored seed coats were evaluated in Jaboticabal, with the objective of obtaining information as to color preference in the direct use of soybeans in human consumption. The above-mentioned material showed good adaptation to the local environmental conditions: plant cycles were smaller than the Santa Rosa (121 days), varying from 107 to 119 days, in spite of the fact that some varieties started blooming later than Santa Rosa. All materials are within the minimum standards for local planting; however, some of them showed a lodging problem, and all varieties are susceptible to bacterial pustule. They have smaller seeds than Santa Rosa, and in relation to yield, varieties as the NC-55, Aksarben 1S (Black), Aksarben 1S (Brown) and Chi kei 13 did not statistically differ from the Santa Rosa. Protein content showed a variability of 37.90 to 43.90% and oil varied from 14.72 to 21.34%. Methionine content was between the known limits (0.907 to 1.644 g/16 g N), but lysine was higher than any reported data (7.584, to 10.877 g/16g N). The Tanner, Chi kei 13 and Chi kei 15 presented a high percentage of hard beans. This fact had a positive influence on the seed hydration characteristics, but their experimental cooking times were very low, varying from 51 and-a-half to 122 minutes. The term "hydration time" is being introduced here, which is defined as the time, in hours, required for a seed to double up its weight when submerged in water.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1994

[Introduction and cultivation of Cinnamomum cassia Presl].

Based on the study of biological characteristics, growth determination, quality examination, harvest and processing features, it has been proved that the introduction and cultivation of Cinnamomum cassial are feasible in such southern subtropics as the valleys along the Yangtze River in the southern part of Sichuan province. Specific cultivating techniques to adapt to the local climate are reviewed in the paper.

China↗
PubMed1994

Expression of urokinase receptors by human trophoblast. A histochemical and ultrastructural analysis.

BACKGROUND: Through their ability to invade endometrium, remodel the uterine spiral arteries, and sustain placental blood fluidity, trophoblast cells play a central role in establishing and maintaining the integrity of the uteroplacental vasculature. The expression of urokinase receptors by trophoblast may facilitate these processes by focusing plasminogen activator activity to discrete sites on the cell surface and promoting the activation of cell-bound plasminogen. However, although urokinase receptors are expressed by cultured trophoblast, the expression of these receptors by trophoblast in vivo has not been examined. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy were used to characterize the expression of urokinase receptors by villous and extravillous trophoblast at several points in gestation. RESULTS: Urokinase receptors were expressed in a polarized fashion at the leading edge of migrating extravillous trophoblast cells. Receptors were also abundantly expressed during the first and second trimesters of gestation by villous trophoblast, where they were located on apical villous projections and within intracellular vacuoles, a subset of which were lysosomes. CONCLUSIONS: The polarized expression of urokinase receptors by invasive extravillous trophoblast cells is consistent with a role for these receptors in mediating the extent and directionality of trophoblast migration. In contrast, the expression of urokinase receptors by villous trophoblast, which are not actively invasive in vivo, may serve to facilitate the generation of plasmin at the interface of these cells with maternal plasma, thereby limiting the deposition of fibrin within the placental intervillous spaces. Diminished urokinase receptor expression by villous trophoblast at term may represent a physiologic adaptation to diminish local fibrinolysis and limit hemorrhage at parturition.

Cell Movement↗
PubMed1994

[Temporomandibular ankylosis. The Algerian experience].

Repair after resection of a temporomandibular ankylosis can raise the problem of cost and supply. This problem was addressed using the method proposed by M. Benoist which appeared to be particularly adapted to the local situation. A series of 61 joints were operated in 43 patients with resection of the ankylosis block and interposition of preformed acrylic resin heads cemented on a mandibular screw. In the immediate post-operative period, the mouth was maintained in the open position and functional rehabilitation began on the day after the operation. With a follow-up of 12 months, buccal opening was satisfactory in all patients, with a maximum between 28 and 43 mm. There were no indications for material removal, even in one case with screw fracture which occurred without functional impairment. This method is economical and technically simple, only requiring low-cost easy-to-use material and should be more widely used in developing countries.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1995

[Current therapy of esophageal varices hemorrhage].

Acute bleeding from esophageal varices is a medical emergency. It requires a structured therapeutic strategy which is adapted to the local resources. The primary goal is to stop bleeding, preferably by endoscopic sclerotherapy or ligation. In situations where endoscopic intervention is not possible as a first-line treatment, therapy with balloon tamponade or vasoactive drugs (terlipressin or octreotide) are options to be followed as soon as possible by sclerotherapy or ligation. After successful hemostasis, the next goal is to prevent rebleeding. This is achieved primarily by eradicating sclerotherapy or ligation. In special situations, long-term therapy with a non-cardio-selective beta receptor blocker is an alternative. The combined approach of sclerotherapy or ligation plus beta receptor blocker has no significant advantage. Primary prophylaxis of bleeding from esophageal varices by long-term beta receptor blocker therapy is advised in patients with medium-sized or large varices. Apart from strategies aimed at the therapy or prophylaxis of bleeding from esophageal varices, measures to prevent and treat chronic liver diseases should be implemented in order to reduce the development of liver cirrhosis as the leading cause of esophageal varices.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1995

[Preoperative measures in emergencies].

AIM: To define the minimally necessary preoperative evaluation and preparation of an emergency patient of a surgical ward. DISCUSSION: While the preoperative evaluation and preparation of a patient for elective surgery aiming at minimizing any risk may take some time, the emergency patient has to be managed intensively and rapidly in order to save life, limb or organ function. Resuscitation of vital functions is best done in collaboration with the anaesthesists and ICU team and has absolute priority. Following this careful clinical examination and the personal history--if obtainable--are more important for decision making than most laboratory data or technical investigations. However, any informations on coagulopathy and metabolic disorders appear essential, as they should be corrected before surgery. Ultrasound is today the most important technical tool to evaluate the abdominal and thoracic cavity, while x-rays are essential for the detection and documentation of any skeletal lesions. CT-scan is indispensable for the examination of the central nervous system. All findings must be carefully recorded allowing for the scoring of any injury or illness which appears important for prognostic considerations as well as for follow-up and quality control. CONCLUSION: The management of any emergency case is demanding and needs experienced physicians. A schematic procedure adapted to the local possibilities and facilities is helpful for an effective and often life-saving team work between the resuscitation team and surgeons.

Diagnostic Tests, Routine↗
PubMed1996

Cultural orientation and adolescents' alcohol use in Zimbabwe.

A classroom survey was conducted in June 1994 among 3061 secondary school students in four provinces in Zimbabwe, with the main objective of measuring health behaviours, school performance and environmental and cultural factors as predictors for drug use. This paper presents an analysis of the relationship between cultural orientation and alcohol use. The survey instrument was based on previous studies undertaken in Zimbabwe and in Europe and adapted to the local situation. A two-staged stratified random sampling strategy distinguished between four different socio-cultural groups. Standardized instructions were given in classrooms by a trained research team. Respondents' mean ages were 14.9 years for boys and 15.1 years for girls, and 51.4% were boys. For a number of core questions, test-retest reliability was shown to be satisfactory. A 14-item scale focusing on language, mass media and music preferences was constructed to measure cultural orientation. Principal component analysis revealed two distinct factors with low interfactor correlation and acceptable scale reliability (alpha), one representing Western orientation and the other Zimbabwean or traditional cultural orientation. Zimbabwean orientation was found to be associated with lower alcohol use, whereas western orientation was associated with higher probability for alcohol use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Evolutionary patterns in ontogenetic transformation: from laws to regularities.

The concept of heterochrony derives from classical approaches to the study of ontogeny and phylogeny. Under the influence of landmark books by deBeer (1930) and Gould (1977), the traditional theories have been revised to fit into the conceptual framework of modern genetics and evolutionary theory. The current scheme, however, suffers from a problem of lack of precise definitions. The term heterochrony is now used to refer to a developmental process as well as to an evolutionary pattern. That is, it refers to a microevolutionary process of adaptation, operating in local populations under selection and to a macroevolutionary pattern based on undefined internal laws of form. Such conceptually contradictory frameworks are a source of confusion and of empirical misuse of concepts. We propose to reduce the dependence of current thinking about heterochrony on the concept of "timing" and instead focus on the organization of sequences of developmental events in ontogeny. Although Haeckelian views have been rejected, most experts would agree that some subtle parallelism between ontogeny and phylogeny does occur. This relationship deserves renewed attention and urodeles are particularly suited to study it due to their variable patterns of ontogeny and complex life cycles. Current reductionist attempts to apply the morphological terminology and postulates of classical heterochrony concepts to cellular and molecular (genetic) aspects of morphogenesis are problematic. Molecular heterochrony requires a linear or strictly hierarchical structure of gene regulation of development. In addition, isomorphism between genetic mutations and morphological changes would be required for the existing terminology to apply. Finally, we caution against a broad interpretation of heterochronic processes at the molecular level, since the approach may end up permitting the meaningless interpretation of any developmental change as heterochrony.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Rehabilitation of grade III protein energy malnutrition on out patients basis.

Malnutrition is an important yet preventable and curable cause of morbidity and mortality. One hundred and thirty-five children suffering from grade III Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) from a poor urban population of Karachi city were enrolled for rehabilitation by health education and growth monitoring as out patient. Of these, 89% showed satisfactory recovery during a mean follow-up period of 3.2 months. Mainstay of this study was simple health messages adapted according to local cultural practices in native language. This simple strategy can go a long way in prevention and treatment of PEM in all the developing countries.

Child Nutrition Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Burden of disease in the aged, Mexico, 1994].

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the disability adjusted life years lost (DALYs) in population over 60 years of age in Mexico during 1994. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD) were estimated for 108 diseases, both sexes, and 32 states of the Mexican Republic divided in rural and urban areas in the population over 60 years of age, using the methodology originally proposed by Murray and López adapted to specific local characteristics. The inputs used were: mortality statistics for 1994 (after corrections of under-registration and misclassification), statistics on incidence and prevalence from local epidemiological studies, national health surveys and estimates by the authors. RESULTS: During 1994 the Mexican population over 60 years of age lost 1.8 million DALYs, 59% of which were YLL while 41% were YLD. Most of the burden of disease is due to noncommunicable diseases. The principal health needs of the elderly in Mexico can be divided in two groups: a) those that traditionally are frequent in this age group, such as ischaemic heart disease, diabetes, stroke and b) disabling diseases such as dementia, falls and arthritis as the most important. CONCLUSIONS: The use of composite indicators such as DALYs to assess health needs in older adult can help decision-makers and planners to incorporate disabling and lethal diseases within the list of priority needs, thereby achieving greater equity in the assignment of resources to different health care, prevention and rehabilitation programs.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Prevalence and seasonal activity of Ixodes ricinus (Acari:Ixodidae) on domestic ruminants of the Basque country, Spain.

Ixodes ricinus on domestic ruminants was sampled through a natural year at several points in the Basque country, north Spain. The sampling points were comprised of the different natural regions, according to climate and vegetation, into which the region is commonly divided. Both the immature and adult stages were collected on cattle and sheep at five of the eight collecting points, namely in areas with a medium elevation, mild summers and a medium to high annual rainfall. The adults of this tick showed a bimodal pattern of activity in some areas, while in others the pattern was unimodal. It was concluded that, because of the adequate climate, I. ricinus is widely distributed in the Basque country, with geographically close populations adapted to different, local, changing conditions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A health-promoting approach to the study of morbidity with temporary loss of work capacity among oil workers in western Siberia].

Social and economic instability induced a drastic increase in the incidence of diseases involving temporary disability among the oilmen of West Siberia in recent years. Multifactorial analysis disclosed the principal risk factors causing the formation of groups of subjects falling ill frequently and for a long time. The structure of risk factors in the multifactorial model of incidence of diseases with temporary disability has changed recently, reflecting the situation in Russia. The sanological approach to studies of morbidity helps effectively develop a system of complex measures aimed at primary prevention, which should be adapted to the local conditions. One approach is the creation of screening tests to be used in prophylactic check-ups, based on estimation of the threshold (critical) number of risk factors.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1997

Sickness absenteeism from work--a critical review of the literature.

Medically certified absence (absence from work attributed to disease and accident) is an important and convenient index of workers' health and attitudes. It also constitutes the largest part of total absence from work. Depending on the country and on industry and population characteristics, sick-leave accounts for 60-70%, and injuries for another 7-20%. The balance is defined as "healthy-worker absence", taken with or without prior permission or post-facto justification. It is characteristic of the first and last phases of an employee's history at the firm; either before he has time to become a permanent employee and adapt to the local "absence culture", or when he contemplates leaving. On the other hand, certified absence is confirmed by a higher authority, and so it is accepted by management, the insuring institution, and the peer group (which often have to carry the extra workload). This absence belongs to the phase of regular relationships, which both sides seek to maintain. Whether and how often the employee has recourse to certification depends on a number of factors. Those mentioned most often in the literature are: (a) absence--proneness-apparently a defined personality trait (psychological or psychosomatic) leading to repeated absences; (b) poor working conditions; (c) lack of group cohesiveness--members of a well-structured group are upheld by its solidarity and sense of belonging ("esprit de corps"); this is observed in smaller and more closely-knit groups such as shift and group teams, as in the Volvo experiment; (d) quality of the leadership and organizational behavior; (e) job satisfaction--deprivation of recognition, use of abilities, responsibility, and interest have strong psychosomatic repercussion; (f) interaction with external forces, especially marketplace conditions--lack of external demand may restrain absence.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1998

[Clinico-diagnostic role of ferritin and lactoferrin assays in benign and malignant affections of lungs and pleura].

Immunochemical tests of blood sera from 160 healthy residents of the town of Astrakhan were performed to determine standard quantities of ferritin and lactoferrin in the serum. Examinations of the saliva from 280 healthy subjects provided the frequency of occurrence and levels of excretory lactoferrin. These iron-containing proteins were also assessed in different biosubstrates (blood serum, sputum, saliva, pleural fluid, lung tissues) from 550 patients with benign and malignant lesions of the lungs and pleura. Tests for ferritin and lactoferrin proved useful in evaluation of bronchopulmonary inflammation activity, early detection of pulmonary and intrapleural supputation, differential diagnosis of chronic nonspecific pulmonary diseases and lung cancer. The excretory salivary lactoferrin provided sufficient information on the condition of adaptive mechanisms of local defense of the lungs in premorbid state in 420 workers of the gas-processing plant exposed to aggressive occupational pollutants.

Adult↗