Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Library Science”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,387 records · Page 77Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Library management in the tight budget seventies. Problems, challenges, and opportunities.

This paper examines changes in the management of university, special, and medical libraries brought about by the budget curtailments that followed the more affluent funding period of the mid-1960s. Based on a study conducted for the National Science Foundation by the Indiana University Graduate Library School, this paper deals with misconceptions that have arisen in the relationship between publishers and librarians, and differentiates between the priority perceptions of academic and of special librarians in the allocation of progressively scarcer resources. It concludes that libraries must make strong efforts to reduce the growing erosion of materials acquisitions budgets because of growing labor costs as a percentage of all library expenditures; that they must make a working reality of the resource-sharing mechanisms established through consortia and networks; and that they must use advanced evaluative techniques in the determination of which services and programs to implement, expand, and retain, and which to curtail and abandon.

Economics↗
PubMed1978

Books and other endangered species: an inquiry into the values of medical librarianship.

Major values of medical librarians, as exemplified in their periodical literature 1903-1977, are identified as "professionalism," "cooperation," "sense of community with health sciences practitioners," and "knowledge orientation." These values are examined in terms of interdisciplinary research into human values. Professionalism is studied in greater depth in relation to criteria on a scale of professionalism. Medical librarians have been most concerned with the criteria of organization, specialized education (with more emphasis on continuing education than on introductory medical library education), and service orientation. Indication of challenge to long-held values exists in the contradictions among certain related assumptions underlying our self-image, our current lack of standards, and changing societal views toward commitment to a single, life-long specialization. It is suggested that there is unexplored potential for support of our traditional values and the development of new ones by comparing them with the value systems of health scientists and educators of health sciences practitioners.

Books↗
PubMed2002

[Sources for the history of health sciences in Brazil (1808-1930)].

The article presents a panorama of documented sources and of the most representative archives, libraries, and documentation centers pertinent to the history of health sciences in Brazil (1808-1930). Historians, especially those investigating the biomedical sciences, will find here a broad and diversified set of sources. It is precisely from such a convergence of different witnesses that historical investigation is viable.

Archives↗
PubMed1997

"Bridging the information gap" for Virginia public health nurses.

This project was designed to increase the public health nurse's knowledge and use of health science information resources available from the National Library of Medicine's databases through the use of the Grateful Med software program. In 1994, the Tompkins-McCaw Library located on the Medical College of Virginia Campus (MCV) of Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) was awarded a Nursing Information Access Grant from the Southeastern/Atlantic Region of the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This project was a collaboration of the Tompkins McCaw Library, the VCU School of Nursing, and The Virginia Department of Health. Sixty public health nurses received Grateful Med training. Session evaluations were conducted and indicate that although public health nurses received training and had access to health science information resources through Grateful Med, subsequent use of the resources was very limited. Similar to reports on information-seeking behaviors of physicians, public health nurses seek information from colleagues, personal collections, and other resources locally available. Reasons for the project's limited success in changing the health science information seeking and utilization practices of public health nurses are discussed, and potential solutions are proposed.

Grateful Med↗
PubMed1996

Reversion of monochromosome-mediated suppression of tumorigenicity in malignant melanoma by retroviral transduction.

We have developed a general strategy to reverse monochromosome suppression of the malignant phenotypes by retroviral transduction. Our approach involved the introduction of a retroviral expression vector-carried cDNA library into a chromosome 6-suppressed melanoma subline UACC-903(+6) [J. M. Trent et al., Science (Washington DC), 247: 568-571, 1990]. The cDNA library was constructed from polyadenylated RNA isolated from the suppressed UACC-903(+6) cells, packaged into high-titer amphotropic retrovirus particles, and transduced into UACC-903(+6) cells. Revertant his(R) transductants were selected by isolating colony-forming cells in soft agar. A total of 121 large (> 150 microm) colonies was picked from soft agar culture with 18 of 121 (15%) established as permanent sublines. The revertant sublines demonstrated 7-58% cloning efficiency upon plating in agar, in contrast to <0.05% for the UACC-903(+6) subline. All 18 revertant sublines, termed SRS1-SRS18 (for "selection of revertants for suppression"), displayed a reduced population-doubling time, with 9 of 18 showing focus formation in monolayer similar to the parental (nonsuppressed) cell line. Preliminary evidence for reversion of the suppressed phenotype by injection of cells into athymic nude mice has been completed for one revertant subline. Southern analysis has demonstrated integration of the retroviral vector sequence in all 18 sublines. This approach should facilitate the identification of genes involved in the tumorigenic phenotype of malignant melanoma, and is readily adaptable to other model systems.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Libraries reaching out with health information to vulnerable populations: guidance from research on information seeking and use.

OBJECTIVE: Two branches of applied social science have devoted substantial attention to researching information seeking and use. One branch is the field of communication, with its emphasis on the design of messages to effectively transmit expert information. The second is the field of library and information science, with its emphasis on meeting user needs. This paper is an overview and comparison of what is known about information seeking and use based on these two bodies of research, particularly as it applies to serving the needs of racial and ethnic minorities. DATA SOURCE: This paper is informed by three in-depth literature reviews of the two fields and of the difficulties of bringing findings from disparate fields to bear on the same phenomena. CONCLUSIONS: Twenty-five broad brushstroke propositions are extracted in a way that allows both commonalities and contradictions to be informative, particularly as they relate to how the flexibilities offered by electronic technologies may allow experts to serve user needs more effectively and efficiently. Remarkably, while both fields have approached their studies from separate viewpoints without much overlap, both have struggled with the baggage imposed on their research by information-as-transmission assumptions and both have moved toward approaches that focus on information-as-communication.

Community-Institutional Relations↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preparing librarians to meet the challenges of today's health care environment.

OBJECTIVE: Refine the understanding of the desirable skills for health sciences librarians as a basis for developing a training program model that reflects the fundamental changes in health care delivery and information technology. DESIGN: A four-step needs assessment process: focus groups developed lists of desirable skills; the research team organized candidate skills into a taxonomy; a survey of a random sample of librarians and library users assessed perception of importance of individual skills; and the research team framed, as a unifying hypothesis, a training model. SURVEY METHODS: The survey was distributed to random samples of 150 librarians, stratified by type of library, and 150 library users, stratified by type of use. A non-randomized sample was obtained by mounting the survey on a World Wide Web server. The survey instrument included 96 distinct skills organized into 13 categories. Respondents rated the importance of each skill on a Likert scale and provided a separate ranking by identifying the ten most important skills for the profession. RESULTS: Among the participants, 51% of librarians and 36% of library users responded to the survey. All categories of skills were rated above the midpoint of priority on the Likert scale. All groups rated personality characteristics and skills as most important, with an understanding of the health sciences, education, and research being rated comparably to technical skills. CONCLUSIONS: Health sciences librarians need a new educational model that provides them with broad-based tools to discover new roles and new resources for acquiring individual skills as the need arises. A unifying training model would involve trainees in developing their learning plan in a way that promotes proactive inquiry and self-directed learning, and it would rotate the trainees through projects to provide skills and an understanding of end-user work processes.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2004

Health sciences librarians' attitudes toward the Academy of Health Information Professionals.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to ascertain health sciences librarians' attitudes toward the Academy of Health Information Professionals (AHIP). SAMPLE: Systematic sampling was used to select 210 names from the list of members of the Midwest Chapter of the Medical Library Association. METHODS: A questionnaire containing open- and closed-ended questions was used to collect the data. RESULTS: A total of 135 usable questionnaires were returned. Of the respondents, 34.8% are members of the academy and most are at the senior or distinguished member levels. The academy gives them a sense of professionalism and helps them to keep current with new trends. The majority of participants (65.2%) are not members of the academy. Among the various reasons proffered are that neither institutions nor employers require it and that there is no obvious benefit to belonging to the academy. CONCLUSIONS: More research needs to be done with a larger sample size to determine the attitudes of health sciences librarians, nationwide, toward the academy.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Reception of research in the natural sciences in middle Germany at the Padua University betwee 1770 and 1820].

The German literature on natural sciences that was present in the public libraries in Padua between 1770 and 1820 is described. The citations of German authors in the publications of Paduan naturalists of that time and of the textbooks used in Padua University are outlined. German journals on natural sciences available in Venice and Padua and Italian translations of German monographs of that time are also documented. With the foundation of the Italian Empire by Napoleon, the organization of lectures and research in the University of Padua changed drastically. In consequence, the reception of chemistry and physics was exclusively directed to France. In the descriptive natural sciences the earlier German traditions prevailed. Therein, however, Paduan sciences adopted the earlier descriptive traditions that already existed at the end of the 18th century and did not respond to the new developments in German functional morphology and physiology. Jenensian naturalists, botanists and physicists who received attention in Padua around 1800 are described as part of the empiric tradition of Central Germany and not as followers of the speculative "Naturphilosophie". There is no explicit reference to romantic sciences.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2001

Academic mentorship: an effective professional development strategy for medical reference librarians.

Academic mentorship is a professional development strategy that enables fledgling professionals to take advantage of the skills and expertise of the senior members for professional growth. Although widely practiced in many other professions, academic mentorship has not been widely reported in medical librarianship. Drawing upon personal experience, the author reports the success story of an academic mentorship program implemented in an academic medical library and argues for academic mentorship to be widely adopted in academic medical libraries. This paper first reviews the literature on the concept of mentoring in an academic setting, and then describes the background, rationale, methods, and results of the mentorship programs the author has experienced. Lastly, based upon an analysis of several surveys and studies on coping skills for quality job performance of health sciences reference librarians, the paper discusses mentorship as one effective means to ease a new medical reference librarian's transition from his/her pre-service experience to the professional world of medical librarianship. It calls on other health sciences librarians to consider developing their own mentorship programs to promote their professional development and personal growth.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Enabling, empowering, inspiring: research and mentorship through the years.

The interrelationship between research and mentorship in an association such as the Medical Library Association (MLA) is revealed through the contributions of individuals and significant association activities in support of research. Research is vital to the well-being and ultimate survival of health sciences librarianship and is not an ivory tower academic activity. Mentorship plays a critical role in setting a standard and model for those individuals who want to be involved in research and, ultimately, for the preparation of the next generation of health sciences librarians. Research and mentorship are discussed in the context of personal experiences, scholarship, and problem solving in a practice environment. Through research and mentorship, we are enabled to enhance our services and programs, empowered to look beyond our own operations for information puzzles to be solved, and inspired to serve society by improving health.

Fellowships and Scholarships↗
PubMed2001

Individual and group-based parenting programmes for improving psychosocial outcomes for teenage parents and their children.

BACKGROUND: Rates of births to teenage parents are high and there is also a high incidence of poor outcomes among the children of teenage parents including developmental and learning problems, and child maltreatment. Parenting programmes may have an important role to play in improving outcomes for both teenage parents and their children. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review was to examine the effectiveness of individual and/or group based parenting programmes in improving psychosocial and developmental outcomes in teenage mothers and their children. SEARCH STRATEGY: A range of biomedical and social science databases were searched including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychLIT, Sociofile, Social Science Citation Index, ASSIA, the Cochrane Library including SPECTR, CENTRAL, National Research Register (NRR) and ERIC. SELECTION CRITERIA: Only randomised controlled trials were included in which participants had been randomly allocated to an experimental and a control group, the latter being a waiting-list, no-treatment or a placebo control group. Studies had to include at least one standardised instrument measuring maternal psychosocial health or infant health and development. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The included studies were critically appraised using a number of criteria including the method of allocation concealment. The treatment effect for each outcome in each study was standardised by dividing the mean difference in post-intervention scores for the intervention and treatment group, by the pooled standard deviation, to produce an effect size. Due to the presence of significant heterogeneity it was not possible to combine the results in a meta-analysis. MAIN RESULTS: The results of the review are based on data from four studies. These showed that both individual and group-based parenting programmes produced results favouring the intervention group on a range of maternal and infant measures of outcome including mother-infant interaction, language development, parental attitudes, parental knowledge, maternal mealtime communication, maternal self-confidence and maternal identity. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The conclusions which can be drawn from this review are limited due to the small number of included studies, and the use of a restricted number of outcomes measures. The conclusions are also limited by some of the methodological deficiencies of the included studies. Despite these problems the findings of the included studies suggest that parenting programmes may be effective in improving outcomes for both teenage mothers and their infants. There is, however, a need for further research into the effectiveness of parenting programmes for teenage parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Individual and group-based parenting programmes for the treatment of physical child abuse and neglect.

BACKGROUND: Child physical abuse and neglect are important public health problems and recent estimates of their prevalence suggest that they are considerably more common than had hitherto been realised. Many of the risk factors for child abuse and neglect are not amenable to change in the short term. Intervening to change parenting practices may, however, be important in its treatment. Parenting programmes are focused, short-term interventions aimed at improving parenting practices in addition to other outcomes (many of which are risk factors for child abuse e.g. parental psychopathology, and parenting attitudes and practices), and may therefore be useful in the treatment of physically abusive or neglectful parents. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of group-based or one-to-one parenting programmes in addressing child physical abuse or neglect. SEARCH STRATEGY: A range of biomedical and social science databases were searched including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Sociofile, Social Science Citation Index, ASSIA, the Cochrane Library, Campbell Library (including SPECTR and CENTRAL), National Research Register (NRR) and ERIC, from inception to May 2005. SELECTION CRITERIA: Only randomised controlled trials or randomised studies that compared two treatments were included. Studies had to include at least one standardised instrument measuring some aspect of abusive or neglectful parenting. In the absence of studies using objective assessments of child abuse, studies reporting proxy measures of abusive parenting were included. Only studies evaluating the effectiveness of standardised group-based or one-to-one parenting programmes aimed at the treatment of physical child abuse or neglect were included. Studies were also only eligible for inclusion if they had targeted parents of children aged 0-19 years who had been investigated for physical abuse or neglect. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The treatment effect for each outcome in each study was standardised by dividing the mean difference in post-intervention scores for the intervention and treatment group by the pooled standard deviation, to obtain an effect size. The results for each outcome in each study have been presented, with 95% confidence intervals. It was not possible to combine any results in a meta-analysis. MAIN RESULTS: A total of seven studies of variable quality were included in this review. Only two studies assessed the effectiveness of parenting programmes on the incidence of child abuse or number of injuries. One study showed that there were no reports of abuse in the intervention group compared with one report of abuse in the control group. In the second study the small number of injuries sustained precluded the possibility of statistical analysis. Data were also extracted on over fifty outcomes that are used as proxy measures of abusive parenting. These were on the whole diverse and measured a range of aspects of parenting (e.g. parental child management, discipline practices, child abuse potential and mental health), child health (e.g. emotional and behavioural adjustment) and family functioning, thereby precluding the possibility of undertaking a meta-analysis for most outcomes for which data were extracted. While none of the programmes were effective across all of the outcomes measured, many appeared to have improved some outcomes for some of the participating parents, although many failed to achieve statistical significance. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence to support the use of parenting programmes to treat physical abuse or neglect (i.e. such as the incidence of child abuse using reports of child abuse/linjuries or children on the children protection register). There is, however, limited evidence to show that some parenting programmes may be effective in improving some outcomes that are associated with physically abusive parenting. There is an urgent need for further rigorous evaluation of the effectiveness of parenting programmes that are specifically designed to treat physical abuse and neglect, either independently or as part of broader packages of care. Such evaluation should include the use of objective measures of outcome such as independent assessments of parenting and the number of instances of physical abuse. In order to do this, future studies need to include long-term follow-up.

Child↗
PubMed1991

The role of a clinically based computer department of instruction in a school of medicine.

The evolution of activities and educational directions of a department of instruction in medical computer technology in a school of medicine are reviewed. During the 18 years covered, the society at large has undergone marked change in availability and use of computation in every aspect of medical care. It is argued that a department of instruction should be clinical and develop revenue sources based on patient care, perform technical services for the institution with a decentralized structure, and perform both health services and scientific research. Distinction should be drawn between utilization of computing in medical specialties, library function, and instruction in computer science. The last is the proper arena for the academic content of instruction and is best labelled as the philosophical basis of medical knowledge, in particular, its epistemology. Contemporary pressures for teaching introductory computer skills are probably temporary.

Computer User Training↗
PubMed2026

Clinical pharmacokinetics of afatinib: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Afatinib is commonly used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This systematic review summarizes clinical pharmacokinetics (PK) evidence focusing on the effect of disease state and drug interactions on afatinib exposure. METHODS: Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, and the Cochrane library were searched for human studies reporting the clinical PK of afatinib. The search yielded 24 articles that met the predefined inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Afatinib exposure increased slightly more than dose proportionally, with higher doses producing greater AUC0-24 and Cmax values. The apparent oral clearance reported after administration of the oral solution was lower than that observed following tablet administration. The Cmax of afatinib increases by 38.5% after coadministration with ritonavir and exposure decreases 34.3% with rifampicin. The Cmax decreases 31.45% when given with pemetrexed. Both the AUC0-24 and Cmax increase in NSCLC and tumor state. The AUC0-24 of afatinib is 2.61 folds higher following multiple oral doses among patients with solid tumors. Afatinib exposure is 22.1 % higher in renal impaired patients than in healthy controls. In grade 2 diarrhea, the AUC0-24 of afatinib is 83.93% higher as than in grade 0-1 diarrhea in solid tumor patients. CONCLUSION: This systematic review provides an updated synthesis of clinical PK evidence on afatinib. Afatinib exposure is influenced by dose, repeated administration, renal impairment, diarrhea associated toxicity, and P-glycoprotein mediated drug interactions. These findings may support individualized dosing, toxicity-guided dose adjustment, and future development of PK models for afatinib.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Effectiveness of immune globulins in preventing infectious hepatitis and hepatitis A: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness and safety of immune globulins in preventing infectious hepatitis and hepatitis A. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review with meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: We searched the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Biological Abstracts and Science Citation Index to December 2002. Vaccine manufacturers were contacted for additional data. REVIEW METHODS: We included randomised controlled trials comparing effectiveness of hepatitis A immune globulins with no intervention or placebo, and carried out a meta-analysis. RESULTS: We included six studies (two in Russian). Tested immune globulins show higher effectiveness than placebo or do-nothing against infectious hepatitis both in primary prevention and in prevention after exposure (effectiveness 83%; RR: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.15-0.19; and effectiveness 69%; RR: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.20-0.47, respectively). We found considerable heterogeneity among studies, possibly due to different methodology, background rates of disease and immune globulins dosage and concentrations. No safety data were reported in the studies. CONCLUSIONS: Immune globulins are efficacious in preventing infectious hepatitis and hepatitis A, but included studies do not report data about their safety. Average length of passive protection was three months. Given the notable heterogeneity of performance of immune globulins, short protection conferred and absence of trial safety data, the only indications for the use of immune globulins may be in situations in which inadequate supplies of vaccine are available or when the eight-day window of opportunity for vaccine use is past.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed2026

Precision Optimization of Behavioral Activation for Major and Subthreshold Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Exploring Dose-Response Relationships and Moderating Factors.

OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy of behavioral activation (BA) in adolescents with subthreshold depression (SD) or major depressive disorder (MDD), exploring dose-response relationships and moderating factors. METHOD: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, EBSCO, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) through December 31, 2024. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB-2, and evidence quality with Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Analyses were performed with R, using standardized mean difference (SMD) for continuous variables and meta-regression for dose-response relationships. Subgroup analyses included symptom severity, intervention setting, delivery format, and parental involvement. The primary outcome was the reduction in depressive symptoms (PROSPERO: CRD42023444273). RESULTS: A total of 14 studies were included (11 RCTs meta-analyzed, comprising 572 participants). BA demonstrated a moderate effect size compared to treatment-as-usual (SMD = -0.42) and a large effect size compared to no-treatment controls (SMD = -0.87). BA was more effective for mild depressive symptoms (SMD = -0.93) than severe symptoms (SMD = -0.43), with significant efficacy in university settings (SMD = -0.94). Intervention without parental involvement exhibited significantly larger effects than those with parental participation (SMD = -0.94 vs -0.38; p < .0001), although this finding was likely confounded by age, symptom severity, and intervention setting. BA moderately improved both behavioral activation levels and functioning (SMD = 0.49). CONCLUSION: Short-term, school-based BA is significantly beneficial for older adolescents with mild depressive symptoms. Findings provide practical guidance for optimizing BA implementation and highlight directions for future research, including the need for larger sample sizes, standardized follow-up assessments, and more representative samples. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: This meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of behavioral activation (BA), a therapeutic approach focused on improving positive activities, in adolescents with subthreshold depression or major depressive disorder. Based on 14 included studies and 572 participants, BA was found to be more effective for subthreshold compared to major depression. These findings suggest a promising role for BA as an early intervention tool in adolescent depression. STUDY REGISTRATION INFORMATION: Precision Optimization of Behavioral Activation for Major and Subthreshold Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Exploring Dose-response Relationships and Moderating Factors; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42023444273. DIVERSITY & INCLUSION STATEMENT: We worked to ensure sex and gender balance in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure race, ethnic, and/or other types of diversity in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure that the study questionnaires were prepared in an inclusive way. Diverse cell lines and/or genomic datasets were not available. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group.

Humans↗