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PubMed1991

Early second language acquisition: a comparison of the linguistic output of a pre-school child acquiring English as a second language with that of a monolingual peer.

Two pre-school children were recorded at regular intervals over a 9-month period while playing freely together. One child was acquiring English as a second language, whilst the other was a monolingual English speaker. The sociolinguistic domain was such that the children were likely to be motivated to communicate with each other in English. A variety of quantitative measures were taken from the transcribed data, including measures of utterance type, length, type-token ratios, use of auxiliaries and morphology. The child for whom English was a second language was found to be well able to interact on equal terms with his partner, despite being somewhat less advanced in some aspects of English language development by the end of the sampling period. Whilst he appeared to be consolidating his language skills during this time, his monolingual partner appeared to be developing rapidly. It is hoped that normative longitudinal data of this kind will be of use in the accurate assessment of children from dual language backgrounds, who may be referred for speech and language therapy.

Child Language↗

PubMed2005

The effectiveness of early head start for 3-year-old children and their parents: lessons for policy and programs.

Early Head Start, a federal program begun in 1995 for low-income pregnant women and families with infants and toddlers, was evaluated through a randomized trial of 3,001 families in 17 programs. Interviews with primary caregivers, child assessments, and observations of parent-child interactions were completed when children were 3 years old. Caregivers were diverse in race-ethnicity, language, and other characteristics. Regression-adjusted impact analyses showed that 3-year-old program children performed better than did control children in cognitive and language development, displayed higher emotional engagement of the parent and sustained attention with play objects, and were lower in aggressive behavior. Compared with controls, Early Head Start parents were more emotionally supportive, provided more language and learning stimulation, read to their children more, and spanked less. The strongest and most numerous impacts were for programs that offered a mix of home-visiting and center-based services and that fully implemented the performance standards early.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2006

Prelinguistic predictors of language outcome at 3 years of age.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the predictive validity of a collection of prelinguistic skills measured longitudinally in the 2nd year of life to language outcome in the 3rd year in children with typical language development. METHOD: A collection of prelinguistic skills was assessed in 160 children early (M = 14.31 months; SD = 1.36) and late (M = 19.76 months; SD = 1.16) in their 2nd year by using the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile Behavior Sample (A. Wetherby & B. Prizant, 2002). The relation between the prelinguistic skills and the receptive and expressive language near the 3rd birthday was examined. RESULTS: Significant correlations were observed between many prelinguistic skills and language outcome. Regression analyses indicated that comprehension both early and late contributed unique variance to receptive and expressive language outcome. In addition, early in the 2nd year, inventory of conventional gestures contributed uniquely to receptive language outcome, and acts for joint attention contributed uniquely to expressive outcome. Late in the 2nd year, inventory of consonants contributed uniquely to expressive outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate continuity between prelinguistic and linguistic skills and how individual differences in a number of prelinguistic skills contribute collectively and uniquely to language outcome in typically developing children.

Child Language↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Infant reactivity and reliance on mother during emotion challenges: prediction of cognition and language skills in a low-income sample.

This investigation considers the association between patterns of emotional reactivity and reliance on mother in infancy and cognitive and language developments at age 2. Low-income women (N = 518) and their firstborn infants participated in (1) a lab-based assessment where emotion challenges were presented when the infants were 6 to 9 months old, and (2) an assessment of language and cognitive skills at age 2. After controlling for birthweight, early sensorimotor delay, and age at testing, infants who displayed a pattern of combined high reactivity and high reliance on mother in response to positive, anger, and fear emotion challenges had higher cognitive and language skills at age 2 compared with infants who displayed patterns of low reactivity and low reliance on mother. Children who showed high fearful distress and low reliance on mother and whose mothers had low psychological resources had especially poor developmental outcomes. The role of maternal availability in the socialization of emotion and early communication is discussed.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2006

Predicting lexical density growth rate in young children with autism spectrum disorders.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this longitudinal correlational study was to test whether an environmental variable and 4 child variables predicted growth rate of number of different nonimitative words used (i.e., lexical density). METHOD: Thirty-five young (age range = 21-54 months) children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who were initially nonverbal or low verbal participated in the study. Lexical density was measured at 3 times: at entry into the study as well as 6 months and 12 months after entry into the study. Growth curve analysis was used to test the associations. The predictive value of the putative predictors in the model was tested after controlling for initial expressive language impairment. RESULTS: Initial frequency of intentional communication and diversity of object play were predictors of lexical density growth above and beyond initial expressive language impairment (both pseudo R(2)s = .14). CONCLUSIONS: Intentional communication and diversity of object play may represent important prelinguistic goals for young children with ASD. These skills not only have been shown to be malleable through treatment, but they also provide a context for linguistic input from others that may facilitate language development.

Autistic Disorder↗

PubMed1993

Lexical segmentation and vocabulary growth in early language acquisition.

The identification of appropriate lexical segmentations of the speech signal constitutes a problem for the language learner and the child language researcher alike. Articulatory precision and fluency criteria for identifying formulaic expressions, sub-lexical forms and target lexemes in linguistic productions are defined and applied to the analysis of two Danish children's language development between the ages of 1;0 and 2;0. The results of this analysis are compared to the results of applying standard distributional and frequency criteria in the tabulation of mean length of utterance and vocabulary profiles for both standard and non-standard lexical segmentations. It is argued that although the two methods yield converging profiles of development during the latter part of the period studied, articulatory precision and fluency criteria offer a more powerful tool for identifying alternative segmentation strategies in early language acquisition. Profiles of vocabulary development for these two children suggest that the solution to the segmentation problem may be an important trigger for their vocabulary spurts.

Child Language↗

PubMed2003

Speech, language, and cognitive development in children with isolated sagittal synostosis.

This study investigated the occurrence, nature, and severity of speech, language, and cognitive impairment in 76 children (61 males, 15 females) with isolated sagittal synostosis (ISS) aged 9 months to 15 years 7 months. There was no increased prevalence of global cognitive impairment in the group but there was a high prevalence rate of speech and/or language impairment with 28 (37%) displaying impairment of whom 20 (71%) had moderate or severe impairments that fulfilled the criteria for specific impairments. Prevalence rates were only increased for children over two years of age. Expressive language impairment occurred most frequently. Raised intracranial pressure, peri-neonatal risk factors, otitis media, or being operated were not associated with impairment. Surgery at a later age and a family history of speech and language impairment were both associated with impairments but numbers were small. The findings suggest that children with ISS are at an increased risk of developing speech and language impairment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Neurocognitive sequelae of scaphocephaly.

OBJECTIVE: Early cranioplasty for scaphocephaly has become routine in most countries. In addition to normalizing the shape of the skull, it has been found to decrease intracranial hypertension. Whether corrective surgery benefits the child's cognitive outcome has been poorly documented. DESIGN: Eighteen children whose sagittal suture showed premature fusion at birth or soon thereafter were operated on at age 1 week to 7 months. All patients healed without complications and were followed-up at regular intervals. At the age of 7.8 to 16.3 years they were examined to clarify their neurocognitive development and to compare the results with their age- and gender-matched healthy controls. RESULTS: Originally scaphocephalic children, although operated on, had mild deficiencies in auditory short-term memory and language development when examined with the general comprehension, similarities, and digit span subscales of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. In all other respects their developmental outcome was equal to that of the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Despite relative early correction of the skull shape, originally scaphocephalic children's neurocognitive performances do not reach the same level in all of the neurocognitive domains as their matched controls at school age. Early operation (</=1 month) may decrease this developmental delay. This implies that impairment of brain function has already taken place in utero. For the same reason an early operation seems to be justified not only for correction of the skull shape, but also to allow unrestricted development for the brain. Postponement of the operation would not serve either of these aims.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Why do mothers cradle babies on their left?

Many explanations have been put forward for the observed preference of mothers to cradle babies on the left side. These include handedness, the importance of the maternal heartbeat, left breast sensitivity, socio-psychological factors, and advantages in monitoring the infant. We propose that protection and facilitation of affective communication is at the core of cradling; and explore the relation between left-cradling and the role of the right hemisphere in early mother-infant interaction. Left-cradling not only directs maternal communication to the infant's right hemisphere but also facilitates affective feedback to the maternal right brain. The underlying neuro-linguistic mechanisms proposed in this article may be important in the early course of child language development and may also serve to illuminate our understanding of the evolution of human language.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic evidence for bidirectional effects of early lexical and grammatical development.

This article addresses the autonomy hypothesis of vocabulary and grammar and bootstrapping mechanisms in early language development. Two birth cohorts of 1,505 and 1,049 same-sex twin pairs from the UK were assessed at 2 and 3 years on grammar and vocabulary, using adapted versions of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory. Vocabulary and grammar correlate strongly at both 2 and 3 years in both cohorts. Multivariate genetic modeling reveals a consistently high genetic correlation between vocabulary and grammar at 2 and 3 years. This finding suggests the same genetic influences operate for both vocabulary and grammar, a finding incompatible with traditional autonomy hypothesis, at least in early acquisition. Crosslagged longitudinal genetic models indicate both lexical and syntactical bootstrapping operate from 2 to 3 years.

Child Language↗

PubMed2004

[The changes in the distinctness and discrimination of phonems of cochlear implants children].

Hearing impaired children do not develop oral speech in the same time with the hearing ones. Cochlear implants may change this situation. Implanted deaf children may develop oral speech but only after long speech rehabilitation. Acquisition of language skills should be assesed correctly in every patient. It is important because this therapy is quite expensive. There are many quantitative and qualitative methods used all over the world. In some cases score is calculated as percentage of correctly repeated words. Sometimes it did not reflect true level of language development. 240 people were implanted in Poznań in years 1994-2004. Two years ago, evaluation of changes in the distinctness and discrimination of phonems of cochlear implants children was begun. We found differences between standard speech audiometry and distinctness and discrimination of phonems.

Child↗

PubMed1994

[Erythema infectiosum in pregnancy. A follow-up of children after 2 years].

During an epidemic of erythema infectiosum in Norway 1984-86, infection with human parvovirus B19 was diagnosed in 22 pregnant women by detection of specific IgM antibodies. Information about the outcome of pregnancy was obtained in 19 cases. 17 women delivered live babies. In two cases, spontaneous abortion occurred in week 16 of the pregnancy. In 11 cases, cord blood and serum samples were obtained from the children at an age of between six and 15 months. No specific IgM antibodies were found in cord blood. Clinical information on 16 children at two years of age revealed normal growth and development in 15 cases. One child was hyperactive and showed delayed language development. B19 IgG antibodies were detected in three children with normal growth and development. According to our findings, there was no association between infection with human parvovirus B19 in pregnancy and congenital abnormalities.

Child Development↗

PubMed2005

Narrative development in bilingual kindergarteners: can Arthur help?

This study examined the effects of the children's TV program Arthur on the development of narrative skills over an academic year for Spanish-speaking English-language learners. In October, February, and June of their kindergarten year, children were asked to tell a story, in English, prompted by 3 pictures. Before the 2nd and 3rd assessments, half of the 108 children were randomly assigned to view Arthur 3 times a week during school hours, and the other half, which formed the control group, viewed the children's program Between the Lions on the same schedule. Individual growth modeling analysis showed that children who viewed Arthur had steeper growth trajectories than those who viewed Between the Lions. Boys displayed better English narrative skills than girls but no difference in narrative growth rate. The results suggest that certain educational TV programs can assist in some aspects of the language development of bilingual children.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2002

Brain perfusion in autism varies with age.

Our subjects consisted of 14 autistic individuals and 14 controls ranging in age from 3 to 37 years. A (99m)Tc HMPAO single photon emission computed tomogram (SPECT) was used to examine blood flow variations between autistic subjects, compared to an age- and gender-matched control group. We found significant hypoperfusion in the prefrontal areas of autistic individuals as compared to normals in every case (p < 0.01). As the age of the autistic individuals increased the hypoperfusion of verbal-associated areas in the left temporal lobe and frontal areas became more evident. The findings were significant at the p < 0.001 level. The changes in perfusion over time correlated with language development and acquisition as individuals matured. We conclude that autistic individuals have a deficiency in prefrontal areas associated with word identification and language formation skills. This subsequently prevents development of true verbal fluency and development in the temporal and frontal areas associated with speech and communication.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Augmentative and alternative communication in logopedics.

Like logopedics, augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) has a short history and a long past. In the 1950s and 60s the field of AAC emerged as a response to the need of individuals who, despite years of 'traditional speech therapy', had not developed adequate oral communication skills, and for whom compensatory rather than remedial approaches were thus deemed advisable. Various trends like the shift from form to function in language development research, dissemination of sign language, use of non-speech graphic symbols, advances in computer technology, and international collaboration have all contributed to AAC's present-day status as a multidisciplinary enterprise involving speech-language therapists and an array of other professions. Clinical experience, for lack of comprehensive empirical studies, seems to indicate that AAC is warranted for congenital as well as acquired communication disorders.

Humans↗

PubMed2002

Early stuttering as a type of language difficulty.

EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES: The reader will learn about and be able to describe (1) the characteristics of incipient stuttering, (2) how it differs from stuttering in older children, and (3) the relationship of such early stuttering to developing language skills.

Child↗

PubMed1982

Intrauterine growth retardation: a study of long-term morbidity.

Reported is the second phase of a prospective follow-up study of 76 growth-retarded children who were mature at birth and a control group of 88 children who had weights appropriate for gestational age at birth. Follow-up assessments of motor, cognitive, and language development were made between 1 and 6 years of age. The children of the intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) group continued to be smaller than the children of the control group between 12 and 60 months of age. There was no significant difference in the incidences of motor and cognitive handicap or developmental delay, language developmental delay, and tests of vision and hearing between the children of the IUGR group and the children of the control group. There was no significant differences in performance in senior kindergarten between the children of the IUGR group and those of the control group. There was a significant relationship between the socioeconomic status, as measured by the Blishen score at birth, and the subsequent occurrence of motor and cognitive deficits.

Body Height↗

PubMed1993

Results of parenchymal and angiographic magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological testing of children after stroke as neonates.

We describe the long-term follow up of infants after neonatal stroke of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Stroke was diagnosed by CT scan in eight full-term neonates. Three dimensional (volume) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a noninvasive technique that images the arterial vessels without contrast agents. All patients, aged from 1.5 to 8.4 years, were investigated by MRI and MRA and by neuropsychological tests. Cognitive development was investigated by intelligence tests, tests of visual perception, motor and language development. Out of the eight patients, seven had a retarded mental and motor development, and 50% of the children were treated for epilepsy. Seven patients had a spastic hemiparesis. Seven out of eight children showed major cognitive deficits. In all patients, MRI revealed clear parenchymal defects with variable distribution patterns. MRA studies showed abnormalities corresponding to the expected vascular distribution. Children with complications at delivery, with seizures, and an interruption of the main stem of MCA as demonstrated on MRA had the least favourable long-term follow up prognosis with severe cognitive delays.

Cerebral Arteries↗