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In the injured persons with gun shot wounds of thorax the lowering of the common lipids lever, high contents of dienic ketones, dienic conjugats and malonic dialdehydes in the blood serum and the erythrocytes membranes before the operation and in postoperative period witness the lipid metabolism and the antioxidant defense system of organism changes.
The omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have had a major impact on thinking in medicine in the last twenty years. The parent fatty acid in the omega 3 fatty acid family is alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) which is an essential fatty acid found in high concentrations in certain plant oils, such as flaxseed oil, walnut oil and canola oil. Several longer chain or derived omega 3 fatty acids are formed from alpha-linolenic acid and these are mainly found in fish, fish oils and from other marine organisms. The main marine omega 3 fatty acids are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). It is of interest that DHA is specifically localised in the retina and the brain in humans and other mammals. The longer chain omega 3 fatty acids are rapidly incorporated into cell membrane phospholipids where it is regarded they influence the metabolism/metabolic events within the cells. The mechanisms by which these changes occur include alteration in the fluidity of membranes such that there are subtle changes in receptor function, alteration in cell signalling mechanisms, membrane-bound enzymes, regulation of the synthesis of eicosanoids, and regulation of gene expression. In this chapter, we report a comparison between the composition of the oil derived from the New Zealand Green Lipped Mussel (Lyprinol') and two other oils rich in omega 3 fatty acids, namely flaxseed oil and tuna oil. The main lipid classes in Lyprinol' were sterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, sterols and phospholipids while triglycerides were the main lipids in the other two oils. The main omega 3 fatty acids in Lyprinol' were EPA and DHA, while in flaxseed oil and tuna oil the main omega 3 fatty acids were ALA and DHA, respectively. The main sterols in Lyprinol' were cholesterol and desmosterol/brassicasterol, while in flaxseed oil and tuna oil the main sterols were beta-sitosterol and cholesterol, respectively. Epidemiological observations, populations' studies and basic research indicate the possibility of influencing the outcome of cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disorders and neural function by ingestion of the omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Patients with diabetes mellitus type II have disorders in carbohydrate, lipid and other kinds of metabolism. This increases the risk of cardiovascular complications and atherogenesis. Therefore, it is advisable to use drugs preventing an excessive late phase of insulin secretion with resultant reduction of hyperinsulinemia. Reclid, the drug of this group, improves metabolic processes, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, hemostasis and microcirculation. 3-month reclid therapy of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus produced a good hypoglycemic effect in 85% of the cases. This effect consisted in reduction of basal and postprandial glycemia, levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, 24-h glucosuria. In patients with diabetes mellitus type II reclid diminished the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, glycosylated hemoglobin. In patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, reclid improved transmitral blood flow. Thus, reclid provides a good metabolic control in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Moreover, it positively affects mechanisms initiating cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients.
The effect of peroxidation on 5'-nucleotidase activity as well as on membrane microviscosity has been investigated in liver plasma membranes from Wistar rats. The peroxidation was performed with 100 microM H2O2 and 200 microM FeSO4 and/or with 5 mM t-butylhydroperoxide. Treatment of the membranes with these oxidizing agents resulted in an elevation of the transition temperatures of the polarization of the lipid fluorescent probes 1,6 diphenyl-1,3,5 hexatriene (DPH), 3-p-(6-phenyl) 1,3,5 hexatriene phenylpropionic acid (PA-DPH) as well as of the fluorescent thiol reagent N-(1-pyrene) maleimide (1-PM). The peroxidation resulted in a decrease of the activity of 5'nucleotidase. Our data support that the increase of membrane microviscosity of the lipid domain regulates the activity of 5'-nucleotidase.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of diet-therapy on lipid peroxidation in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Fifteen T2DM patients of both sexes, aged between 35-70 years, were given the diet suggested for patients with diabetes by the American Diabetic Association. This diet comprised 50-60% carbohydrate, 10-15% protein, 20-30% fat and about 35 g fiber was given for weight maintenance. Weight and body mass index did not change significantly during 8 weeks of study. Also, no statistically significant difference was observed in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol from before to after dietary intervention. However, the levels of fasting blood sugar, HbA1c and malondialdehyde were lowered significantly after dietary intervention. It was concluded that glycemic optimization, independent of weight and blood lipid profile, through a well-designed diet is likely to be the most effective factor in reducing the process of oxidative stress in T2DM. This may have preventive implications for such diabetic complications as atherosclerosis.
The aim of the present study was to assess the association between smoking and the alteration in plasma concentration of lipid profile and lipid peroxides. Fourteen smokers and 11 age matched control were enrolled. Plasma levels of fasting cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoprotein cholesterol and malondialdehyde were estimated. In smokers the levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, Non-HDL cholesterol and MDA were significantly elevated when compared with the controls. The atherogenic index as indicated by various risk ratios were also found to be increased in smokers as compared to controls. These findings indicate that current smokers are at a pro- atherogenic state and as in other countries, in India smokers require particular attention in terms of public health interventions.
The newborn preterm infant loses the opportunity to store energy as triacylglycerides form in the adipose tissue during the last quarter of gestation, so they have a real threat to maintain with exogenous supports only the high energy request, and they have been exposed to an elevated risk for central nervous system damage. Small reserves of substrates and poor metabolic adaptation may make the premature infant more vulnerable to the normal stresses of birth and the early postnatal period. We have studied the changes in plasma lipids profile and plasma lipoprotein cholesterol distribution in cord blood from 109 term newborn infants and 16 newborn infants have got higher plasma lipid concentrations than term newborn infants (total cholesterol: 76.81 +/- 4.67 mg/dl (mean +/- SEM) vs 66.72 +/- 1.54 mg/dl, p less than 0.02; Phospholipids: 136.00 +/- 5.24 mg/dl vs 113.94 +/- 2.86 mg/dl, p less than 0.005) and a different cholesterol lipoprotein distribution compared to normal full-term infants, standing out in premature babies, that cholesterol is essentially joint with low density lipoproteins (LDLc: 42.40 +/- 3.62 mg/dl vs 28.76 +/- 1.16 mg/dl, p less than 0.01). These results could be the expression of a metabolic-enzymatic fetal mechanism to keep up a good cholesterol and phospholipids biodisponibility to supply the structural tissues needs in this fetal stages of rapid growth and development.
The experiments on 50 white mature male rats have provided evidence on the effect produced by microwave therapy on lipid peroxidation, lipid and mineral metabolism and weight of the animals. The effect varied with frequency, wavelength and the site of the exposure (abdominal or cervical zones).
Lipid peroxidation (LPO) was studied in 66 patients suffering from hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome (HFRS) by the results of determination of the content of malonic dialdehyde and acyl hydroperoxides in plasma. LPO intensity rose considerably, being the highest in a severe course of disease. LPO disorder developed against a background of considerable shifts in the level of total blood lipids and their fractions: cholesterol, total beta- and pre-beta-lipoproteins, total phospholipids and triglycerides. The author discussed the importance of LPO disorders revealed in HFRS pathogenesis and determination of the severity of disease and its prognosis.
The Sebumeter method used in this study for quantitative analysis of skin surface lipids differs from previous techniques in simple handling and quick practicability and is therefore helpful in the clinical routine. Sebumetrical measurements carried out on healthy persons revealed symmetrical distribution of skin surface lipids. The highest levels were found on the forehead; young people generally showed higher values than older persons. During therapy with 13-cis retinoic acid on acne patients for 6 months (0.5 mg/kg daily), we found reduction of the random level in the first month, particularly in the forehead region. During therapy with minocycline on 3 acne patients for 3 months (2 X 50 mg daily), there was no variation of the random level observed. UVA irradiation on the face for 10 minutes daily (0.55 J/cm2/min) over a period of 3 weeks resulted in continuous reduction of the random level in most of the tested persons; a small part of them reacted by fluctuating values.
The relationships between biliary lipid composition and cholesterol or triglyceride concentration in plasma lipoprotein fractions (i.e., very-low density, low-density, high-density, HDL2 and HDL3) have been studied in normolipaemic female gallstone patients. Univariate and multivariate stepwise statistical analyses were used to correlate biliary-tested variables against lipid lipoprotein concentration. Cholesterol saturation index was found to be positively and independently associated with total triglycerides, very-low-density lipoprotein triglycerides, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and furthermore, negatively, with HDL3-cholesterol. Percent biliary deoxycholate was positively correlated with both cholesterol saturation index and plasma very-low-density cholesterol or triglycerides. Neither cholesterol saturation index nor percent biliary deoxycholate showed any correlation with total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL2-cholesterol. The present findings suggest a linkage between biliary deoxycholate, biliary cholesterol saturation and plasma very-low-density lipoprotein levels in gallstone patients. Furthermore, since the lipoprotein risk factors for coronary heart disease showed no correlation with cholesterol saturation index, these results were considered a biochemical proof against the supposed association between coronary heart disease and gallstone disease.
Ubiquinone incorporation into vesicles to evaluate its antioxidative effect on lipid peroxidation has been studied. Only sonication and not vortication allows comparable incorporation patterns of the various ubiquinone homologues into lipid vesicles. The measure of malondialdehyde, a convenient index for determining the extent of autoxidation, shows that both the naturally occurring homologues and synthetic shorter-chain ones, also in the oxidized form, possess similar antioxidant efficiency.
It was established that the content of primary (acylhydroperoxide) and secondary (intermollecular "seams" in aminophospholipids) products of lipid peroxide oxidation in blood of patients with ischemic heart disease is increased against the background of hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia. It is suggested that intensification of lipid peroxide oxidation may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
The cholesterol and phospholipid composition of the membrane of vesicular stomatitis (VS) virus was altered by growth in a sterol auxotroph Chinese hamster ovary (CHO MI) host cell and by infection of CHO MI and baby hamster kidney (BHK)-21 cells supplemented with fatty acids and dimethylethanolamine. VS virus released from infected CHO MI sterol auxotroph cells grown in delipidated serum had a 50% lower ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid and an 80% drop in infectivity measured by plaque formation on L-929 cells compared with VS virus released from infected CHO MI cells grown in fetal calf serum. When VS virus was harvested from infected BHK-21 cells fed the choline analogue dimethylethanolamine, 29% of the membrane phospholipids were phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine (PDME); 87% of the PDME was located in the external monolayer of the virus membrane as determined by phospholipase C hydrolysis. Exogenous fatty acids added to the medium of cells infected with VS virus comprised up to 30% of the fatty acyl chains of the viral glycerophospholipids. The presence of PDME or unusual fatty acyl chains in the viral membrane had no effect on viral infectivity. These data indicate that the lipid composition of the VS virus membrane is determined primarily by the lipids available in the host cell and that only cholesterol content affects the biological activity of the virus membrane.
Rat and dog experiments were undertaken to describe the range of the endogenous lipid peroxidation (measured by formation of malondialdehyde in heart tissue) and to analyze the effects of hyperoxic, hypoxic and ischemic influences. The acute hyperoxia caused a moderate increase in the lipid peroxidation. The malondialdehyde formation was perceptibly higher in hypoxia, while the highest values were found in ischemic hearts. It can be concluded that the cytotoxic oxygen metabolites cause unfavourable influences on the heart structure and function, for this reason an antioxidant therapy is to be recommended.
A disease, known as ovine white liver disease (OWLD) was experimentally reproduced in lambs by feeding a diet depleted of cobalt. At necropsy, affected animals had pale, swollen, friable fatty livers, and showed marked accumulation of lipofuscin. Control animals, fed the same diet to which adequate amounts of cobalt had been added, were clinically normal. In animals with OWLD, liver triglyceride and free fatty acid concentrations were increased. A decrease in the ratio of phosphatidyl choline to phosphatidyl ethanolamine in the liver may result in a reduced ability to export triglycerides as very low density lipoprotein. This may cause the lipid accumulation characteristic of OWLD. Lipofuscin accumulation, another feature of OWLD, is a consequence of lipid peroxidation. Evidence for a peroxidative challenge was provided by the finding of reduced concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, elevated concentrations of induced 4-hydroxynonenal, and decreased amounts of the most readily peroxidizable fatty acids in the liver of animals with OWLD, by comparison with controls. The initiator of the peroxidative challenge is unknown, but may be related to the finding of increased concentrations of homocysteine in the plasma of animals with OWLD.
The effects of a complete parenteral feeding of long duration were studied in patients hospitalized in an Intensive Care Unit for an affection requiring this type of alimentation or presenting a state of irreversible prolonged coma. We used the Trive 1000 (EGIC Laboratories) which is a soya oil emulsion combined with essential amino-acides and with Sorbitol. The caloric intake was completed by glucose-solutes mixed with the indispensable vitamins andoligo-elements. Repeated blood-balances, biopsies of the panniculus adiposus and takings of organs (whenever a death occured) were carried out. The after-effects of this type of alimentation were studied in the blood and in the tissues: 1 = On the level of the lipometabolism, the absence of significant modifications in the different categories of lipids and plasmatic lipoproteins shows the quality of the injected fat elimination. On the tissular level, the collecting of alimentary fats is studied from the point of the lipase - lipoprotein activity and the quantitative and qualitive variations of the main classes of lipids. 2 - On the level of the blood biological constants, certain irregularities were noticed, the meaning of which is being discussed.
Sixty-eight patients suffering from diabetes mellitus (DM) type II with Kidney Deficiency and blood stasis were enrolled and divided randomly into treatment group (34 cases) and placebo group (34 healthy subjects). The amount of serum lipid peroxide (LPO), blood lipid and blood sugar was determined. The results showed that the serum LPO in treatment group was higher than that in placebo group. The serum LPO increased significantly in DM patients with vascular disease or with uncontrolled blood sugar. The serum LPO was positively correlated with triglyceride (TG). After using Bushenhuoxue Tablet (BSHX) serum LPO lowered, blood sugar decreased and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C)increased in treatment group, but in placebo group these three parameters were not changed significantly. These results indicated that LPO reaction in type II DM patients increased. The higher the blood sugar and TG or complicated with vascular disease, the LPO reaction enhanced markedly. BSHX tablets have the function of reducing the serum LPO and blood sugar, clearing cholesterol. Therefore, this tablet will have a good prospect in the prevention and treatment for DM patients complicated with vascular disease.