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PubMed1988

The prevalence of cleft lip and plate in Japanese.

To determine the prevalence of cleft lip and palate (CL/P) among the Japanese, 43,821 babies born between 1 January, 1985, and 31 December, 1985, were investigated. Sixty-four infants (0.146%) were found to demonstrate these abnormalities, a birth prevalence rate of 1.46/1000. Among 326 infants in whom it was possible to classify the types of cleft, born between 1 January, 1981, and 31 December, 1985, there were 111 (34.0%) with cleft lip (CL), 154 (47.3%) with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and 61 (18.7%) with cleft palate (CP).

Cleft Lip↗
PubMed1995

Skeletal growth after muscular reconstruction for cleft lip, alveolus and palate.

OBJECTIVE: To compare two treatments for unilateral cleft lip and palate. DESIGN: Follow-up study. SETTING: University department, Germany. SUBJECTS: 110 children with unilateral cleft lip and palate, 50 of whom were treated between 1980 and 1988 (group 1) and 60 of whom were treated between 1970 and 1979 (group 2). INTERVENTIONS: Group 1 had no dentofacial treatment before operation. At the age of 3 months they had musculoperiosteal reconstruction with no orthopaedic treatment postoperatively. At the age of 9-12 months they had the velar muscle reconstructed but no orthopaedic treatment to follow. Group 2 had dentofacial treatment before operation. At the age of 6 months they had their lips operated on by Millard's technique. Postoperatively they had dentofacial orthopaedic treatment followed, at the age of 2.5 years, by palatal surgery by the Campbell-Widmaier technique. This was followed by more dentofacial orthopaedic treatment. Main outcome measure--Growth of the midface skeleton. RESULTS: The course of the anterior tooth segment was similar in the two groups, as was the transverse development of the maxilla. Analyses of both dental casts and lateral cephalometric radiographs showed that the skeletal development in group 1 (who had undergone reconstruction of the perioral and perinasal muscles) was better than in group 2 (who had not) despite the fact that group 1 had had no orthopaedic growth stimulation. CONCLUSION: If the primary and secondary growth centres are not joined at the first operation and the midfacial muscles are not reconstructed, even orthopaedic growth stimulation will not compensate for the defect.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1991

Association between development of lower lip cancer and tobacco habits.

Tobacco use is considered to increase the risk of tumor induction. The purpose of this case-controlled investigation was to assess the association of tobacco habits and development of squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip. Sixty-one patients treated for lower lip cancer, aged between 42 and 90 years, were studied. Age- and sex-matched healthy controls showed a similar exposure to tobacco in years and a comparable distribution of tobacco habits. Although the mean exposure factor (duration times exposure) was greater in the tumor group, no intimate correlation between lip cancer and tobacco was demonstrated. However, an increased, although small, occurrence of herpes labialis lesions was found in cancer patients. The hypothesis is presented that smokers experiencing recurrent herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infections are more liable to tumor initiation, which issue will be subjected to a future study.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Fetal cleft lip repair in rabbits: histology and role of hyaluronic acid.

This study examines the histologic and biochemical features of wound healing in a cleft lip model in the mid-third-trimester fetal rabbit. At days 1, 2, and 4 after the procedure, control, unrepaired, and repaired fetal heads were obtained, sectioned, and stained for histologic examination. The localization of hyaluronic acid in the wound was documented using a cartilage-derived hyaluronic acid-binding protein. In both repaired and unrepaired wounds, the fetal cleft healed without inflammatory cell infiltration or scar formation. Six months after birth, the repaired cleft showed complete regeneration of muscle across the wound and the collagen fibers were of normal density and orientation. Decreased hyaluronic acid deposition was observed in unrepaired clefts as compared with adjacent tissue; no such difference was detected in repaired clefts. Our findings support the hypothesis that a cleft lip repaired in utero heals without the scarring that accompanies postnatal repair. This may explain the lack of maxillary growth restriction after in utero cleft lip repair.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Dermatography as an adjunctive treatment for cleft lip and palate patients.

PURPOSE: To investigate dermatography as a treatment for cleft lip and palate. METHODS: The results of the treatment of 19 cleft lip patients with discoloration of scars and the vermillion border after secondary cleft lip and palate surgery by dermatography and intracicatricial keloidectomy are described. RESULTS: This group of patients has gained self-confidence after treatments, to the extent that their articulation has improved. CONCLUSION: Dermatography can be applied as an adjuvant treatment with good cosmetic and esthetic results.

Carbon↗
PubMed1980

Induction of benign and malignant lip tumors in Syrian hamsters by topical application of N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine and N-nitroso(2-hydroxypropyl)(2-oxopropyl)amine.

Weekly topical application of equitoxic doses of N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) or N-nitroso(2-hydroxypropyl)(2-oxopropyl)amine (HPOP) to lip and/or vagina of female Syrian hamsters led to the development of papillomas and carcinomas of the lip, papillomas of the vagina, and tumors of internal organs. The relative incidence of the tumor types is affected by the dose of BOP or HPOP administered. BOP is excreted unchanged and as HPOP in the saliva of Syrian hamsters injected subcutaneously with BOP and pilocarpin. This result may help to explain preliminary observations that subcutaneously injected BOP and pilocarpin also lead to lip tumors.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1983

Denervation reduces extractable Met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in guinea-pig lips.

Skin extracts of the upper lip of 18 guinea pigs were made and subjected to a Met-enkephalin radioimmunoassay 3-4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks after transection of one infraorbital nerve. There was a significant reduction in the concentration of extractable Met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the denervated half of the lip as compared to the innervated side. The reduction increased with time. These results show that the enkephalin content of the guinea pig upper lip depends on an intact innervation by the infraorbital nerve.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Parasympathetic innervation of cutaneous blood vessels by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves: histochemical and experimental study on rat lower lip.

The distribution and origin of perivascular acetylcholinesterase-active and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerve fibers were studied in the rat lower lip by means of acetylcholinesterase histochemistry and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunohistochemistry. The perivascular nerve fibers stained intensely with both histochemical techniques and were widely distributed on small arteries and arterioles of the lower lip, especially in the transitional zone between the hairy skin and the mucous membrane. The distributions of the two types of fibers were very similar and most of them showed overlapping coloration, on consecutive staining for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and acetylcholinesterase. Both acetylcholinesterase-positive and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive fibers were completely lost on removal of the otic ganglion, while they were not affected by sympathetic ganglion removal or sensory nerve sectioning. In the otic ganglion, most cells exhibited acetylcholinesterase activity, and about 60% of the cells showed light to heavy vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity. These findings indicate that vessels in the rat lip are innervated by parasympathetic fibers originating from the otic ganglion and support the view that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is present in cholinergic neurons. This may suggest the possible control by the parasympathetic nervous system of cutaneous blood vessels through vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing cholinergic neurons, in general or at least in the facial area.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1985

The effect of actinomycin D on radiation induced reactions of the lip mucosa of mice.

The interaction of intraperitoneally injected Actinomycin D and irradiation was investigated in the lip mucosa of NMRI mice. In this rapidly proliferating tissue, a semiquantitative assessment of possible modifications of the radiation response by a drug can be done without using lethality as an endpoint. It was shown that a single dose of 0.5 mg/kg drug given at different times between 24 hr prior to and 24 hr after single radiation doses did not effect the rate of development nor the intensity of mucosal radiation damage. With extended time intervals of 2, 3, or 7 days between both single agents, a slight increase of the lip mucosal reaction was measured. Similar results were obtained when 5 daily drug injections of 0.15 mg/kg were administered starting at day 5 after a single radiation exposure. No differences in response could be demonstrated when fractionated irradiations with intervals ranging from 1 to 24 hr were closely combined with either single or repeated drug treatments (0.5 mg/kg in total) as compared to irradiation alone. However, a slight modification of the iso-effect dose was measured when 0.5 mg/kg Actinomycin D was administered at various periods in between 2 radiation doses separated by 10 days. A maximal effect was measured with 5 daily injections of 0.15 mg/kg drug each and given at a time when proliferative capacity was high. With 0.1 mg/kg Actinomycin D per daily injection, no enhancement of the radiation injury was found. Thus, in these circumstances no influence of Actinomycin D on radiosensitivity nor on repair of sublethal damage could be demonstrated. A clear inhibitory effect on lip mucosal repopulation by the drug is evident, but only at high drug doses close to toxic concentrations.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Interleukin-1 modulatory effect on the action of chemotherapeutic drugs and localized irradiation of the lip, duodenum, and tumor.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the radioprotective and radiochemoprotective capabilities of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1) on two acute-reacting normal tissues of the C3H mouse, the mucosa of the lip and the duodenum. Also assessed was the modulating effect of IL-1 on tumor growth in the same strain of mice. METHODS AND MATERIALS: IL-1 was administered to C3H/Km mice in combination with fractionated irradiation, or with cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, or 5-fluorouracil (5FU) followed by irradiation. Normal tissue damage was evaluated in the mouse lip, using a subjective scoring system for tissue reaction, and in the duodenum, using the crypt cell survival assay. RIF-1 fibrosarcoma tumor response was assayed with the regrowth delay method. RESULTS: IL-1 protected against the acute reaction produced by fractionated irradiation in the lip mucosa, shifting the dose-response curve by 3.8 Gy. IL-1 was protective when injected intraperitoneally 24 hr before CY or c-DDP, which were given immediately before the first of five daily radiation dose fractions. The dose-response curves for cyclophosphamide and cisplatin were shifted 4.0 Gy and 1.6 Gy, respectively. IL-1 did not protect against 5FU toxicity when treatments were administered in that same sequence; however, when 5FU was given 4 or 8 hr before IL-1 and the first radiation dose fraction followed 20 or 16 hr later, there was significant protection and the curves were separated by 1.5 Gy or 3.5 Gy. IL-1 also protected duodenal crypt cells against the cytocidal effect of fractionated irradiation, with a dose difference of 1.5 Gy and an improvement of crypt survival of 11.7%. It was even more protective for these cells against the enhanced drug toxicity when cyclophosphamide or 5FU were administered immediately before the first of five daily radiation doses, with the dose differences of 4.4 and 5.3 Gy, respectively, and improvements of crypt survival of 33.8 and 29.9%, respectively. There was no modification by IL-1 of the effect of irradiation alone on the RIF-1 tumor. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the potential for use of IL-1 as an auxiliary in combinations with chemotherapeutic agents and radiation. It also indicates that for some drugs, such as 5FU, IL-1 effects may be sequence dependent.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Rhodamine B inhibits collagen synthesis by human lip fibroblasts in culture.

To investigate the effect of the cosmetic dye, rhodamine B, on the metabolism of collagen in fibroblasts, confluent KD cells, an established cell line of fibroblasts from human lip, were cultured for 6 h in a serum-free medium in the presence of the dye at 100 micrograms/ml and below. It was found that rhodamine B significantly decreased the content of procollagen type I C-terminal peptide antigen in both the cell layer and the medium with an only slight decrease in the cell number. Rhodamine B significantly decreased the incorporation of [3H]proline into either the collagen-digestible protein or the non-collagen protein in the cell layer. The incorporation of both [3H]thymidine and [14C]leucine into the acid-insoluble fraction of the cell layer was significantly decreased by rhodamine B; the activity of lactate dehydrogenase that leaked into the medium was not changed by the dye. From these results, it was suggested that rhodamine B has the capacity of decreasing the collagen content of the fibroblast cell layer of the human lip, which may result from a non-specific inhibition of protein synthesis without non-specific cell damage. Rhodamine B may impair the formation of extracellular matrix which is important for the maintenance of the lip tissue.

Cell Count↗
PubMed1986

Craniofacial growth data for cleft lip patients infancy to 6 years of age: potential applications.

The present work was undertaken to provide craniofacial roentgenocephalometric growth data on a group of patients with cleft lip ranging in age from infancy to 6 years. Included are variables related to the neurocranium and orbit. Mensurational data were derived from cephalograms of 72 patients (44 male and 28 female subjects) with cleft lip only (n = 38) or cleft lip with varying degrees of alveolar cleft (n = 34). The data in this mixed longitudinal sample are reported for ten age groups. On the basis of comparison with reported noncleft roentgenocephalometric values, it is suggested that the data may serve as a reference for early craniofacial growth. Measurements from four persons with different types of craniofacial anomalies are also presented to illustrate the application of the reported data in the assessment of craniofacial growth.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1994

Cancers of the lip and oropharynx in different social and occupational groups in Finland.

Social status and occupation-specific risks of cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth and pharynx were studied in a nationwide series of 2369 men and 809 women diagnosed in Finland in 1971-1985 and recorded in the files of the Finnish Cancer Registry. Codes for social status (four classes) and occupation (336 categories) were drawn from the files of the 1970 Population Census. The standardised incidence rates (SIR) were defined as the ratios of observed and expected numbers of cases, the expected ones being based on the sex, age, site and calendar period-specific incidence rates in the Finnish population. The SIR of lip cancer in the lowest social class was five times that of the highest one, thus indicating the effects of social class differences in smoking habits. The effect of outdoor work on the development of lip cancer was also strongly supported by this study. The social class-adjusted SIR for fisherman was 2.7 (95% C.I. 1.3-5.0), for forestry managers 2.2 (1.2-3.6), for timber workers 1.9 (1.2-2.9) and for farmers 1.8 (1.2-2.6). For cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx there was no clear correlation with social class. However, the SIR for these cancers among farmers was significantly reduced. The occupation-specific SIRs pointed more to alcohol than smoking aetiology. In the case of cancer of the tongue, no aetiological clues whatsoever could be found. The role of direct occupational factors in the aetiology of any of these cancers seemed to be minimal.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Part 2. Physical assessment of the infant with cleft lip and/or palate.

Cleft lip and cleft palate (CL/CP) are the most commonly occurring craniofacial birth defects. Although some CL/CPs are detected on prenatal ultrasound, the majority are immediately recognized in the delivery room. Part 1 of this 2-part article, "Understanding the Embryology and Genetics of Cleft Lip and Palate," presented the embryology of the face, lip, and palate to help the clinician understand the timing, complexity, and factors that may influence the development of these defects. Part 2 provides clinicians with the tools needed to obtain a detailed family and pregnancy history to evaluate for known associated risk factors. It provides a guide for a systematic physical assessment of the infant with CL/CP along with key areas of assessment for other midline defects or physical findings consistent with associated syndromes. Pictures of a variety of types of CL/CP are included to enhance understanding of these defects. Treatment and long-term complications of CL/CP are reviewed with an emphasis on family support, identifying educational resources, and counseling.

Cleft Lip↗
PubMed2006

Influence of lips on the perception of malocclusion.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of variations in the size of the vermilion borders of the upper and lower lips on the perception of the attractiveness of various occlusal traits. METHODS: Ten occlusal traits and 3 upper and 3 lower vermilion variations, placed in combinations on a facial image, were used in a questionnaire. Statistical analyses for attractiveness and social and sex attributes were performed for various occupational groups. RESULTS: The occlusion, vermilion border of the upper and lower lips separately, and the raters' occupations were all highly significant in influencing attractiveness, social perceptions, and perceived sex of the images (P < .01). All occlusal traits were perceived as more attractive with a thicker vermilion border. Thin vermilion borders and more severe irregularity were associated with unattractiveness, aggressiveness, and masculine traits. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the thickness of the vermilion border has a profound effect on how people rate the attractiveness of the dentition. Therefore, treatment plans that could affect lip vermilion might result in improved dental alignment but also deterioration in overall attractiveness. Orthodontists placed more emphasis on the teeth than other occupation groups; this demonstrated an occupational bias.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Congenital double lip: review of 5 cases.

Congenital double lip is rare and usually involves the upper lip. Apart from a deformity that interferes with speech and mastication, operation may be indicated for cosmetic reasons. We have operated on five patients with double lip deformities for cosmetic reasons. Although a midline constriction band between two mucosal bulges is thought to be a constant feature, four of our five cases did not have a midline constriction. We used an elliptical excision of the mucosal excess in the four patients. The one with central constriction had an elliptical excision on each side, combined with a vertical midline Z-plasty to release the central constriction. Satisfactory aesthetic results were achieved in all patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Foetal surgery and cleft lip and palate: current status and new perspectives.

Now-a-days, high-resolution ultrasound allows an accurate and relatively early diagnosis of congenital malformations. In a limited number of such conditions foetal surgery may be lifesaving. However, premature labour has been the major drawback for open foetal surgery. Recently, improvement of video-endoscopic technology has boosted the development of operative techniques for feto-endoscopic surgery, which has been demonstrated to be less invasive than the open approach. Main clinical application of fetoscopic procedures today is the treatment of feto-foetal transfusion syndrome. Although still in development, feto-endoscopic surgery seems to offer new hope for surgical foetal therapy not only in cases of life threatening conditions. Experimental intrauterine correction of cleft lip and palate (CLP) has been lately performed using the feto-endoscopic approach. This procedure offers two major advantages: first, scarless foetal wound healing and bone healing without callus formation, which would also allow a better/normal maxillary growth, and second, significant decrease of foetal and maternal morbidity. Herein, we report the current status of experimental and clinical foetal surgery and propose possible directions for continuing research to make intrauterine procedures safer. Furthermore, we discuss current knowledge and new perspectives of experimental foetal cleft lip and palate repair, which in the future may lead to such excellent results in the operative treatment of clefts, that less or no secondary corrections and therapies, such as orthodontic, dental, logopedic, etc. would be needed. Only if these conditions can be fulfilled, will we be able to improve substantially our therapy for the human foetus with a cleft lip and palate. In spite of all efforts, however, it must be considered that it may not ever be possible to find the optimal treatment method for this or other craniofacial malformations.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of human papillomavirus DNA sequences in verrucous carcinoma of the lip: genomic and therapeutic approaches.

We examined the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA sequences in tissues of verrucous carcinoma (VC) of the lip. Detection and typing of HPV DNA was performed using polymerase chain reaction with sequence analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. All tissues of VC contained HPV DNA and one of recurrent case was infected with four different HPV DNAs including high risk types. Seven different HPV types were detected in VC, of which (accession no. in EMBL/GeneBank/DDBJ databases) has been described as a partial sequences from an unknown HPV type. Sequence analysis showed that HPVX is related to HPV-20 (74.8% sequence homology). These results indicate that various mucosal and cutaneous HPVs of high risk types are associated with the one of pathogenesis of VC of the lip. In addition, the relationship between VC of the lip and HPV infection is discussed, as is therapy against VC.

Adult↗