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PubMed1991

Regulation of secretion of the teleost fish hormone stanniocalcin: effects of extracellular calcium.

The release in vivo and in vitro of stanniocalcin (STC) from the corpuscles of Stannius (CS) of the rainbow trout and the European eel was studied. Intraperitoneal injection of CaCl2 (2.45 mmol.kg-1 fish) leads to an elevation of both ionic and total calcium in the plasma and results in the release of STC from the CS into the blood. Release of STC in vitro is not affected at "physiological" (1.0-1.5 mM) or lower Ca2+ levels in the incubation medium. High levels of Ca2+ (2.5 mM and higher), however, stimulate the release of STC, in particular that of stored STC. We hypothesize that variations in extracellular Ca2+ in the normocalcaemic range do not directly regulate STC release.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of potassium chromate on atherosclerosis prevention and regression in rabbits.

The effect of intraperitoneal injections of potassium chromate on prevention and regression of atherosclerosis was observed in New Zealand White rabbits. In rabbits fed a 1% cholesterol diet for 90 days, potassium chromate injection was not associated with a significant difference in weight, serum cholesterol, total cholesterol content per 8.5 cm aorta, cholesterol content per gram of aorta or percent intima covered with plaque compared to controls. Similarly, significant differences were not seen in rabbits fed a 1% cholesterol diet for 90 days followed by 60 days of potassium chromate or distilled water injections and a standard diet. These results are in keeping with recent studies suggesting a more limited role for chromium in a variety of lipid-related disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Histological examination of the central nervous system in the diagnosis of botulism.

Type C botulinum toxin was given to mice by mouth or intraperitoneal injection. The central nervous system (CNS) of control and affected mice was examined by histological methods such as would be used in a field investigation of botulism. The only change definitely associated with intoxication was microscopic haemorrhage and vascular engorgement; other changes were considered incidental or artefactual. The results are discussed in the light of other descriptions of botulism in animals. It is concluded that non-specific petechiation and vascular engorgement sometimes occur in the CNS in botulism but that the only way routine histology may support a diagnosis of botulism is by exclusion of other diseases.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1979

Ascites production in 9 rat strains.

A simple inexpensive, and rapid method for inducing large volumes of ascitic fluid in rats is described. The procedure involves intraperitoneal injections of Freund's adjuvant emulsion on alternate days. Antibody activity of the ascitic fluid approximates that found in the serum. Female rats consistently respond better than males. Members of all 9 strains of rats tested produced ascites using this procedure.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Elicitation of peritoneal polymorphonuclear neutrophils from mice.

Although the mouse has been used extensively as a model for the study of host-parasite relationships, murine neutrophils have not been used nearly as often as PMNs from other species for in vitro functional assays due to lack of a commonly used procedure for murine neutrophil collection. These studies compared two eliciting agents and characterized the phagocytic and bactericidal activity of murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils elicited from the peritoneal cavity. We examined the effects of mouse strain (BALB/c, C57BL/6 and DBA/2) and sex, eliciting agent (0.2% glycogen vs. 3% fluid thioglycolate medium) and donor sacrifice method (ether vs. cervical dislocation) on the number of neutrophils recovered in peritoneal exudate. The greatest number of neutrophils was harvested when mice were sacrificed 5 h after intraperitoneal injection of 2.5 ml of 3% thioglycolate medium. This method as described allows reproducible collection of adequate numbers of neutrophils for use in in vitro assays of neutrophils phagocytic and bactericidal function.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Rat monoclonal antibodies. VII. Enhancement of ascites production and yield of monoclonal antibodies in rats following pretreatment with pristane and Freund's adjuvant.

The effect of intraperitoneal injections of pristane, incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and a v/v mixture of pristane and IFA (called PIFA) on ascites production and the yield of monoclonal antibodies has been studied in Louvain rats. The best results were obtained following injection of 2 ml PIFA at the moment of i.p. transfer of hybridoma or immunocytoma cells. Ascites production was increased by as much as 4.7 times and monoclonal antibody production by more than six times compared with untreated control rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effect of internal irradiation on the maturing Purkinje cells in the rat. A Golgi study.

Continuous irradiation in utero is reported to produce mental retardation and gross abnormalities of the brain in the human. A few experimental studies conducted so far also report gross brain defects in animals exposed to continuous irradiation in utero. Despite the increasing use of nuclear energy for power and radioisotopes in medicine, there is hardly any literature available on the effect of continuous irradiation on the structural details of the developing brain. After intraperitoneal injections of different doses of 131I (8, 18 and 32 microCi) and 32P (10 microCi) in new-born rats on the 6th postnatal day, cerebella stained by Golgi techniques were cut sagittally and the sections were examined on the 10th, 15th and 21st postnatal days. In the animals injected with 18 and 32 microCi of 131I and 10 microCi of 32P a large number of Purkinje cells showed morphological alterations not seen in the control groups or in the groups injected with 8 microCi of 131I. The changes observed included persistence of the perisomatic processes beyond the 10th postnatal day, multiple primary dendrites, angulation of the primary dendrites, long segments of primary dendrites without branches and significantly reduced dendritic volume. The number of affected cells was less on the 21st postnatal day. The effective radiation dose estimated in these groups ranged from 15 to 26 rad. Since the rats irradiated with 6 rad had not shown such changes it is believed that there is a threshold dose of radiation beyond which only changes are perceptible at neuronal level.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Enhanced CNS uptake of systemically administered proteins through conjugation with tetanus C-fragment.

No other exogenous protein enters the central nervous system from the circulation as readily as tetanus toxin. We examined the capability of the non-toxic binding fragment of tetanus toxin (C-Fragment) so serve as a vehicle for transport of other proteins into the mouse CNS. Using periodate oxidation of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP), we synthesized two separate macromolecular complexes, one containing C-fragment and HRP, and the other C-fragment, HRP and a third "test" protein-human IgG. The distribution of C-fragment-HRP was typical of blood borne proteins including native C-fragment, with labeling of all neurons with known projections outside the blood-brain barrier, particularly large spinal motoneurons. C-fragment-HRP conjugates showed superior neuronal labeling to over 100-fold greater quantities of free HRP. Complexes containing C-fragment, HRP and human IgG were internalized by neurons from both intramuscular and intraperitoneal injections. The efficiency of neuronal uptake of IgG in the C-fragment conjugated form was enhanced over 40-fold compared to free IgG. Linkage of a large protein to C-fragment probably leads to enhanced endocytosis of that protein by neuronal terminals projecting outside the blood-brain barrier. C-fragment can serve as a vehicle to allow selected proteins to bypass the barrier and enter the CNS.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Analysis of the facilitatory effect of the ACTH-(4-9) analog ORG 2766 on active social contact in rats.

Pairs of male rats were tested for active social interaction, either in a familiar test arena under low illumination or in an unfamiliar test arena under high illumination conditions. Rats tested in an unfamiliar environment and under high light, spent less time in active social contact than rats tested under familiar, low light conditions. This effect was most pronounced during the first half of the 10 minute test period. Intraperitoneal injections of ACTH-(1-24) and ACTH-(4-10) (50 micrograms/kg) administered 5 minutes before the test decreased, whereas the same dose of the synthetic ACTH-(4-9) analog ORG 2766 increased the time spent in active social contact, when rats were tested under unfamiliar, high light conditions. The effects of ACTH-(4-10) and ORG 2766 were present in the second and first half of the test period respectively. Dose response relationship studies with ORG 2766 showed that 0.5 micrograms/kg of this peptide facilitated social contact under both test conditions and the dose response relation followed an inverted U-shaped curve under the familiar low light condition, but not under the unfamiliar, high light condition. ACTH-(4-10) and ORG 2766 failed to influence active social contact, when administered 30 minutes before the test. The change in social contact by ACTH-(4-10) and ORG 2766 was not accompanied by an alteration in ambulation of the rats. It is concluded that ACTH-(4-10) and ORG 2766 decrease and increase respectively social interaction of pairs of rats. The expression of these effects however, depends on the test and treatment conditions and may be related to the action of brain-born ACTH-like peptides.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1985

Effect of parenterally administered atropine on the percutaneous absorption of phencyclidine and methadone.

The effect of parenterally administered atropine on the previously demonstrated percutaneous absorption of phencyclidine and methadone was investigated in vivo using the hairless (SKH, hr-1/hr-1) mouse as an experimental model. At both three hours and four hours following topical application of aqueous phencyclidine hydrochloride, the mean drug concentration in liver was significantly lower in mice that had received atropine sulfate by intraperitoneal injection than in mice that had received only water by this route (3 hrs: p less than 0.01; 4 hrs: p less than 0.02). Prior to three hours no statistically significant difference was noted. In contrast, parenteral administration of atropine produced no significant effect upon the percutaneous absorption of aqueous methadone hydrochloride over a four-hour period. Atropine inhibition of absorption is likely due to cutaneous dehydration, and it may be drug-specific and/or dose-related. These findings are correlated with the previously reported ethanol inhibition of percutaneous absorption. The therapeutic implications of these observations are discussed.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1986

Putrescine has hypothermic and antipyretic activity, in rats.

Intraperitoneal injection of putrescine induced dose-related hypothermia in rats. The effect was more pronounced at room temperature (22 degrees C) than in a warm environment (30 degrees C), the maximum hypothermia (-2.64 +/- 0.29 degrees C, 30 min. after treatment) being obtained with the dose of 300 mg/Kg and remaining significant throughout 3 hr of observation. Putrescine also had antipyretic activity, as it significantly reduced pyrogen-induced fever at a dose level (100 mg/Kg i.p.) ineffective in causing hypothermia in normal rats. The hypothermic and antipyretic effects of putrescine were not associated with any obvious sign of toxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Serotonin involvement in analgesia induced by transcranial electrostimulation.

The experiments described here were intended to investigate whether serotonin (5HT) may be involved in analgesia induced by low current transcranial electrostimulation (TE). The TE stimulus is a 10 mu-ampere, 10 Hz, pulsed current transmitted via electrodes in the pinnae. Combinations of the following were given as intraperitoneal injections: 300 mg/kg p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) 48 hours before testing, 100 mg/kg 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) 30 min before testing and the saline vehicle for these drugs. Rats were tested prior to and 30 minutes after TE or sham TE. Testing for analgesia consisted of putting progressively increasing pressure on the rat tail 1/4 inch from the tip with a pneumatically driven, right angle wedge. The amount of pressure at which the rat moved its tail was measured both before and after TE, or sham TE, and recorded as the difference in tolerated peak pressure (DTPP). TE produced analgesia as manifested by a 613 percent increase in DTPP compared with sham TE treatment values. Among TE treated rats, pretreatment with pCPA decreased DTPP 91.5 percent compared with saline control values, indicating 5HT involvement. 5HTP restored TE induced analgesia in pCPA treated rats to the level of saline treated control animals, confirming 5HT involvement.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed1991

The existence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase in the liver of carp and bastard halibut.

We have found that carp and bastard halibut contain 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-D3)-1 alpha-hydroxylase in the liver besides in the kidney by the following in vivo and in vitro experiments. When [3H]-25-D3 was intraperitoneally injected to vitamin D(D)-deficient carp and normal bastard halibut (D-deficient bastard halibut could not be raised because they died during farming), the profiles of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the plasma lipid extract showed the formation of a peak corresponding to [3H]-1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-D3). When [3H]-25-D3 was incubated with liver homogenates of the fish, a peak corresponding to [3H]-1,25-D3 was also observed in the profile of HPLC. The formation of the metabolite was confirmed by the thermal isomerization into the pre-isomer and mass fragmentography. Although the 1 alpha-hydroxylase was also observed in the kidney, the activity of the enzyme was lower than that in the liver. The results suggest that 25-D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase exists in the liver of carp and bastard halibut and the 25-D3 formed from D3 in the liver is immediately metabolized into 1,25-D3 in the same tissue. The suggestion is supported by the fact that D3 is a major circulating compound with small amounts of 1,25-D3 in the fish while the plasma levels of 25-D3 are under the limit of detection.

24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3↗
PubMed1992

Deferoxamine increases the susceptibility of beta-thalassemic, iron-overloaded mice to infection with Listeria monocytogenes.

The effect of the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) on resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes in mice with a condition analogous to human beta-thalassemia was studied. Intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg DFO resulted in significantly increased mortality when given one, three and six days before infection with L. monocytogenes (for all three time points, p less than 0.02). There were no significant differences in hematocrit, plasma iron, or splenic iron content between the two groups of mice during these time periods. In addition, splenic counts of L. monocytogenes were not significantly higher in DFO-treated compared to saline-treated mice three days after infection. Moreover, background C57Bl/6J mice were not more susceptible to Listeria infection after receiving DFO than were saline-treated controls. In conclusion, acute administration of DFO increases the susceptibility of beta-thalassemic mice to L. monocytogenes. The effect is not seen in background mice and suggests that DFO increases susceptibility to Listeria infection only in animals with iron overload.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Supersensitivity of sigma receptors after repeated administration of cocaine.

We investigated the role of sigma receptors in the expression of behavioral sensitization induced by cocaine. Rats received intraperitoneal injections of either 20 mg/kg cocaine or saline once daily for 14 consecutive days. Cocaine-treated rats became sensitized. After a 5-day abstinence period, a challenge dose of (+)-3-[3-hydroxyphenyl]-N-(1-propyl)piperidine ((+)-3-PPP), a sigma receptor agonist, was administered. (+)-3-PPP at doses of 12 and 24 mg/kg induced significantly more frequent rearing and more potent stereotypy consisting of repetitive head movement and sniffing in cocaine-sensitized rats than in saline-pretreated rats. These enhanced responses to (+)-3-PPP lasted for at least a month. The enhanced responses to (+)-3-PPP were attenuated by 30 mg/kg BMY 14802, a putative sigma antagonist, and also attenuated by 100 mg/kg (+/-)-sulpiride, a D2 dopamine antagonist. These findings show that repeated administration of cocaine produces lasting supersensitivity of simga receptors, which may induce subsequent activation of dopaminergic transmission.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Compensatory increase in intestinal apolipoprotein A-IV mRNA levels in the experimental nephrotic rat.

Using experimental nephrotic rats, we investigated the potential feedback regulation of apolipoproteins (apos) at their hepatic and intestinal synthetic sites. Nephrotic syndrome (NS) was induced in rats by puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) with a single intraperitoneal injection (120 mg/kg). In nephrotic rats, we observed a 60% reduction in serum apo A-IV levels despite a 3.4-fold increase in jejunum and a 1.5-fold increase in ileum apo A-IV mRNA levels, although hepatic apo A-IV levels were unchanged compared with those in pair-fed control rats. A strikingly positive correlation was observed between daily urinary excretion of apo A-IV and its mRNA levels in jejunum (r = .856, P < .01; n = 10) and ileum (r = .710, P < .05; n = 10). On the other hand, nephrotic rats had an 8.2-fold increase in serum apo A-I level associated with a 4.6-fold increase in hepatic and a small but significant increase in jejunum apo A-I mRNA levels. Compared with the fractional catabolic loss of albumin or apo A-IV, that of apo A-I was small and suggests a diminished level of glomerular filtration, leading to a further elevation in serum apo A-I level. Barring nonspecific effects of PAN, these data suggest that reduction of serum apo A-IV level due to urinary loss may directly upregulate mRNA levels in the small intestine. Alternatively, it may be the result of an effective filtration of a serum component unassociated with lipoproteins that normally and site-specifically reduces apo A-I and apo A-IV mRNA transcription.

Albumins↗
PubMed1993

Acetate-induced changes of adenine nucleotide levels in rat liver.

The changes in adenine nucleotide concentration induced by acetate were investigated in rat liver in situ and in isolated rat hepatocytes. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) concentration increased approximately threefold within 15 minutes after intraperitoneal injection of sodium acetate. A small but significant decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration also occurred. Consequently, the ATP/AMP ratio decreased from approximately 14 (the value found in control or sodium chloride-injected rats) to approximately 3 (the value found in sodium acetate-injected rats). Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) concentration increased slightly, but this was statistically nonsignificant. Total adenine nucleotide concentrations after acetate injection remained essentially the same as those in control rats. Adenylate energy charge decreased after acetate administration. No significant changes in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) concentrations were found after sodium acetate injection. Similar patterns of changes in adenine nucleotide concentrations were found in isolated rat hepatocytes incubated in the presence of acetate. These data indicate that acetate, which appears in human blood either during hemodialysis with acetate-containing solution or after ethanol consumption, may alter energy equilibrium of adenine nucleotides in the liver. This is due to the conversion of ATP to AMP in the course of acetate to acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) activation. It is therefore possible that accelerated ATP turnover in the liver may contribute both to the "intolerance to acetate" in patients subjected to dialysis with the sodium acetate-containing solution and to the pathogenesis of gout associated with excessive ethanol consumption.

Acetates↗
PubMed1995

In vivo effects of lipopolysaccharide on hepatic free-NAD(P)(+)-linked redox states and cytosolic phosphorylation potential in 48-hour-fasted rats.

This study was performed to determine the magnitude and time of onset of in vivo changes in hepatic bioenergetics in response to a sublethal dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial endotoxin. Male rats (48-hour-fasted) were administered an intraperitoneal injection of LPS (5 mg/kg body weight) or vehicle alone, and the livers were freeze-clamped 5, 30, or 180 minutes or 24 hours later. Liver tissue was extracted with perchloric acid, and the metabolites necessary to calculate NAD(+)- and NADP(+)-linked redox states and the cytosolic phosphorylation potential were measured. There was no significant difference in hepatic cytosolic phosphorylation potential between LPS and control groups at any of the times investigated. This indicated that the ability of the liver to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was not compromised under the conditions of the study. No changes in hepatic redox states were observed 5 or 30 minutes after LPS treatment. Three hours after LPS treatment, hepatic cytosolic and mitochondrial free-[NAD+]/[NADH] redox states and the cytosolic free-[NADP+]/[NADPH] redox state were more oxidized. By 24 hours, only NAD(+)-linked redox states were more oxidized than the time-matched controls. Hepatic urea content was elevated at both 3 and 24 hours, compatible with an increased rate of urea synthesis as a consequence of increased amino acid metabolism, whereas hepatic beta-hydroxybutyrate and total ketone bodies were decreased 24 hours after LPS treatment, indicating decreased hepatic ketogenesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗