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At least 1,387 records · Page 77Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Effect of canine immune macrophages and canine immune serum on the growth of Ehrlichia canis.

The effect of canine immune macrophages and canine immune serum (CIS) on the growth of Ehrlichia canis was studied in vitro. Treatment of E canis organisms with CIS before they were inoculated into immune macrophage cultures, coupled with pre- and postinoculation maintenance of cultures in CIS, suppressed macrophage infection rates to 1% or less. Immune macrophages collected from E canis-carrier dogs and maintained in canine normal serum were more resistant to the intracellular growth of E canis than were normal macrophages maintained in the same serum. Ehrlichiae introduced into normal macrophage cultures maintained in canine normal serum multiplied within the macrophages and destroyed them. Maximal immunity to intracellular growth of E canis, maximal destruction of this organism, or both, required the interaction of E canis with both humoral and cellular factors in proper sequence.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

A mechanism of enhancement of immune complex deposition following in situ immune complex formation in the mouse glomerulus.

The intravenous injection into mice of small amounts of heat-aggregated bovine serum albumin (BSA) results in deposition of BSA within the glomerulus. Injection of rabbit anti-BSA antibody at a time when all circulating BSA has been cleared results in in situ formation of BSA anti-BSA immune complexes with fixation of mouse C3. Subsequent injection of passively-prepared immune complexes gives much enhanced deposition of immune material when compared with mice given immune complexes alone. This paper shows that this is an antigen-specific phenomenon and not a result of non-specific trapping by damaged glomeruli. The implications of these observations on the pathogenesis of immune complex glomerulonephritis are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Partial inhibition of the humoral immune response of pigs after early postnatal immunization.

The ability of young pigs to be immunized during the postnatal period was studied. Eight groups of pigs born on the same day from 3 sows were injected with hen egg-white lysozyme in Freund's incomplete adjuvant at days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 10 after birth. The serum antibody titers were determined each week. Results indicated that pigs injected within the first 3 days of life exhibited a delay of 10 days in the appearance of the humoral antibodies, compared with the antibody response observed in pigs injected later. Serum antibody titers were markedly lower in the early immunized pigs. The secondary immune response was similar in all pigs. This partial inhibition is not directly linked to the corticoids present in the serum at the immunization day. Possible reasons for this impairment of the humoral immune response were reviewed.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Suppression of thrombocyte aggregation by immune complexes. II. The effect of preformed immune complexes on thrombocyte aggregation].

The authors studied the pattern of changes in human platelet aggregation (PA) during platelet interaction with soluble immune complexes. Addition of antisera to human IgG and IgM to platelet plasma led to ADP-induced PA suppression. Analogous suppression of human PA was detected upon exposure to xenogenous immune complexes formed during incubation of guinea-pig blood serum with rabbit serum against guinea-pig gamma-globulin. PA was suppressed to a lesser degree upon antigen excess and was suppressed negligibly upon antibody excess. Activation and inactivation of complement did not affect the degree of PA suppression with immune complexes. Suppression of human PA with immune complexes attests to the existence of a previously unknown phenomenon apparently caused by platelet blockade by soluble immune complexes.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Studies on host immunity in cervical cancer--alterations in nonspecific and specific immunity of tumor growth (author's transl)].

There have been many studies on the cellular immune responses against human tumors using in vitro cytotoxicity tests, but information concerning specific cell-mediated immunity against human autologous tumors is scant because of technological difficulties. In this paper, peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with cervical cancer were tested by a microcytotoxicity assay for tumor specific immunity against autologous target cells of the primary cultures. Blocking serum activity was also examined. The following results were obtained: 1) In 37 cases of cervical cancer, mean cytotoxicity was 40.5% for patients in stage I, 28.4% in stage II amd 14.5% in stage III. 2) Mean cytotoxicity was significantly decreased in patients with regional lymph node metastasis (15.3%) compared with that in patients without regional lymph node metastasis (35.7%). 3) Mean serum blocking activity on cell-mediated cytotoxicity was increased in patients with regional lymph node metastasis (18.1%) compared with that in patients without regional lymph node metastasis (7.5%). 4) A significant correlation was found between specific and non-specific cell-mediated immunity (skin reactivity to DNCB and lymphocyte response to PHA). From the above results, it may be deduced that both specific and non-specific cell-mediated immunity decrease while serum blocking activity increases as the autologous tumor grows.

Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic↗
PubMed1980

[Secondary immune blood transfusion shock in calves due to the donor immune erythrocyte isoantibodies].

Experiments were carried out on 2 cows, used as donors and 10 calves at the age from 1 to 6 months, taken in the experiment as recipients. The calves were made a blood-transfusion in a dose of 9 cm(3)/kg T. from donors whose serum contained immune erythroantibodies with a titer of 1:4--1:64, directed against their erythrocytes. The recipients had not had antibodies, directed against the donors' erythrocytes. For the purposes of the investigations were used a hemalitic test and an agglutination in a vidal test-tube. The post-transfusional immune reactions and complications observed were related to the hematransfusional shock as a result of a collision between the donor's immune isoerythroantibodies and their corresponding erythrocytic antigens in the recipients. This shock is of great practical value for transfusional hematology in calves. The immune isoerythroantibodies, built up after blood transfusion of immunized, in advance, donors, were formed in 60% of the cases on the 7th--9th days afer the blood-transfusion and disappeared from peripheral blood on the 30ieth day afterwards.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1981

Collagen-induced arthritis in the rat: modification of immune and arthritic responses by free collagen and immune anti-collagen antiserum.

Inbred Wistar strain rats developed a polyarthritic disease when injected intradermally with Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) containing porcine or bovine type II collagen (CII). In contrast, neither allogeneic rat CII nor porcine proteoglycan monomer were arthritogenic, although both were, to some extent, immunogenic. Animals passively transfused with immune serum containing anti-CII antibodies did not develop arthritis and showed greatly reduced anti-CII humoral immune responses (measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) when the serum was administered at the time of and subsequent to challenge with arthritogenic porcine CII. Similarly, the intravenous injection of animals sequentially with 100 microgram soluble CII and 1 ml immune anti-CII antiserum, 9 and 8 days respectively before challenge with arthritogenic CII, abrogated the arthritic response and depressed the humoral anti-porcine CII and anti-rat CII antibody titres more than tenfold. It is concluded that the immune status of the recipient rats with respect to CII is crucially important in determining the nature of the immune and arthritic response to CII appropriately administered in FIA.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Augmentation of specific anti-tumor immunity by immunization with xenogenized tumor cells and its application to the experimental cancer treatment (author's transl)].

It is already known that immunization with viable tumor cells which had been artificially infected with Friend virus (xenogenized tumor cells), one of murine leukemia viruses, produced a strong anti-tumor immunity against the identical non-infected tumor in comparison with that with mitomycin C-treated or irradiated non-infected tumor cells. Lethal tumor dose which could kill 50% of rats (LTD50) was increased up to 1,000 times by the immunization with the viable xenogenized tumor cells. In this presentation, procedure how to augment immunogenicity of the xenogenized tumor cells was examined. Intradermal single immunization with the xenogenized tumor cells (third passage generation through Friend virus-tolerant rats) inhibited most strongly the subcutaneous growth of non-xenogenized tumor; LTD50 was markedly increased more than 10,000 times. In addition, the intradermal active immunization with the viable xenogenized tumor cells followed by the irradiated non-xenogenized tumor cells resulted in 30.8% of complete regression of the tumor subcutaneously transplanted.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The demand for childhood immunizations: results from the Baltimore Immunization Study.

In spite of the net social benefits of childhood vaccines, a substantial proportion of American children do not receive their full complement of immunizations by their second birthday. Designing policies and programs that increase the rate of completed immunizations in preschool children requires an understanding of the factors which contribute to the timely receipt of immunizations. In this paper, we estimate a model of demand for immunizations for preschool children. Our results suggest that household resources, the child's usual source of care, and other "convenience factors" significantly influence the successful completion of the immunization schedule.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Accell particle-mediated DNA immunization elicits humoral, cytotoxic, and protective immune responses.

Accell particle-mediated gene delivery technology was employed for the intracellular delivery of antigen-encoding expression vectors in epidermal tissues in laboratory animals. Delivery of plasmid DNA-coated gold microparticles using the Accell gene delivery system resulted in de novo antigen expression in epidermal cells that stimulated the induction of antigen-specific humoral and cytotoxic cellular immune responses. Optimal DNA delivery conditions favoring maximal humoral responses required the delivery of 5 x 10(7) micron-sized gold particles containing 300 plasmid copies per particle (80 ng of vector total) into a 4-cm2 area of abdominal skin. Comparison of immune responses between animals that received intramuscular injections of relatively large quantities of vector DNA (100 micrograms) and those that received intracellular deliveries of submicrogram quantities of the same DNA to the epidermis demonstrated that the latter approach was considerably more effective at eliciting strong humoral responses. In addition, cytotoxic cellular immune responses were elicited to HIV-1 gp120 following epidermal delivery of HIV-1 gp160 or gp120 expression constructs. A qualitative shift from predominantly cytotoxic cellular to predominantly humoral immune responses with continued immunization indicated the potential for optimizing delivery conditions to favor specifically one type of response over the other.

AIDS Vaccines↗
PubMed1994

Barriers to universal child immunization in rural Senegal 5 years after the accelerated Expanded Programme on Immunization.

Although the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) has been a worldwide success, weak points remain, particularly in Africa. In Senegal, for example, immunization coverage was low in 1990 (60%), in part because of poor results in rural areas. In order to identify obstacles to EPI in such areas, we carried out an immunization survey in Bandafassi, a rural area of Senegal, where 6078 inhabitants lived in 23 small villages. Only 41% of children aged 1-10 years were completely vaccinated in February 1992, with considerable variations in coverage from one village to another, according to their geographical location: 71% of children were completely vaccinated in villages less than 10 km from the health centre, whereas in remote villages only 10% of children had been completely vaccinated. There was no variation according to ethnic group. From 1987 to 1992, the gap in immunization coverage between the remote villages and those located close to the health centre has steadily increased. There is a need to improve the performance of the mobile teams in the remote villages and to increase awareness about the importance of immunization.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Vaccinia virus MUC1 immunization of mice: immune response and protection against the growth of murine tumors bearing the MUC1 antigen.

MUC1 is a mucin found on the apical surfaces of some normal mammalian mucin-secreting cells. It is characterized by heavy glycosylation and a 20-amino-acid tandem repeat segment. In most cases of human breast adenocarcinoma, this antigen is overexpressed. Moreover, abnormal glycosylation exposes a novel peptide epitope within the tandem repeat, such that antibodies to this epitope can distinguish normal from malignant adenocarcinomatous breast tissue. We have constructed a vaccinia virus (VV) that carries the cDNA for the MUC1 antigen. Murine and human cells infected with this virus express the MUC1 molecule, with three to four tandem repeats per molecule and with the tumor-associated epitopes exposed. Mice immunized with this virus produce antibodies that recognize MUC1 outside the tandem repeat, within the tandem repeat, and within the tumor-associated protein core epitope. Tumorigenic P815 (DBA) and 3T3 (BALB/c) cells have been transfected with MUC1. Thirty percent of DBA mice immunized with VV-MUC1 are protected from growth of P815-MUC1 tumors when implanted with 10(5) cells. Immunized BALB/c mice show a late development of transfected 3T3 tumor cells. Immunized mice show a moderate MUC1-specific IgG titer, but it cannot be correlated with subsequent tumor rejection. No evidence for a MUC1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response has been found after immunization with VV-MUC1.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

School-based immunization clinics. A method for raising community immunization levels.

A survey in ten Sacramento schools indicated that immunization levels were low and that they compared with the low levels estimated by the Center for Disease Control for the rest of the country. The problem was given priority, and a plan evolved using the community's schools.A method was developed to screen and immunize large numbers of children in a short time. The schools were used as a focal point to immunize both school-aged and preschool-aged children in each section of Sacramento County. A trained immunization team carried out immunizations with high cost effectiveness.

California↗
PubMed1977

[Regulation of the IgM immune response. I. Changes in the affinity of carp anti-DNP-antibodies during immunization depending on the antigen dose].

The affinities of anti-DNP-antibodies (IgM) of carp, immunized with different doses of dinitrophenylated human serum albumin in complete Freund's adjuvant, were determined by a modified Farr-technique using the hapten epsilon-DNP-L-Lysine. Very low affinity antibodies were formed in the early immune response (Ko = 0.2 - 1.0-10(5) M-1). A progressive increase in IgM antibody affinity occurred during the immune reaction. After immunization with low doses of antigen (0.01 and 0.1 mg) the affinity increased up to four weeks (Ko = 3.2 and 9.1-10(5) M-1) and decreased in the subsequent three weeks (K = 0.8 and 1.2-10(5) M-1). Following immunization with a higher dose of antigen (1 and 10 mg), the affinity increased up to seven weeks (Ko = 4.9 and 11.9-10(5) M-1). The highest antibody concentration in all groups were observed at the maximum of affinity.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Experimental investigations on the immunity development in irradiated mice after local and parenteral immunization with tetanus-toxoid (author's transl)].

Using the "tetanus-mouse" model the differences in immunity development between animals exposed to irradiation (300 R and 400 R) and animals not exposed to irradiation after nasal and subcutaneous vaccination was investigated. Immunization was carried out 1, 3, 6 and 10 days before and after exposure to irradiation. Efficacy of immunization was tested by challenge with 10 X LD50 tetanus-toxin and by antitoxin determination with L+-method. The degree of the immune response was dependent on 1. the irradiation dose, 2. the interval between active immunization and the ensuing or preceding irradiation, 3. the mode of vaccination (local or parenteral) and 4. the vaccination dose.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Control of epithelial immune-response genes and implications for airway immunity and inflammation.

A major goal of our research is to understand how immune cells (especially T cells) infiltrate the pulmonary airway during host defense and inflammatory disease (especially asthma). In that context, we have proposed that epithelial cells lining the airway provide critical biochemical signals for immune-cell influx and activation and that this epithelial-immune cell interaction is a critical feature of airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. In this brief report, we describe our progress in defining a subset of epithelial immune-response genes the expression of which is coordinated for viral defense both directly in response to replicating virus and indirectly under the control of a specific interferon-gamma signal transduction pathway featuring the Stat1 transcription factor as a critical relay signal between cytoplasm and nucleus. Unexpectedly, the same pathway is also activated during asthmatic airway inflammation in a setting where there is no apparent infection and no increase in interferon-gamma levels. The findings provide the first evidence of an overactive Stat1-dependent gene network in asthmatic airways and a novel molecular link between mucosal immunity and inflammation. The findings also offer the possibility that overactivity of Stat1-dependent genes might augment a subsequent T helper cell (Th1)-type response to virus or might combine with a heightened Th2-type response to allergen to account for more severe exacerbations of asthma.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Phenotypic analysis of cellular immune response in Swiss albino mice immunized with antigen extract from exposed B. alexandrina subjected to UV-, gamma irradiation and praziquantel treatment.

Mice were immunized (2x) subcutaneously at zero and 21st day with different antigen preparations. Splenocytes and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) cells were obtained from both immunized and control groups at 14th 21st and 42nd day post the 2nd immunization. The direct immunofluorescent assay was applied using anti mouse CD3+, D4+, CD8+, and IgG monoclonal antibodies to detect panel T-cells, T-cell subsets and B-cells respectively. The observations revealed that the splenic CD3+ T-cells did not show any considerable interrelation either between experimental groups or different time intervals post-immunization (P.I.). Meanwhile, UV-irradiated and PZQ-treated groups showed slight increase at the 2nd and 4th week P.I. as compared with the control group. The UV- and gamma-irradiated groups showed a significant elevation in CD4+ T-cells when compared with control group throughout the time of experiment, whereas, PZQ-treated group showed a significant increase at the 2nd and 4th week P.I. only. The frequency of CD8+ T-cells was elevated in all the experimental groups as compared with control group at 2nd, 4th and 6th week P.I. The MLN CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells did not reveal any considerable changes between the experimental groups and control throughout the time of the experiment. A gradual decrease was observed in all the experimental groups by proceeding the time of the experiment. Splenic and MLN B-cells did not show considerable changes between the experimental groups and control group during the course of the experiment. It is concluded that these antigens could possibly stimulate cellular immune response upon their use as a protective antigens.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

CD40 ligand/trimer DNA enhances both humoral and cellular immune responses and induces protective immunity to infectious and tumor challenge.

CD40/CD40 ligand interactions have a central role in the induction of both humoral and cellular immunity. In this study, we examined whether a plasmid expressing CD40 ligand/trimer (CD40LT) could enhance immune responses in vivo. BALB/c mice were injected with plasmid expressing beta-galactosidase DNA with or without CD40LT DNA or IL-12 DNA, and immune responses were assessed. Mice vaccinated with beta-gal DNA plus CD40LT DNA or IL-12 DNA had a striking increase in Ag-specific production of IFN-gamma, cytolytic T cell activity, and IgG2a Ab. The mechanism by which CD40LT DNA enhanced these responses was further assessed by treating vaccinated mice with anti-IL-12 mAb or CTLA-4 Ig (CTLA4Ig). Production of IFN-gamma and CTL activity was abrogated by these treatments, suggesting that CD40LT DNA was mediating its effects on IFN-gamma and CTL activity through induction of IL-12 and enhancement of B7 expression, respectively. Physiologic relevance for the ability of CD40LT DNA to enhance immune responses by the aforementioned pathways was shown in two in vivo models. First, with regard to CTL activity, mice vaccinated with CD40LT DNA did not develop metastatic tumor following challenge with lethal dose of tumor. Moreover, in a mouse model requiring IL-12-dependent production of IFN-gamma, mice vaccinated with soluble Leishmania Ag and CD40LT DNA were able to control infection with Leishmania major. These data suggest that CD40LT DNA could be a useful vaccine adjuvant for diseases requiring cellular and/or humoral immunity.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗