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At least 1,387 records · Page 77Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Synbiotics and the mucosal barrier in critically ill patients.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Outcome in severe and critical illnesses is strongly related to premorbid conditions: the strength of the mucosal barriers, the innate immune system, and the built-in resistance to disease. Early risk factors and determinants of poor outcome are factors such advanced age; impaired premorbid health status, especially diabetes and high body mass index (obesity); and immunosuppressive treatments. Combined supplementation of bioactive fibers and lactic acid bacteria (synbiotics) directly and indirectly influences several of these factors. RECENT FINDINGS: Determinants for poor outcome are degree of oxidative stress, neutrophil activation, and infiltration of tissues, especially in the lungs. Attempts at early reduction of the exaggerated inflammatory storm and limitation of further impairment of the immune function are always given the highest priority. The supply of live lactic acid bacteria and plant fibers can dramatically reduce the hyperinflammation and also the infiltration by neutrophils of organs such as the lungs. New and efficient autopositioning and regurgitation-resistant feeding tubes provide instruments for the early supply of enteral nutrition with immune-boosting antioxidants and synbiotics. SUMMARY: A meticulous choice of probiotic lactic acid bacteria is recommended because only a small minority of the lactic acid bacteria survive the harsh environment of the upper gastrointestinal tract, ferment strong semiresistant fibers such as inulin, and have the ability to control inflammation and eliminate unwanted pathogens, such as antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and Clostridium difficile.

Critical Illness↗
PubMed1978

Selective decontamination of the digestive tract of Syrian hamsters.

Conventional Syrian hamsters colonized with aerobic gram-negative bacteria such as Pasteurella pneumotropica and various Enterobacteriaceae species were successfully and permanently freed from these microorganisms by oral treatment for 4 weeks with dihydrostreptomycin and 'Orabase' premixed with appropriate antibiotics. Concomitant oral treatment with dimetridazol for the elimination of intestinal flagellates was unsuccessful. During treatment the animals were maintained under germ-free isolation conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Gastroesophageal reflux and Helicobacter pylori].

The relationship between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is not well known yet, and has some controversial issues. There is indirect epidemiological evident, not yet proven, that H. pylori may have a protective role against GERD. Hypochlorhydria caused by gastritis located mainly at corpus would be the principal physiopathological protector mechanism against GERD. Even knowing that more studies are needed, the risk of developing GERD after the H. pylori eradication seems to be increased in some groups of patients. In the presence of the microorganism, the efficacy of acid suppression therapy may decrease, and its long-term use could favour the progression to corpus atrophic gastritis. Specialized intestinal metaplasia in an endoscopically normal-appearing cardia may precede adenocarcinoma, and its prevention would vary, depending on its controversial origin, secondary to carditis, H. pylori or GERD.

Gastroesophageal Reflux↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Isolation of Listeria seeligery from cecum of vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus)].

Recent food listeriosis outbreaks confirm that more faithful isolation and identification methods for Listeria monocytogenes or other potentially pathogen microorganisms are required. Furthermore, the human and animal reservoir role in the ecology of this disease must be established. Listeria spp. in the vizcacha intestinal content was determined by two isolation procedures, starting from 10 g of homogenized samples in 40 ml of PBS. I)0.1 ml was stripped on phenylethanol agar, selective agar for Listeria and acryflavin ceftazidin agar, then incubated at 37 degrees C for 48 h, suspected colonies were identified by preliminary tests (Gram, hemolysis, catalase, esculin hydrolisis and motility at 22 degrees C) and confirmatory tests (indol, methyl red, Voges Proskauer, nitrate and carbohydrate fermentation) (Table 1). Antibiotic susceptibility, protein profile by PAGE and pathogenic power in mice were determined. II) The remaining homogenate was incubated at 4 degrees C in 100 ml of Donnelly and Baigent enrichment broth, weekly or monthly with subcultures until 30 days or 6-8 months, respectively. The subcultures were followed up as in I). A L. seeligeri strain, susceptible to antibiotics suggested for L. monocytogenes and exhibiting resistance to some second and third generation cephalosporins, was isolated (Table 2). The protein profile of both species was coincident, but L. seeligeri was not virulent for mice. The finding of L. seeligeri in an animal (4.0%) used as human feeding source is of interest due to its potential pathogen power.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[The intestine: a central organ in the pathogenesis of septic complications in acute pancreatitis].

Despite the array of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools, acute pancreatitis remains a critical condition with a high rate of septic morbidity and mortality. To date the main cause of death is still the occurrence of septic complications. In 80% the cases, the microorganisms responsible for infection are of enteric origin and in 30% of the patients with septic shock, no evident focus of infection is recognized. Bacterial translocation is increasingly accepted as the main cause of infection, sepsis and multiple organ failure in these critically ill patients. The mechanisms facilitating the loss of gut barrier function are overgrowth of enteric bacteria and damage to the intestinal mucosa. Pancreatitis-induced immunosuppression may allow the systemic spread of translocated organisms and subsequent severe septic sequelae.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

[Effect of contamination of germ-free guinea pigs by individual representatives of the intestinal microflora on antibody and complement concentrations].

On the 3rd day after birth germ-free guinea pigs were contaminated with one of the following representatives of normal intestinal microbial flora: Bac. mesentericus, Bac. subtilis, S. albus, and S. faecalis. In the animals aged two weeks a study was made of the level of antibodies against the microorganisms used for monocontamination, and also to the E. coli O55 pathogenic for guinea pigs; the complement content in the serum was examined as well. Bac. mesentericus and Bac. subtilis contamination of guinea pigs altered the antibody content to these microbes but insignificantly, whereas S. albus and S. faecalis stimulated the antibody genesis considerably. Similar results were obtained in respect to E. coli O55. The complement level was markedly stimulated by the spore aerobes and S. albus.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of L/105, a new topical intestinal rifamycin.

L/105 (4-deoxy-4'-methylpyrido [1',2'-1,2] imidazo [5,4-c] rifamycin SV; INN: Rifaximin) is a new rifamycin active in vitro against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. The activity of L/105 was comparable to that of rifampicin and, against gram-positive bacteria, higher than that of neomycin. The antibacterial activities of L/105 and rifampicin were equally affected by the highest size of inoculum used (10 cells/ml) and they were equally bactericidal against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The speed and the degree of development of resistance to L/105 were quite superimposable on those of neomycin. In vivo, L/105 did not show therapeutic activity by oral route in the staphylococcal infection in the mouse till the highest dosage used (10 mg/kg b.w.); under the same conditions, gentamicin was equally ineffective. After subcutaneous administration, L/105 showed therapeutic activity (ED50 = 0.46 mg/kg b.w.) practically superimposable on that of orally administered rifampicin.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of new quinolones on the human gastrointestinal microflora.

During the last years, the effect of new quinolones--ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and pefloxacin--on the human microflora has been studied. This review article summarizes the published data concerning these studies. The results show that the oropharyngeal flora is only slightly or not at all affected by the quinolones. All new quinolones have a similar effect on the normal intestinal flora. The gram-negative aerobic flora is strongly suppressed during administration of quinolones, while the gram-positive flora is only slightly affected. The anaerobic microflora is almost not at all affected by the administration. The emergence of resistant bacterial strains is uncommon, although one investigation showed increased MIC values for anaerobes during ciprofloxacin administration. Replacement by yeasts or other inherently resistant microorganisms does not often seem to be a problem. High concentrations of the new quinolones are reached in feces; values between 100 and 2,200 mg/kg are reported. Since the new quinolones do not cause marked ecologic disturbances in the intestinal microflora, they may be suitable for selective decontamination in immunocompromised patients and for treatment of bacterial intestinal infections.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of the complex probiotic sporolact on the intestinal microbiocenosis of warm-blooded animals].

Complex probiotic sporolact created on the basis of lactobacteria and aerobic sporeforming bacteria has been studied for its effect on microflora of the gastrointestinal tract of laboratory animals with expressed dysbacteriosis. It has been stated that sporolact inhibits pathogenic microorganisms and renewal of quantitative characters of obligate representatives of the microbiocenosis of the gastrointestinal tract up to the normal level. This complex probiotic has also a curing effect on acute gastrointestinal infection of calves induced by pathogenic bacteria.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Intestinal absorption, exocrine pancreatic function and response to Vibrio cholerae infection in protein deficient Patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas).

Six patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) were fed a protein-free diet. Sixteen animals of the same species received a standard monkey diet. The protein-depleted patas showed reduced absorption of folic acid but not D-xylose, and 5 out of 6 had a decrease in the exocrine pancreatic function. Animals with reduced folic acid absorption and pancreatic enzyme production developed a longer lasting diarrhoea and excreted the microorganisms for a longer time when challenged with Vibrio cholerae.

Amylases↗
PubMed1999

Disposition of D-[U-14C]tagatose in the rat.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the disposition of D-tagatose, under development as a low-calorie sweetener, in conventional and germ-free male rats. One group of conventional rats was fed a diet containing D-tagatose (100 g/kg) mixed with the nonpurified diet (900 g/kg) for 28 days. Then, [U-14C]-labeled D-tagatose was administered as a single dose (approximately 220-380 kBq) to 4 of these adapted rats, as well as to 15 conventional and germ-free rats with no prior exposure (i.e., unadapted) to D-tagatose. Eleven of the 19 dosed animals (4 adapted conventional, 3 unadapted conventional and 2 unadapted germ-free, all dosed orally, plus 2 unadapted conventional dosed intravenously) were placed in metabolism chambers and samples of CO2, urine, and feces taken at regular intervals. At termination, a complete material balance was obtained based on the recovery of 14C. Over the 6-h digestive period, D-tagatose was metabolized to release 39.9 and 13.9% of the oral dose as CO2 in the adapted conventional rats and in the unadapted germ-free rats, respectively. Total releases approximated 68 and 22%, respectively. The difference in CO2 evolution is ascribed to microbial fermentation of D-tagatose in the gut of the conventional rats. The role of adaptation was confirmed by finding 93% less D-tagatose in the feces of the adapted conventional rat than in the feces of the unadapted conventional rat. The intestinal absorption of D-tagatose in the rat is estimated to be 20%. The results demonstrate that D-tagatose is metabolized primarily by microorganisms in the gut of the rat, with an upper limit between 15 and 20% of oral dose metabolized by the host.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics--approaching a definition.

Definitions of different pro-, pre-, and synbiotics suggested by different investigators are critically discussed. On the basis of this analysis, the probiotic concept is confined to effects exerted by viable microorganisms but is applicable independent of the site of action and route of administration. It therefore may include sites such as the oral cavity, the intestine, the vagina, and the skin.

Dairy Products↗
PubMed1997

Conversion by Peyer's patch lymphocytes of human enterocytes into M cells that transport bacteria.

The epithelium that lines the gut is impermeable to macromolecules and microorganisms, except in Peyer's patches (PPs), where the lymphoid follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) contains M cells that transport antigens and microorganisms. A cultured system that reproduces the main characteristics of FAE and M cells was established by cultivation of PP lymphocytes with the differentiated human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Lymphocytes settled into the epithelial monolayer, inducing reorganization of the brush border and a temperature-dependent transport of particles and Vibrio cholerae. This model system could prove useful for intestinal physiology, vaccine research, and drug delivery studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Mid-life crisis for M cells.

The epithelium that lines the gut is impermeable to macromolecules and microorganisms, except in Peyer's patches (PP), where the lymphoid follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) contains M cells that transport antigens and microorganisms. A cultured system that reproduces the main characteristics of FAE and M cells was established by cultivation of PP lymphocytes with the differentiated human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Lymphocytes settled into the epithelial monolayer, inducing reorganization of the brush border and a temperature-dependent transport of particles and Vibrio cholerae. This model system could prove useful for intestinal physiology, vaccine research, and drug delivery studies.

Caco-2 Cells↗
PubMed2006

The survival of pathogens in soil treated with wastewater sludge and in potatoes grown in such soil.

The prevalence of pathogens on potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) grown in soil amended with a pathogen rich wastewater sludge was investigated. Bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae are important pathogens causing intestinal and systemic illness of humans and other animals. Type B sludge was used. Sludges investigated are the high metal and the low metal sludges. Microorganisms in the sludge-amended soil were using culture-based technique. Salmonella and E. coli were observed in tested soil samples. No microorganisms were isolated from control samples taken throughout the process of the experiment. At harvest time, some of the potato samples from LMS soil were contaminated. These potatoes were subjected to further investigation using molecular techniques (polymerase chain reaction) with fD1 and rP2 as primers. Organisms identified from the sequenced potato peel samples with the BLAST search tool included Enterobacter agglomerans (Pantoea agglomerans), several Buttiauxella spp., Pectobacterium spp., Erwinia spp. and a few Pantoea spp. Other than the E. agglomerans, which is commonly found in the gut and upper respiratory tract of humans and in the environment, all the other species identified were found to be mainly either plant or soil pathogens. The E. agglomerans are not primary pathogens but secondary opportunistic pathogens particularly in immunocompromised individuals. These results suggest that growing high risk crops using wastewater sludge contaminated soil may lead to limited infestation of produce with primary pathogens. It appears that the use of HMS due to early pathogen die-off provides less risk of infection than the LMS. However, proper treatment of wastewater sludge to reduce pathogen load is essential prior to its use as soil conditioner.

Escherichia coli↗
PubMed2006

Mode of inactivation of probiotic bacteria affects interleukin 6 and interleukin 8 production in human intestinal epithelial-like Caco-2 cells.

Five lactic acid bacteria and two bifidobacteria strains were heat or irradiation inactivated. Inactivated cultures were evaluated for their effects on cytokines interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-8 production in human intestinal-like Caco-2 cells. For both heat- and irradiation-inactivated cultures, production of IL-6 and IL-8 was dependent on the specific microorganism. However, with all of the cultures, both IL-6 and IL-8 production was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Caco-2 cells that were treated with heat-inactivated probiotic bacteria compare to the irradiation-inactivated bacteria. In the majority of the cases, heat-inactivated bacteria induced IL-6 and IL-8 production, whereas irradiation-inactivated bacteria attenuated both cytokine production. Our results indicate that the same probiotic bacteria used in the same cell culture could provide opposite cytokine production and immune modulation results based on its mode of inactivation; therefore, it is important to describe inactivation methods and conditions in detail when characterizing probiotic effects.

Bifidobacterium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[In vitro antibacterial activity of neomycin, bacitracin and a combination of both].

Bacitracin and neomycin have been used for a long time for local intestinal antisepsis or decontamination, due to their scarce or nonexistent intestinal absorption. The aim of the present study was to determine the activity of bacitracin and neomycin against recent clinical isolates of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms and to verify their capacity to have a synergistic effect and to prevent the emergence of bacterial resistance when in combination. The results showed that the activity of either antibiotic against recent clinical isolates (even if resistant to cephalosporins and aminoglycosides) is similar to that originally displayed at the time introduction in therapy. Generally the combination of the two antibiotics showed a synergistic or additive effect and prevented the selection of resistant strains.

Bacitracin↗