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PubMed2005

[Therapy of Lesniowski-Crohn disease of the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract].

The treatment of a form of Lesniowski-Crohn disease (L-CD) which occurs in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) in principle is similar to that which is used if other parts of the GI tract are involved in L-CD, however with certain modifications, and these problems are discussed in this paper. The treatment is based on 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), glucocorticosteroids, antibiotics and immunosuppressive drugs. For patients in whom the conventional therapy doesn't give expected results, the advent of infliximab (biologic agents) has greatly improved treatment possibilities of L-CD. Lesniowski-Crohn disease is not curable either by drugs or by surgery. The goal of treatment in this disease remains the mitigation of symptoms and improvement of the quality of life and at the same time elimination or delaying of the appearance of complications and early and late side effects as a result of treatment. The introduction of biologic agents into the treatment arsenal for inflammatory bowel diseases is a revolutionary step.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1990

Benign lesions of the gastrointestinal tract that may be misdiagnosed as malignant tumors.

Benign lesions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that may be misdiagnosed as malignant tumors are described and illustrated in this review. The clinicopathologic features that are important for the accurate diagnosis of each lesion are presented in detail. The entities chosen for discussion include inflammatory pseudotumors (IPT), pseudosarcomatous granulation tissue in GI polyps, pseudocarcinomatous invasion in GI polyps, and GI ulcers induced by radiation and chemotherapy.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2005

Plasmid profiling and curing of Lactobacillus strains isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of chicken.

In this study, we assessed the susceptibility of 12 Lactobacillus strains, all of which had been isolated from the gastrointestinal tracts of chicken, to three antibiotics (chloramphenicol, erythromycin and tetracycline) used commonly as selective markers in transformation studies of lactic acid bacteria. Among these strains, 17%, 58%, and 25% were found to exhibit a high degree of resistance to 200 microg/ml of tetracycline, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol, respectively. Seven of the 12 Lactobacillus strains exhibiting resistance to at least 50 microg/ml of chloramphenicol or erythromycin, and five strains exhibiting resistance to at least 50 microg/ml of tetracycline, were subsequently subjected to plasmid curing with chemical curing agents, such as novobiocin, acriflavin, SDS, and ethidium bromide. In no cases did the antibiotic resistance of these strains prove to be curable, with the exception of the erythromycin resistance exhibited by five Lactobacillus strains (L. acidophilus I16 and I26, L. fermentum I24 and C17, and L. brevis C10). Analysis of the plasmid profiles of these five cured derivatives revealed that all of the derivatives, except for L. acidophilus I16, possessed profiles similar to those of wild-type strains. The curing of L. acidophilus I16 was accompanied by the loss of 4.4 kb, 6.1 kb, and 11.5 kb plasmids.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Massive hemorrhage in the lower gastrointestinal tract in adults: diagnostic imaging and intervention.

Massive hemorrhage in the lower gastrointestinal tract, defined as bleeding distal to the ligament of Treitz at a rate in excess of 30 ml/hr, is most common in persons more than 50 years old. Most episodes stop spontaneously, although intervention to control the bleeding is needed eventually in 10-25% of patients. This review analyzes the use of scintigraphy, angiography, and interventional techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of these patients.

Angiography↗
PubMed2002

The nutritional value of degermed, dehulled corn for pigs and its impact on the gastrointestinal tract and nutrient excretion.

Three experiments were designed to assess the feeding value and potential environmental benefits of feeding degermed, dehulled corn, a low fiber by-product originating from the corn dry milling process, to pigs. Twelve 27-kg (SE = 0.8) barrows were used in Exp. 1 to measure the apparent fecal digestibility of DM, GE and N of degermed, dehulled corn compared with corn grain. Two diets were formulated to contain either 96.4% of degermed, dehulled corn or corn grain plus supplemental vitamins and minerals. Digestibilities of DM, GE, and N were greater in degermed, dehulled corn (96.2, 96.0, and 93.6%, respectively) compared with corn grain (89.0, 89.0, and 78.4%, respectively) (P < 0.01). Overall, a 67 and 29% reduction in DM and N excretion, respectively, was observed. In Exp. 2, eight 70-kg (SE =1.8) barrows were surgically fitted with ileal cannulae and fed the same diets as in Exp. 1, to measure the ileal digestibility of nutrients in degermed, dehulled corn. Ileal digestibility of DM, energy, and N was 13, 15, and 7% greater in degermed, dehulled corn (P < 0.05). Apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of leucine, methionine, and phenylalanine were greater in degermed, dehulled corn compared with corn grain (P < 0.05) while a trend for a lower tryptophan digestibility in degermed, dehulled corn was observed (P = 0.067). In Experiment 3, 96 nursery pigs with an initial average BW of 8.8 kg (SE = 0.08), fed a starter diet formulated with degermed, dehulled corn or corn grain as the major grain source, were used in a 28-d growth performance study. At the end of the study, 24 pigs (1 pig per pen) were sacrificed and gastrointestinal tract measurements were taken. Daily growth rates of pigs were the same between diets (0.64 kg/d). A trend for reduced feed intake (P = 0.073) in pigs fed degermed, dehulled corn led to a 4% improvement in gain to feed (P < 0.05). Feeding degermed, dehulled corn had no effect on gut fill, gastrointestinal tract weight, or liver weight (P > 0.05). Ileal villus lengths and crypt depths were not affected by feeding degermed, dehulled corn although ileal villus widths were greater in pigs fed corn grain. Results from these trials suggest that corn processed to remove poorly digestible fiber fractions provides more digestible nutrients than corn grain. As a result, degermed, dehulled corn reduces fecal and N excretion, thus providing a means to reduce nutrient excretion.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1996

Immunohistochemical demonstration of GABAB receptors in the rat gastrointestinal tract.

Immunohistochemical localization of GABA(B)-receptors was demonstrated in the rat gastrointestinal tract using a monoclonal antibody (GB-1) raised against the purified GABA(B)-receptor. Immunoreactive staining for GABA(B)-receptors was found in some populations of endocrine, muscular and neuronal components in the stomach and gut wall. Positive mucosal epithelial, probably endocrine, cells were distributed throughout the stomach and intestine. Double immunostaining indicated that such positive cells for GABA(B)-receptors often co-possessed serotonin in the small intestine but not in the gastric body. In the muscular layer of the digestive canal, positive staining was seen as dotty granules punctuated on the surface of muscle fibers. In the enteric nervous system, positive neuronal somata were found in both submucosal and myenteric ganglia throughout the entire canal extending from the stomach to the rectum. This is the first report to visualize the cellular localization of GABA(B)-receptors in the gastrointestinal system of the rat, and should provide a fundamental basis for future studies on gastrointestinal functions regulated by GABA(B)-receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Activities of enzymes involved in glutamine metabolism in connection with energy production in the gastrointestinal tract epithelium of newborn, suckling and weaned piglets.

Changes in the activity of enzymes involved in glutaminolysis and energy metabolism in the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract of developing piglets are presented for the first time. The activities of glutaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase in the epithelium along the gastrointestinal tract from newborn, suckling (2-4 weeks old) and weaned (9 weeks old) piglets were investigated. The activity of glutaminase in the epithelium from the small intestine and colon was higher (p < 0.05) in weaned piglets than in newborn and suckling piglets. In addition, glutamate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase activities in the small intestinal epithelium were higher (p < 0.05) for weaned piglets than for newborns. The activity of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in the epithelium of the small intestine was significantly lower in newborn and suckling piglets compared with weaned individuals. The activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase in the epithelium along the gastrointestinal tract was higher (p < 0.05) for suckling and weaned piglets than for newborn piglets. The present data indicate that the utilization of substrates for energy production differs markedly between the stomach, small intestine and colon of growing piglets. Also, the capacity of enzymes in the epithelium of the GI tract to utilize acetyl-CoA as an energy substrate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle increased with piglet age. The epithelium of the GI tract of the newborn, suckling and weaned piglets showed a high capacity to metabolize alpha-ketoglutarate.

Aging↗
PubMed1990

Oral tegafur in the treatment of gastrointestinal tract cancers: a phase II study.

Fifty patients affected by histologically confirmed gastrointestinal tract cancer (GTC) were treated with oral tegafur (TG) 1,000 mg m-2 p.o. on days 1-14 repeated after a 14 day interval. Out of 42 evaluable patients seven patients had a partial response (PR. 17%) with a median duration of 20.5 weeks, three had a minimal response (7%) with a median duration of 23.7 weeks, nine showed a stabilisation which lasted a median of 31.3 weeks, and 23 progressed (55%). No response was obtained in patients affected by carcinoma of the pancreas and the hepatobiliary system. All PRs were achieved in patients with metastatic disease to the liver. No response was seen in patients with bone, lung or nodal metastasis. Three PRs were obtained in patients resistant to 5-fluorouracil. The difference in survival between patients who achieved PR and those who had a stabilisation was not statistically significant. On the other hand the survival of patients with PR was significantly longer than that of patients who progressed. Oral TG was well tolerated by most patients. WHO grade 1-2 gastrointestinal and neurological toxicities were seen respectively in 36% and 25% of cases. Five patients had grade 3 nausea/vomiting and one had grade 3 diarrhoea. Our data suggest that oral TG is effective in the treatment of stomach and colorectal cancers.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Studies on gastrointestinal tract functional changes in diabetic animals.

Diarrhea and constipation are frequently reported gastrointestinal complications in diabetic patients. These disorders seem to be the consequence of altered innervations of a receptor system in the gastrointestinal tract in diabetes. We investigated the functional changes of cholinergic and beta-adrenergic receptor activities in rat ileum tissue after 8 weeks of control and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats. Functional changes with different agonists were observed in diabetes: In diabetic rat ileum, carbachol increased the maximal contraction without changing pD2 values, whereas with acetylcholine, no changes were observed in the maximal contractile (Emax) response and pD2 values in diabetes were comparable with controls. With the beta-adrenoceptor agonists isoproterenol and salmeterol, decreased maximal relaxation responses were observed in 8-week diabetic rat ileums as compared with age-matched controls. With isoproterenol, pD2 values were also decreased in diabetic ileum, although not with salmeterol. On the other hand, with the in vivo charcoal meal test, the percentage of transit was increased in diabetic mice. The antitransit percentage was significantly increased in diabetic mice with the muscarinic antagonist atropine and the beta 2-selective agonist salbutamol, as compared with age-matched control mice. Results obtained from these in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that gastrointestinal complications such as diabetic diarrhea may occur because of functional changes such as increased intestinal transit and decreased intestinal tone due to increased cholinergic and decreased beta-adrenergic receptor activities in diabetes mellitus.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1991

[Normal wall thickness and neoplastic wall changes in the gastrointestinal tract as shown by computed tomography].

55 patients with tumours of the gastrointestinal tract were examined by CT, using a paraffin emulsion as a negative oral contrast medium. These were compared with 119 normal patients. The appearance of normal and tumour bearing portions of the gut wall against the contrast medium was studied. Under hypotonic conditions the gut wall could regularly be distinguished from surrounding organs and gut content. Mural thickness of the oesophagus greater than 7 mm and of the stomach and colon greater than 8 mm must be regarded as abnormal. Benign diseases cannot be distinguished from malignant conditions on the basis of wall thickness. Artifacts, such as are caused by positive oral contrast, were of less significance when using paraffin emulsion.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. A 10-year experience.

Benign or malignant smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract are uncommon. The diagnostic and therapeutic approaches vary depending on the histological behavior of these neoplasms. Between 1981 and 1991, 32 patients with gastrointestinal tumors were treated at the Department of Surgery of the University of Patras. There were 16 females and 16 males. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 61.9 years (range 22-83 years). Eighty-one per cent of the tumors were discovered in asymptomatic patients by a variety of diagnostic studies. Fifty-six per cent of tumors were located in the stomach, 38% in the small intestine and 6% in the colon. Leiomyomas made up 71.8% of these tumors and were treated by conservative excision. The malignant smooth muscle tumors were treated by radical excision in four cases and conservative excision in one case. The 5-year survival rate was 85% for leiomyomas and 0% for malignant smooth muscle tumors. There is widespread agreement that wide resection of the lesion is the appropriate treatment for these tumors. The size and mitotic activity of these tumors remain the most important diagnostic parameters and prognostic factors.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Primary lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract: clinical picture].

Approximately 5% of all lymphomas are located in the gastrointestinal tract. These lesions may be secondary manifestations of systemic lymphomatous disease, but there are also primary lesions that are not associated with superficial lymph node enlargement mediastinal adenopathy, liver and spleen involvement or hematologic alterations. Primary lymphomas may arise in the stomach or intestine. Small intestinal lesions may or may not be preceded by other types of intestinal pathology, such as celiac or inflammatory disease. The former cases are characterized by persistent diarrhea, malabsorption and weight loss. Abdominal pain and later nausea and/or vomiting are the most common presenting symptoms of lesions that arise in an already diseased bowel, palpable abdominal masses are present in approximately one third of these cases. Gastric lymphomas often presents with non-specific symptoms: cramp-like epigastric pain, anorexia and weight loss.

Gastrointestinal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1997

Rheumatic features of gastrointestinal tract, hepatic, and pancreatic diseases.

Rheumatic manifestations of diseases primarily of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, or pancreas are frequent and vary from soft tissue rheumatism and carpal tunnel syndrome to Raynaud's phenomenon, osteoporosis, arthritis, and vasculitis. Some patients with celiac disease develop osteoporosis and arthritis responsive to a gluten-free diet. It seems that osteoporosis is a frequent feature in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, and steroid use is an important risk factor. The use of steroids in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis has generated medicolegal questions. This year a wealth of information has been published regarding hepatitis C virus infection. Arthritis, myopathy, and antibody production are some of the reported manifestations of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. There is evidence that may link chronic hepatitis C virus infection with the antiphospholipid syndrome.

Gastrointestinal Diseases↗
PubMed1997

[Laparoscopic resections of malignant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract].

As the importance of laparoscopic surgery for benign diseases of the gastrointestinal tract continues to grow, the application of this approach in cases of malignancy remains controversial. Although the concept of cancer recurrence in the area of surgical wounds is not new, the incidence of port site recurrence is the most obvious concern. Indications and contraindications for surgery as well as a standardized nomenclature describing the type of laparoscopic procedures being performed are some other issues that need to be clarified. Complete laparoscopic procedures or the combination of laparoscopy with open techniques can offer advantages and disadvantages that surgeons will have to take into consideration when making decisions. The skill of the operating team and the extent of disease define the boundaries of laparoscopic surgery possible. The continued research as well as development of intelligent instruments and standardized techniques might give laparoscopy a clear role in the treatment of abdominal malignancies.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed2006

Ghrelin cell density in the gastrointestinal tracts of animal models of human diabetes.

Ghrelin cell density in the gastrointestinal tract of animal models of human diabetes type 1 and 2 was investigated. The animals used were non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and obese diabetic mice. Ghrelin cells were detected by immunohistochemistry and quantified by computerized image analysis. Ghrelin-immunoreactive cells were detected in all animals studied. They were abundant in the oxyntic mucosa, patchy and few in the duodenum and rare in the colon. The density of ghrelin-immunoreactive cells decreased in diabetic, pre-diabetic NOD mice and in obese diabetic mice as compared to controls, though not statistically significant. It was concluded that the reduced density of ghrelin-immunoreactive cells in animal models of human diabetes type 1 and 2 might explain the slow gastric emptying and slow intestinal transit found in diabetes gastroenteropathy.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fine needle aspiration cytologic diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract lesions. A study of 78 cases.

Seventy-eight cases of gastrointestinal tract lesions were subjected to fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology over a period of seven years. The age of the patients ranged from 1 to 85 years, and the male:female ratio was 47:31. Specific clinical diagnoses, such as carcinoma, lymphoma and tuberculosis, were offered in 27 cases only. The FNA was ultrasound guided in 52 cases; in 26 cases no imaging aid was available. Ultrasonography revealed that the mass lesions were located in the stomach (4 cases), in various parts of the intestine (46), in bowel/retroperitoneum (1) and in the paraaortic lymph nodes (1). The cytodiagnoses were adenocarcinoma (18 cases), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (9), leiomyosarcoma (2), suspicious for malignancy (1), tuberculosis (23), nontuberculous infections (7) and inadequate (18). There was a significant difference (P < .05) in the inadequacy rate between ultrasound-guided FNA (15.4%) and nonguided FNA (38.5%).

Adenocarcinoma↗