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At least 1,387 records · Page 77Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

The influence of neural signal transduction on EEC gene expression under consideration of chromatin, following myenteric ablation (review).

Significant numerical and spatial changes in 5-HT i.r. cells, CCK i.r. I-cells, glucagon and glicentin i.r. I-cells, somatostatin i.r. D-cells and neurotensin i.r. N-cells occur after a 98% myenteric ablation in the rat. Signal transduction from G-protein-coupled crypt cell receptors (m2, m3; VCAP1 and 2, CAP1; Y2, Y5, Y4) stimulates a cAMP-responsive transcription machinery in which phosphorylation of the cAMP-responsive elements (e.g. CREB) is the first step in initiation of transcription. A DNA pre-initiation complex (PIC), consisting of DNA transcription activators, general activators (TFIID, IIA, IIB, IIF, IIE, II-I and IIH), at least 14 different TAFIIs and CBP/300 coactivators which contain multiple enzymatic activities, associated with the central TBP (TATA-binding protein), which together bind to the RNA-polymerase II holoenzyme disrupts chromatin blockade over the promoter with or without the intervention of activated chromatin remodeling factors. CBP/p300 contains several highly conserved domains e.g., KIX, whose methylation by CARM-1 represses CREB transcription activation, but the bromo-binding domain of CBP increases CREB transcription. A similar positive/negative switch occurs in the regulation of gastrointestinal hormones by transcription factors, from Myc/Max to Mad/Max + corepressor mSin3A, during terminal differentiation of the cell. From these observations we conclude that the primary targets for neural signals are factors of the basal DNA transcriptional apparatus, whose promoter factors then activate chromatin induction, which facilitates transcription positively or negatively.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Selective loss of parietal cells in the gastric remnant following antral resection.

The mucosa of the gastric remnant of 41 subjects who had been operated upon 17-18 years earlier for peptic ulcer was studied histologically. The histological changes were classified as follows: 1) normal mucosa, 1; 2) simple gastritis, superficial or atrophic, 27; and 3) "selective loss of parietal cells", 13 subjects. The latter type was characterized by marked loss of parietal cells without corresponding loss of other epithelial elements and without an inflammatory reaction. These changes were thought to reflect a lack of a trophic action on parietal cells exerted by gastrointestinal hormones, as e.g. gastrins.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

[GSP--a polypeptide from the pancreas with gastrin-like effect].

A peptide has been extracted from porcine pancreas which is capable to stimulate gastric acid secretion in the rat. This peptide consists of 13 aminoacids, it's molecular weight is about 1300. In comparison with antral gastrin there are several biochemical differences: GSP (gastrosecretagogue pancreatic polypeptide) reacts differently in gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and electrophoreses and has a different aminoacid composition. The 4 amino acids of the C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin are not all present. GSP does not react with gastrin antibodies in radioimmunoassay. GSP may be a new gastrointestinal hormone by means of which the pancreas takes part in the regulation of gastric acid secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Future trends in weight management.

Although advances have been made in the treatment of obese and overweight patients, no "magic bullet" yet exists. Future targets for pharmacotherapy include the OB protein leptin, neuropeptide, beta 3-adrenergic receptors, uncoupling proteins 2 and 3, and protein kinase A. Cholecystokinin, bombesin, and glucogen-like peptide-1, receptors for gastrointestinal hormones, offer potential future pharmacologic agents that enhance energy expenditure, and they have proven promising for the development of appetite-suppressant pharmacotherapy. Receptor agonists for each of these proteins have been shown to be useful as appetite suppressants and reducing meal size. This article discusses various research modalities currently under consideration. Despite rapid strides toward an ideal antiobesity agent, the role of diet, exercise, and behavior modification must be considered the cornerstone for any potential future pharmacotherapy.

Disease Management↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas].

Neuroendocrine tumours are rare and often include insulinoma, gastrinoma and other low frequency tumours that secrete gastrointestinal hormones. Their preoperative localization, despite continuous medical advances, is extremely difficult but helpful in guiding the surgeon towards a proper form of treatment. After presenting their cases, the authors conclude that the treatment of choice for these tumours is surgery due to their anatomopathological features (benign, scarcely malign or invasive, slow growth). On the other hand, medical therapy plays an important role in either preparing the surgical intervention or alleviating symptoms when the patient is inoperable.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Motilin-induced electrical activity in the canine gastrointestinal tract.

Myoelectric activity induced by a synthetic analogue of the duodenal polypeptide motilin, was studied in isolated vascular-perfused canine duodenum and stomach, and in conscious dogs with serosal electrodes implanted in the stomach and the small intestine. In the isolated preparation, the duodenum was found to be four times as sensitive as the antrum to the polypeptide, showing a dose-dependent increase in spike activity within two minutes after administration of the polypeptide. By contrast, in the conscious fasted animal, the only response to motilin, above a threshold dose, was the interpolation of a premature migrating myoelectric complex in the spontaneous interdigestive sequence, appearing fifteen to twenty minutes after the start of infusion. Since the essential difference between the ex vivo and the intact intestine was the preservation of efferent and afferent nervous connections in the latter, it seems that in the conscious animal, the response to exogenous motilin is modulated by the innervation of the intestine, or, alternatively, motilin interacts with the centre controlling the pattern of motor activity in the small intestine rather than directly with smooth muscle. The latter hypothesis is supported by the observation that motilin had no effect on the motor activity of the small intestine during the infusion of pentagastrin which abolishes spontaneous migrating myoelectric complexes.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1976

Motilin effects on gastrointestinal motility and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure in dogs.

Natural porcine motilin induces phasic contractions of the lower esophageal sphincter in dogs. These contractions are related to gastric contractions, which have the characteristics of interdigestive-motility patterns. Duodenal alkalinization produces an insignificant LES pressure increase after 5 minutes. No effect of motilin was observed when using isolated canine muscle strips.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Effect of 13-Nle-motilin on small intestinal transit time in healthy subjects.

In 6 female subjects without gastrointestinal diseases, 13-norleucine motilin (13-Nle-M) synthetic and biological analogue of the duodenal polypeptide, motilin, caused acceleration of intestinal transit time. Intravenous infusion of 0.4 mug/kg-h of 13-Nle-M reduced mean transit time by 50 percent. No side effects occurred during infusion of the polypeptide. Radiographic appearance of small intestinal peristalsis and mucosal relief was not influenced by 13-Nle-M.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Radiological concepts of cholecystokinin cholecystography.

Cholecystokinin-cholecystography originated in Stockholm in 1955. At the present time the radiological procedure is conducted under supervision of medical research teams in the United States. The cholecystokininpancreozymin preparation is imported for clinical investigation under "Investigational Drug" regulations. Dr. Donald Hanscom, gastroenterologist, who is conducting clinical investigations in the Midwest, submitted radiographs, publications and evaluations from his files for this manuscript. This gastrointestinal hormone "squeezes out a diagnosis" as it is observed fluoroscopically. Dr. LeRoy B. Garbe, radiologist, evaluates these findings in the cases presented. The effects of cholecystokinin on the contrast-filled gall bladder give enhanced diagnostic information for the patient suffering with chronic cholecystitis and cystic ductitis.

Cholangitis↗
PubMed1975

Effects of 13-nle-motilin in man--inhibition of gastric evacuation and stimulation of pepsin secretion.

In 3 healthy male volunteers, graded doses of 13-norleucine-motilin (13-nle-motilin)--synthetic analogue of motilin and biologically equivalent to the natural polypeptide--were given intravenously on separate days. Gastric emptying, as determined by means of a radioisotope method, was slowed down dose-dependently by increasing doses of 13-nle-motilin. This was indicated by increasing "half-lives" and "starting indices" of the gastric emptying process, and by decreasing pyloric loss rates, respectively. The gastric pepsin output rose markedly from the basal level during intravenous infusion of 13-nle-motilin.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Pathophysiology of chronic diarrhea].

The symptom of diarrhoea is defined as an abnormally frequent discharge from the bowel (more than 3 times a day) and a semisolid or fluid consistency of the faecal matter. Diarrhoea is termed chronic when it lasts more than four weeks. Diarrhoea is the result of disturbances in enteral water and electrolyte balance. Increased intestinal motility is usually not the cause but the result of diarrhoea. Transport of water through the gut is dependent on the osmotic gradient between interstitium and gut lumen. The secretion of chloride ions by the cells of the intestinal glands plays a major role in water secretion into the gut lumen, while sodium and potassium absorption in the villous zone of the enterocytes is crucial for enteral water absorption. Enteral water and electrolyte balance is regulated by the autonomic and enteral nervous system, by gastrointestinal hormones and signal messengers of mesenchymal cells. Pathogenetically, one distinguishes between secretory and osmotic diarrhoea. Furthermore, mixed forms of both pathogenic types can occur. The various types can be differentiated clinically and by the "osmotic gap". Diarrhoea can be a symptom of various diseases. Its pathogenesis is illustrated using examples of diarrhoea in pathological bile acid absorption, bacterial infections, carbohydrate malabsorption or disaccharidase insufficiency and in chronic inflammatory bowel disease.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1975

Analysis of the motor effects of 13-norleucine motilin on the rabbit, guinea pig, rat, and human alimentary tract in vitro.

Motor effects of 13-norleucine motilin (13-Nle-M), a synthetic analog of motilin and biologically equivalent to the natural polypeptide, on the rabbit, guinea pig, rat, and human alimentary tract were investigated in vitro. Whereas guinea pig and rat preparations proved refractory to 13-Nle-M action, muscle strips of the stomach and upper small intestine from rabbits and man were highly sensitive to 13-Nle-M, contractile responses being elicited with concentrations of less than 2 times 10-minus 9 M. Although circular muscle from rabbit colon responded to 13-Nle-M, Taenia coli preparations were unaffected by the polypeptide; in man, the reverse was observed. Gallbladder, uterine, and vascular smooth muscle were unresponsive to 13-Nle-M. Pharmacological analysis revealed that the effects of 13-Nle-M on the gastrointestinal muscle are not mediated via nervous pathways: ganglion blockade by hexamethonium, blockade of axonal conduction by tetrodotoxin, or anticholinergic action by atropine failed to affect 13-Nle-M actions. It was therefore concluded that 13-Nle-M caused contractions by stimulating receptors on or in the muscle cell. By use of the antihistaminic pheniramine, histamine receptors could be differentiated from the site of 13-Nle-M action. As the contractile response to 13-Nle-M was abolished by the Ca++ antagonistic compound verapamil, a role for 13-Nle-M in the transport of Ca++ to the cytosol of intestinal smooth muscle might be considered.

Acetylcholine↗