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PubMed1984

Correlative relationship between adherence of Candida albicans to human vaginal epithelial cells in vitro and candidal vaginitis.

This study investigated whether a correlation exists between predisposition to candidal vaginitis and adherence of Candida albicans to vaginal epithelial cells in vitro. Vaginal epithelial cells from 120 fecund women who were pregnant and/or diabetic had a greater propensity to bind C. albicans than did 71 oral contraceptive users and 75 non-pregnant, non-diabetic controls. The highest level of adherence occurred in pregnant diabetic women. Among 48 non-diabetic postmenopausal females, C. albicans adherence was lower than for fecund controls, but it was higher for cells from 33 postmenopausal diabetic women. The hormonal status of the fecund and postmenopausal women was assayed cytologically by the Karyopyknotic and Maturation Indices, which determine the ratios of superficial, intermediate and parabasal vaginal epithelial cells. Our findings point to increased C. albicans adherence in situations where there is an increase in the number of intermediate epithelial cells: pregnancy, the first or fourth weeks of the menstrual cycle, or diabetes. The adherence of 41 C. albicans isolates from patients with vaginitis was significantly higher than that of 36 isolates from asymptomatic carriers.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of the length of the stay of the male on the reproduction of the olive psylla Euphyllura olivina Costa (Homoptera, Psyllidae)].

We have studied, in Euphyllura olivina Costa, 1839, the incidence that the absence or presence of males can have on the fecundity of females their longevity, the duration of spawning and other biotic parameters... So we have pointed out that: In all the cases, from beginning of experimental infestations of olive--tree sprouts to the beginning of eggs releasing, there is a preovipositional time of very variable duration. Virgins, isolated from imago emergence, have a trifling spawning and the eggs cannot have parthenogenetic development. Fecundity of a female by one male induces important spawnings. These increase with more and more prolonged cohabitation (2, 4, 8 and 16 days stay). When one female is in the presence of two males we have noted a very hight variability of fecundity of the female. However it appears that the most important spawnings occur when the two males and the female are left together during 8 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Reproductive performance of totally confined sheep bred with semen extended in a lactose-egg yolk-glycerol buffer and stored at 5 degrees C.

Two experiments were carried out in January and May 1975 to study reproductive performance (fertility, prolificacy and fecundity) of totally confined sheep synchronized for estrus. The main objective of the first experiment was to compare reproductive performance of ewes bred naturally to those bred by artificial insemination. Semen for artificial insemination was collected by either artificial vagina or electroejaculation and stored for up to 36 hours at 5 degrees C. A second objective was to evaluate the effect of pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin on the reproductive performance of ewes synchronized for estrus. Fertility was 53% for ewes bred by natural mating, 34% for ewes receiving pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin and bred by artificial insemination, and 9% for those not receiving pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin and bred by artificial insemination. There was no difference in fertility between ewes bred with semen collected by artificial vagina or by electroejaculation. A similar pattern was observed for fecundity. Average prolificacy was 2.0 with no significant differences among mating methods or pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin application being observed. In the second experiment, the reproductive performance of ewes inseminated with semen stores at 5 degrees C for 48 to 60 hours was compared to that of ewes inseminated with semen stores for 24 to 36 hours. No significant differences in the reproductive performance were detected. Although average fertility (9%) and fecundity (19%) were low, prolificacy averaged 2.0 lambs per ewe lambing.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Studies on the classification of endometriosis].

A new classification system of endometriosis proposed by the American Fertility Society (AFS classification) was utilized to categorize patients with endometriosis after surgical treatment and the following results were obtained. 1. AFS classification system was useful to categorize patients with endometriosis, because of a simple and objective point system. 2. There were discrepancies in categorized patients between AFS system and a system proposed by Acosta et al. (Acosta's system). One-third of patients categorized as "Severe" by Acosta's system was classified to be "Moderate" by AFS system. These discrepancies occurred when lesion of endometriosis was just restricted within ovaries. 3. Conception was reduced once ovaries were involved and fecundability rate was significantly reduced if ovarian endometrioma was greater than 3cm in diameter. 4. Acosta's system revealed differences among fecundability rate among the different categories, however, AFS system could not demonstrate a direct correlation between the categories of endometriosis and fecundability rate.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Egg output of Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematospiroides dubius) in mice given multiple infections of constant or increasing size.

The effect of repeated infections on the development of gastrointestinal strongyle and on their fecundity was studied using Heligmosomoides polygyrus as an experimental model. Two experiments were carried out: animals were dosed with constant numbers of larvae in the first experiment and with increasing numbers of parasites in the second. Results allowed us to determine the effects of the conditions of infection on the settlement of parasite populations and on their fecundity. Our observations showed that with repeated and increasing infections, the percentage of worms which developed following each ingestion of larvae diminished as the number of ingested larvae increased. When infections stopped the worm burden sharply decreased. The kinetics of egg excretion was comparable to that observed in the case of single infection. Fluctuations of egg excretion were to a large extent related to the variations in size of the worm burden. Finally, the individual fecundity of worms did not seem to fall below a certain value. In these experiments the number of eggs layed per female and per day never fell below 100.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunological indexes of receptivity and seroconversion for rubella and toxoplasmosis in the province of Ferrara, Italy (author's transl)].

In the province of Ferrara (Italy) a programme for the prophylaxis against some connatal infections has been carried out through a "Service for the epidemiology and prevention of connatal rubella and toxoplasmosis", which has been instituted in 1978. The investigations on two female groups of different age (prepuberal and adult fecund women) have allowed to obtain the following data: 1. rebella infection has a high incidence yet in prepuberal age (10 years) when a percentage of 62.1 women have already acquired a strong immunity; this percentage arises to 85.0 in adult fecund women. The "conversion index" of 22.9 corresponds to the percentage of subjects who have got the infection in postpuberal, "at risk" age; 2. toxoplasmosis has different epidemiological features; its incidence is lower, in prepuberal age (31.7%), while it is higher (63.4%) in adult fecund women. The highest incidence between 15 and 20 years, and the highest "conversion index" (31.7) underline that, notwithstanding its lower infectiousness, the risk of connatal toxoplasmosis is higher than that of connatal rubella, as far as our country is concerned. Such epidemiological investigations are believed to be necessary to carry out a really useful programme for the prevention of connatal rubella and toxoplasmosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Development of a vaccine strategy against human and bovine schistosomiasis. Background and update.

Two specific characteristics of schistosome infection are of primordial importance to the development of a vaccine: schistosomes do not multiply within the tissues of their definitive hosts (unlike protozoan parasites) and a partial non-sterilizing immunity can have a marked effect on the incidence of pathology and on disease transmission. Since viable eggs are the cause of disease pathology, a reduction in worm fecundity whether or not accompanied by a reduction in parasite burden is a sufficient goal for vaccine induced immunity. We originally showed that IgE antibodies played in experimental models a pivotal role for the development of protective immunity. These laboratory findings have now been confirmed in human populations. Following the molecular cloning and expression of a 28 kDa protein of Schistosoma mansoni and its identification as a glutathione-S-transferase, immunization experiments have been undertaken in several animal species (rats, mice, baboons). Together with a significant reduction in parasite burden, vaccination with Sm28 GST was recently shown to reduce significantly parasite fecundity and egg viability leading to a decrease in liver pathology. Whereas IgE antibodies were shown to be correlated with protection against infection, IgA antibodies have been identified as one of the factors affecting egg laying and viability. In human populations, a close association was found between IgA antibody production to Sm28 GST and the decrease of egg output. The use of appropriate monoclonal antibody probes made it possible to demonstrate that the inhibition of parasite fecundity following immunization was related to the inhibition of enzymatic activity of the molecule.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Alternatives in human reproduction. Methods, indications, prognosis, bioethical problems.

The alternative methods in human reproduction do nothing else than try to help an individual or a couple to achieve the primordial goal of life: perpetuation of the species. These methods try to reconstruct the biologic premises necessary for perpetuation by various means such as: a. in vitro fecundation correlated or not with artificial fecundation with donor, ovocyte donation, embryo donation, borrowed mother; b. intratubular transfer of gametes; c. unnatural circumstances, i.e., the possibility that men be a host for the embryo up to term, a hypothesis which for the time being is possible only in science-fiction. The birth of Louisa Brown in 1978 was the border between hope and certainty, between dream and pragmatism. Thus, the alternative methods of reproduction have become routine in the medical life and penetrated into the conscience of an ever greater number of people but at the same time have raised an immense number of questions regarding the status of the embryo and the foetus, but more important, of the child born under these circumstances. These questions await answers both from medicine and the law and have to be within the limits of the common sense. Those who participate in the in vitro fecundation programs should not lose their quality of being human, should pay respect to the nature and the natural, encourage hope and be moral.

Beginning of Human Life↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of intracervical, intrauterine, and intratubal techniques for donor insemination.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of intracervical insemination (ICI), intrauterine insemination (IUI), and a combination of intratubal and intrauterine insemination (ITI/IUI) for donor insemination. DESIGN: Prospective randomized clinical trial. SETTING: The University of Michigan donor insemination program. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS: Forty-one women undergoing donor insemination with cryopreserved sperm for either isolated male factor or male factor plus ovulatory dysfunction corrected by clomiphene citrate. INTERVENTION: Each patient was randomly assigned to receive each of the three insemination techniques in consecutive cycles until pregnancy occurred or the patient dropped from the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cycle fecundity rates were compared using the chi 2 test, and cumulative pregnancy rates (PRs) determined by life table analysis were compared using a log-rank test. RESULTS: Cycle fecundity rate was significantly higher for IUI (18.3%) than for ICI (3.9%) or ITI/IUI (7.3%). By life table analysis, the cumulative PR for IUI was significantly higher than for ICI, but the PR for ITI/IUI was not. CONCLUSION: For donor insemination with cryopreserved sperm, IUI increases cycle fecundity compared with ICI. The addition of ITI to IUI, however, interferes with the apparent beneficial effect of IUI alone.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Predictive value of endometrial sonography in ovulation induction for intrauterine insemination.

This prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the prognostic value of the endometrial sonographic pattern on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration in patients who underwent intrauterine insemination. The endometrial sonographic patterns were classified as homogenous, hyperechogenic (A), intermediate isoechogenic (B) and multiple-layered "triple-line" (C). Type A had no pregnancies, whereas type B had a 20% fecundity rate and type C had a 21.1% fecundity rate. The continuing pregnancy rate was 10% in type B, as compared to 19.3% in type C. The data suggest that the endometrial sonographic pattern on the day of hCG administration may be of predictive value regarding fecundity and continuing pregnancy in the intrauterine insemination cycle.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Immunization against Trichinella spiralis using antigens from different life-cycle stages experimental study in mice.

Crude antigen preparations from different life-cycle stages of T. spiralis using 10 micrograms and 100 micrograms antigen/dose, were tested for their ability to immunize mice against homologous challenge infection. Immunization was assessed by accelerated expulsion of adult worms, reduction in female worm fecundity and decreased yield of muscle larvae. The dose of 100 micrograms proved to be more protective in all antigen preparations. The AA provided highly significant protection against adult stages (89%) and muscle larvae (80%). NLA produced highly significant protection against muscle larvae only (76%). MLA provided highly significant protection against adult stages (74%), female fecundity (74%) and muscle larvae (80%). Combination of AA and MLA produced highly significant protection against adult stages (96%), female fecundity (73%) and muscle larvae (86). The results show that all antigen preparations provided variable, considerable but partial protection against challenge infection. The variations in immunization potential are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Effect of plumbagin on gonadotrophic cycle of the housefly, Musca domestica L.

Topical treatment of the phytochemical plumbagin in doses ranging 0.005-5 micrograms prevented oocyte development and affected fecundity and fertility in M. domestica. The treatment to wandering larvae was less effective as the compound could only effect the fertility to a significant level whereas the fecundity was not significantly reduced. The effect of the compound was more pronounced in adult treatments where both fecundity and fertility reduced drastically. The compound also effected the oocyte maturation as it arrested the development of vitellogenic oocyte at stage six. As the juvenile hormone analogue methoprene and moulting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone or the mixture of these hormones could not restore the development of the oocyte in ovaries of plumbagin treated flies, it is concluded that the compound does not effect the female houseflies through hormonal pathways, instead in all probability it acts like a cytotoxic compound.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Menarche in relation to infertility and adult height and weight].

In order to clarify relationships between menarcheal age and fertility and fecundity later in life, a questionnaire was mailed to 3743 women, aged 15-44 years, selected at random in the county of Copenhagen; 78% responded. Associations were observed between early menarche and increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease and spontaneous abortion. On the other hand, no association was found between age at menarche and irregular bleedings, amenorrhoea, fertility, or fecundity. Early menarche was associated with excess weight, late menarche with underweight. A positive correlation was found between menarcheal age and final body height. It is concluded that menarche was not associated with fertility or fecundity, whereas early menarche was associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and spontaneous abortion. Age at menarche showed associations with height and weight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Trichinella spiralis (T1) and Trichinella T5: a comparison using animal infectivity and molecular biology techniques.

We compared Trichinella T5 of bobcat (Lynx rufus) origin with Trichinella spiralis (T1) by using animal infectivity and molecular biology techniques. Swine, SD rats, and CF1 mice were highly resistant to infection with Trichinella T5 but sensitive to T. spiralis, whereas deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) had similar sensitivity to both parasites. The fecundity of Trichinella T5 in deer mice was 10-35-fold higher in comparison to the fecundity in laboratory rodents (SD rats and CF1 mice). Fecundity of T. spiralis was approximately the same in both groups. A western blot, using excretory-secretory proteins (ESP) from first-stage larvae of T. spiralis as antigen, showed similar banding patterns in the pigs infected with either T. spiralis or Trichinella T5, however, the homologous reaction was stronger than the heterologous reaction. Antibodies were detectable in swine sera commencing 3 or 5 wk postinfection with T. spiralis or Trichinella T5, respectively. Complementary DNAs encoding the 46-, 49/43-, or 53-kDa ESP showed 3.54, 1.94, and 5.91% differences, respectively, between the 2 parasites. Deduced amino acid sequences of the 3 cDNAs were different at 7.20, 5.08, and 8.55%, respectively. All recombinant proteins of the 3 cDNAs from both parasites could detect antibodies in positive sera. The sequences of cDNAs encoding the 46-, 49/43-, or 53-kDa ESP from T. spiralis are also compared to the previously reported sequences, and the differences are discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A novel, simplified and cost effective protocol for superovulation and intrauterine insemination.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy and cost of a simplified superovulation regimen compared with traditional control ovarian hyperstimulation with gonadotropins (HMG). STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective study in a university referral center with 99 infertile couples undergoing 225 treatment cycles. The outcome was compared to outcomes of previously published studies. The simplified superovulation regimen included clomiphene citrate 100 mg on cycle days 5 through 9 and HMG 75 IU on cycle days 5, 7, 9, and 11, with estradiol and ultrasound monitoring on day 13. If adequate follicular maturity was documented, HCG 10,000 IU was administered, followed by intrauterine insemination 40 hours later. RESULTS: Fecundity rates were assessed by life table analysis. Average cycle fecundity was 8%, with a cumulative rate of 29% over 4 cycles, compared to 10% monthly fecundity with HMG/IUI and background rates of 1 to 3%. Costs averaged $662 per cycle compared to $1,854 with HMG/IUI. CONCLUSION: A simplified protocol of CC/HMG/ IUI is almost as effective as HMG/IUI and costs only one-third as much.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Simulation of X-linked selection in Drosophila.

The change in gene frequency for two X-linked mutants, gamma and omega, in a number of experiments was compared to that predicted from a genetic simulation program which utilized estimated differences in relative mating ability, fecundity, and viability. The simulation gave excellent predictions of gene frequency change even when experiments were started with different initial gene frequencies in the males and females or when the two loci were segregating simultaneously. The rate of elimination was slower when there were unequal initial gene frequencies than when males and females had equal initial gene frequencies. Simulation demonstrated that this was a general phenomenon when there is strong selection but that the opposite is true for weak selection. In two other experiments, the mating advantage of wild-type males was balanced by a fecundity advantage in mutant females. In all four replicates of both experiments, the mutant was maintained for several generations at the high initial frequency but then decreased quickly and was eliminated. Results obtained restarting one of these experiments with flies from a generation after the decline in gene frequency indicated that a linked gene and not frequency-dependent selection was responsible for the unpredictable gene-frequency change in the mutant. Using a least squares technique, it was found that a recessive fecundity locus 15 map units from the omega locus gave the best fit for both experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Reproductive potential in the older woman.

There is a definite increase in the number of women bearing children in the 30- and 40-year-old age groups. The total number of women who are 35 to 40 years of age in the United States is projected to increase 42% and the percent births to this age group is projected to increase 37%. This is apparently because of a trend to postpone childbearing and first birth due to women's career priorities, advanced education, control over fertility, financial concerns, late and second marriages, and infertility. Associated with this is an increase in visits to the infertility specialist for older women who have an intrinsic decrease in fecundity with advancing age. Although, on the average, a woman will not experience menopause until about 50 years of age, her effective childbearing period may stop almost a decade earlier. A woman in her late 30s and, especially, early 40s is at some disadvantage in terms of conception delay, ability to carry a chromosomally normal fetus until term, and risk of trisomic conception. Certain endocrinologic parameters have been identified for the woman entering the transition to menopause. Biologic aging of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis is intertwined with changes in the endocrine milieu of the perimenopause and preperimenopause. Despite a clear association of decreased fecundity in older women due to multiple biologic and social influences, so long as the individual has regular cycles and essentially normal endocrine parameters, she should be a candidate for an expedited infertility workup and ovulation induction, if not more aggressive treatment. Her obstetric profile is much improved, except for an increase in congenital anomalies and chromosomal defects. Chorionic villus biopsy study or amniocentesis is advised in all cases, regardless of therapy.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗