Intraocular penetration of the antibiotic fucidin.
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Necrobiosis lipoidica is a granulomatous skin condition typically occurring on the legs. A patient with this condition presented with gross bilateral induration of the eyelids sufficient to close both eyes.
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The effectiveness of two oral antibiotics, cloxacillin and sodium fusidate, has been evaluated in the treatment of shunt infections among 37 patients allocated at random to two treatment groups. Both proved to be safe bactericidal agents giving adequate serum M.I.C. when taken by mouth. Treatment should always be started on the basis of the clinical presentation without waiting for the bacteriologist's report. The commonest infecting organism is Staphylococcus aureus. Nine shunts were lost in this study, eight through Staphylococcus aureus infection. The nasal carrier state is of considerable importance in perpetuating these shunt infections.
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To determine the source of pyococci causing attacks of sepsis in infantile eczema 20 patients with continuing eczema were followed up for one year, regular swabs being taken from the skin, nose, throat, and family contacts. The staphylococci were phage typed and the streptococci serologically typed. Staphylococci of the same phage type in most cases remained in reservoir sites on the skin and coincidently in the nose. Staphylococci causing attacks of clinical sepsis arose from these persistently colonized sites. Staphylococci of the same phage type were also common in family contacts. Streptococci of the same group in most cases did not remain on the skin. Streptococci causing attacks of clinical sepsis arose as new infections from external sources, sometimes from throat infections in the patient or family contacts. Strains of streptococci which are known to be associated with glomerulonephritis were isolated. It has been confirmed that staphylococci resistant to neomycin and sodium fusidate quickly emerge after the topical use of these antibiotics. Streptococci are highly resistant to neomycin and gentamicin, and moderately resistant to sodium fusidate, so the use of these antibiotics in topical steroid preparations will have little effect in preventing further attacks of clinical sepsis in these patients.
The occurrence of infection in the tissues surrounding external arteriovenous shunts was studied and die important relationship of pyogenic infection to clotting was confirmed. The local application of fusidic add tulle and lanolin greatly reduced the occurrence of both infection and clotting and the need for cannula replacement.Urokinase used for declotting shunts when standard procedures had failed, restored blood flow whether dotting was related to infection or to local vascular factors. This treatment is not advised when clotting is associated with a local abscess, as it may make cannula replacement necessary. Severe local vascular factors, such as metastatic calcification, Raynaud's phenomenon, and venous stenosis, may lead to poor blood flow, so that despite clot lysis elective cannula replacement or the creation of a subcutaneous arteriovenous fistula is required.
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Fucidin is useful against ;antibiotic-resistant staphylococci' which are a major problem in causing shunt site infections in patients on chronic intermittent haemodialysis for end-stage renal failure. A new form of intravenous fucidin has been used in vivo in three patients on haemodialysis, and also in experiments in vitro in order to assess its dialysing properties. The experiments in vitro show that some fucidin does cross the dialyser membrane but, in the patients studied, adequate serum levels were maintained throughout a 10-hour haemodialysis. A single intravenous dose of Fucidin is, therefore, adequate for treating ;antibiotic-resistant' staphylococcal infections in patients during haemodialysis.
Two hundred and thirty-seven selected, penicillin-resistant isolates of Staph. aureus collected over a 13-month period were examined retrospectively for cloxacillin/methicillin resistance; 44 were found to be resistant. Six other strains which had been preserved from an earlier period were also found to be resistant. All 50 cloxacillin-resistant strains were in addition resistant to streptomycin and several other antibiotics. According to their resistance patterns and reactions to phages, they could be classified into two categories. The proportion of cloxacillin-resistant strains among the total number of staphylococci isolated during the 13-month period was estimated to be 2.7%. Children most at risk from infection were those undergoing long-term hospital treatment and on several occasions children transferred from other hospitals in the region were found to be carrying resistant strains. Most infections caused by these strains were minor but they were nevertheless capable of producing severe illness and they were responsible for 33% of all staphylococcal wound infections.