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PubMed1987

Effect of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 on ATP-dependent calcium transport of basolateral vesicles from human duodenum.

Brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) and basolateral membrane vesicles (BLMV) were simultaneously prepared from surgically resected pieces of morphologically intact human duodenum with a modified Percoll gradient centrifugation method. Alkaline phosphatase was enriched 20-fold in BBMV, whereas (Na+ + K+)-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase was enriched 15-fold in BLMV. BBMV and BLMV were preincubated with 3 microM synthetic somatostatin-14 or 3 microM SMS 201-995 for 10 min at 5 degrees C. In BBMV calcium, sodium, D-glucose, L-alanine, and D-mannitol uptake was unaffected by somatostatin-14 and SMS 201-995. In BLMV we found two Ca++ transport systems: Na+/Ca++ exchange and ATP-driven Ca++ transport. Somatostatin-14 had no effect on either of the two transport mechanisms. SMS 201-995 had no effect on Na+/Ca++ exchange but significantly inhibited basolateral ATP-dependent Ca++ transport (-40% +/- 5%, p less than 0.005).

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1987

Mechanisms of mucosal injury in the stomach and duodenum: time-sequence analysis of morphologic, functional, biochemical and histochemical studies.

This review is based on results from our laboratory and those published by others, and is focused on the early stages of pathogenesis that can be studied mostly in animals. Gastric mucosal injury is analysed on the examples of ethanol- and aspirin-induced lesions. Ethanol (50-100%) rapidly penetrates the mucosa, causes directly and/or indirectly (e.g., release of vasoactive products) endothelial damage in superficial and deep capillaries and venules. The vascular damage results in increased vascular permeability and decrease in blood flow leading to complete circulatory standstill in superficial capillaries 1-2 min after intragastric administration of concentrated ethanol. The direct chemical damage to surface mucosal epithelium is then followed by hypoxia and deep hemorrhagic necrosis in 1-5 min (erosion or ulcer). Unionized aspirin initiates a similar and complex yet slower progressing and less extensive erosion than alcohol. Duodenal erosion and ulcer produced by cysteamine, mepirizole or MPTP are preceded by excess acid in the proximal duodenum. This could be due to increased gastric acid output (1-4 hr), decreased bicarbonate secretion or duodenal dysmotility (0.5-8 hr) preventing the proper mix of acid and base in duodenal bulb. Necrosis and desquamation of absorptive cells in duodenal villi are evident 2-4 hr, followed by villus amputation (4-8 hr), erosion and ulcer (8-24 hr). The pathogenesis of gastroduodenal mucosal injury can thus be reconstructed from results obtained with animal models and from human studies. The results should serve as a basis to design protective drugs that are active on the basis of pathogenetic events.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Mechanical properties of isolated smooth muscle from rabbit sphincter of Oddi and duodenum.

Isolated smooth muscle from rabbit sphincter of Oddi (SO) and duodenum were mounted in organ baths. The SO strips were obtained as transversal strips from the midsection of the SO. The duodenal strips were prepared as longitudinal (Dl) or circumferential (Dc) strips. Resting length was defined. Carbachol was used for activation of the contractile apparatus. By repeatedly increasing the length of the strips by 20% of the resting length and recording values of resting and active tension, length-tension relations for each muscle type were constructed. None of the strips developed active resting tension. Twelve of the Dl strips (75%) developed spontaneous contractions versus four of the Dc strips (10%) and one of the SO strips. The strips eventually reached a length (Lo) at which further elongation gave no additional increase in active tension development. The Lo from the Dc strips differed significantly from SO Lo (p greater than 0.02) and Dl Lo (p less than 0.02), indicating structural differences. SO Lo and Dl Lo did not differ significantly. Differential extension of these tissues should be applied in future experiments on smooth muscles from this area.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effect of olsalazine and mesalazine on intraluminal pH of the duodenum and proximal jejunum in healthy humans.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with olsalazine causes diarrhoea in 10% of patients. This is claimed to be caused by a drug effect on mucosal transport in the small intestine, which might be reflected in the intraluminal pH. We aimed to study the effect on jejunal pH of olsalazine (Dipentum) and an alternative preparation, slow-release mesalazine (Pentasa). METHODS: Thirteen healthy volunteers, seven male and six female, participated in a randomized, crossover study. Steady-state conditions were obtained after ingestion of 2 g or 6 g mesalazine daily or 2 g olsalazine daily for 1 week. The pH of the duodenum and proximal jejunum was measured by using pH-sensitive, radiotransmitting capsules, the location of which was confirmed by fluoroscopy. RESULTS: No effect of either drug on duodenal pH was detected. Mean duodenal pH ranged from 6.18 to 6.22. The mean pH of the pre-medication proximal jejunum was 6.02. Mesalazine had no significant effect, but olsalazine significantly increased the pH of the proximal jejunum (mean pH, 6.47). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the effect of olsalazine on jejunal transport of electrolytes and water, observed in experimental studies, also applies to human subjects in steady-state conditions, and adaptation does not occur within 6 days.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Gallbladder motility after duodenum-preserving resection of the head of the pancreas.

BACKGROUND: Duodenum-preserving resection of the head of the pancreas (DPRHP) is performed in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) localized in the head of the pancreas. It has been suggested that functional integrity of the upper digestive tract is preserved after DPRHP. We tested this hypothesis with regard to gallbladder motility. METHODS: Gallbladder motility and cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion were studied fasting, after cephalic vagal stimulation with sham feeding, and after regular feeding in 9 patients after DPRHP, in 6 unoperated patients with CP, and 9 healthy control subjects. RESULTS: Mean fasting gallbladder volume in patients after DPRHP (49 +/- 10 cm3) and patients with CP (53 +/- 10 cm3) was larger than in controls (33 +/- 3 cm3). Sham-feeding gallbladder contraction did not differ between patients after DPRHP, patients with CP, and controls. Both postprandial CCK secretion and gallbladder contraction in patients after DPRHP (78 +/- 16 pM. 120 min; 47% +/- 6%) and patients with CP (72 +/- 18 pM.120 min; 40% +/- 7%) were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) compared with controls (151 +/- 13 pM.120 min; 74% +/- 4%). Fasting gallbladder volume, sham feeding, and regular-feeding-induced gallbladder contraction and postprandial CCK secretion did not differ between operated and unoperated patients with CP. CONCLUSIONS: Gallbladder motility and CCK secretion are reduced in patients with pancreatic insufficiency. A DPRHP procedure does not further influence these results. These findings support the concept that gallbladder motor function is preserved after DPRHP.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the duodenum: a case report.

The report describes a malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor occurring in the duodenum in a 71-year-old woman. The neoplasm showed both epithelioid and spindle cell patterns by light microscopy. The ultrastructural features were diagnostic of nerve sheath origin. The tumor had numerous wrapping processes joined by junctions and surrounded by axons. No features of smooth muscle differentiation were identified. Immunocytochemistry was inconclusive. The differential diagnosis of such neoplasms is discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Circadian-stage dependent ACTH 1-17 effect on DNA synthesis in murine duodenum, colon and rectum.

The objective was to determine the effect of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH 1-17) on the incorporation of [3H]TdR into DNA (DNA synthesis) in the duodenum, colon and rectum of CD2F1 mice standardised to 12 hr of light alternating with 12 hr of darkness. A question asked was whether the difference in times of administration along the 24-hr time scale influenced any response found. The response was complex as ACTH 1-17 was capable of bringing about statistically significant increases in the incorporation of [3H]TdR into DNA at certain times, decreases at other times, or no response at still another time. A generalization that can be made from all these tissues is that ACTH 1-17 had a greater influence in bringing about a decrease in DNA synthesis when it was administered around the time of transition from dark to light. A similar finding was made earlier for the ACTH 1-17 effect upon the tongue, esophagus and stomach. A 2- and 3-way analysis of variance supports our conclusion that the kind-of-treatment, time-of-treatment and the interval-to-kill (Sampling time) as well as their interactions are important factors when determining any response of ACTH 1-17 or placebo.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed2000

Estimation of the flow of microbial nitrogen to the duodenum using milk uric acid or allantoin.

Data were collected from 10 experiments with duodenally cannulated Holstein dairy cows (271 combinations of cow and period) to evaluate the relationship between milk purine metabolites and microbial nitrogen flow. Experiments evaluated the effects of dietary factors on microbial N production and included: 1) supplemental sources of ruminally protected amino acids; 2) grass silage treated with fibrolytic enzymes; 3) bacterial inoculation of corn silage; 4) a comparison of corn and barley grain; 5) ruminal starch availability as affected by corn silages of varying maturity; and, 6) ruminal starch availability as affected by corn silages harvested at varying chop length and with or without mechanical processing. The coefficient of determination for individual experiments for the relationship between microbial nitrogen flow and allantoin or uric acid excretion in milk ranged from -0.01 to 0.77 and -0.06 to 0.22 respectively. Across all experiments, the coefficients of determination between microbial nitrogen flow and allantoin or uric acid excretion in milk were r2 = 0.09 and 0.01 respectively. Milk allantoin output was used to develop a prediction equation estimating microbial nitrogen flow to the duodenum. The greatest predictive value (r2 = 0.25) relationship was observed across non-bST experiments and included the factors of allantoin excretion, milk yield, dry matter intake, and days in milk. When milk yield was included in the model, the predictive value improved (r2 = 0.44). Based on these data, milk uric acid excretion alone cannot be used to predict microbial N production accurately [corrected].

Allantoin↗
PubMed2002

Effect of casein infusion in the rumen, duodenum or both sites on factors affecting forage intake and performance of dairy cows fed red clover-grass silage.

Four lactating dairy cows were used in a balanced 4 x 4 Latin square design to examine the effects of casein infusion in the rumen, duodenum, or both on the intake of red clover-grass silage, chewing behavior, diet digestion, microbial protein synthesis, rumen fermentation, digestion, and passage kinetics, milk production, and milk composition. Duodenal infusion increased eating time, silage intake, rumen neutral detergent fiber pool, yields of milk, protein, and lactose, and concentration of milk protein, and tended to decrease that of milk fat. Ruminal infusion tended to decrease eating time, and increased significantly microbial protein synthesis, rumen ammonia-N concentration, molar proportions of isovalerate and valerate, digestion rate of digestible neutral detergent fiber, passage rate of indigestible neutral detergent fiber, and milk urea content, and decreased rumen neutral detergent fiber pool. Silage intake, and yields of milk, protein, and lactose were highest when casein was simultaneously infused in both sites.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Ultrastructure of casein in the stomach and duodenum of infant rats at different ages of suckling.

Casein coagulate in stomachs of suckling rats at 12 and 24 h and 5, 10, and 15 days of age was examined by transmission electron microscopy. The ingested casein particles in the layered gastric milk curd were linked to produce clumps and chains of protein. This coagulation probably was caused by low pH. At 12 and 24 h of age the gastric milk curd also contained large masses of 4 to 8 nm granules. These large masses were unreported and may represent a specialization of colostrum in this species. Both particulate and granular forms disperse in the duodenum, probably as a result of enzyme action.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effects of calcium salts of fatty acids and proportion of forage in diet on ruminal fermentation and nutrient flow to duodenum of cows.

Four Holstein cows fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square to investigate the effects of calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (fat) and proportion of forage in diet on ruminal fermentation, flow of nutrients to the small intestine, and animal performance. Treatments, arranged in a 2 x 2 (fat x forage) factorial, were 1) low (50%) forage, no fat; 2) low forage, fat; 3) high (67%) forage, no fat; and 4) high forage, fat. Feeding fat decreased OM intake and OM truly digested in the rumen. Feeding high forage diets decreased intakes of OM and starch and increased intakes of ADF and NDF. Ruminal pH and ratio of acetate to propionate were increased with high forage diets compared with low forage diets. Feeding fat and different amounts of forage to cows did not alter the flows of NAN and microbial N to the duodenum or efficiency of microbial growth. Production of milk and 4% FCM and percentage of fat in milk were increased by feeding fat. Feeding high forage diets decreased milk production, increased percentage of fat in milk, increased the yield of fat, and caused no change in 4% FCM production. The percentage of protein in milk was decreased by feeding high forage diets and fat, but yield of milk protein was decreased only by feeding high forage diets to cows.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1992

Amino acid limitation and flow to the duodenum at four stages of lactation. 2. Extent of lysine limitation.

Four multiparous Holstein cows with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were assigned to 4 x 4 Latin squares at peak (wk 4), early (wk 14 to 16), mid (wk 21 to 23), and late (wk 29 to 31) lactation to determine, in the presence of supplemental Met, the extent of Lys limitation and its required contribution to total essential AA in duodenal digesta. Treatments were duodenal infusions of 1) water alone or water with 2) 10 g/d of DL-Met plus 10 g/d of L-Lys, 3) 10 g/d of Met plus 20 g/d of Lys, and 4) 10 g/d of Met plus 30 g/d of Lys; quantities were reduced by 20% in late lactation. Rations were corn based (corn and grass-legume silages, corn meal, wheat middlings, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains with solubles) and most limiting in Lys and Met. Intakes of ruminally degraded and undegraded intake protein (percentage of NRC requirements) were (peak) 115, 97; (early) 112, 83; (mid) 113, 87; and (late) 127, 96. Contribution of Lys to passage of total essential AA to the duodenum without infusions were 13.2, 12.4, 13.8, and 14.8% at the four respective stages of lactation. Extent of Lys limitation determined from responses in content and yield of milk protein approximated 25, 20, and 10 g/d during peak, early, and midlactation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1996

Effects of dietary fat with or without nicotinic acid on nutrient flow to the duodenum of dairy cows.

Four Holstein cows, fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas, were utilized in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to investigate the effects of supplementing nicotinic acid to diets that contained 35% alfalfa haylage, 15% corn silage, and either 50% of a low fat concentrate or 10% whole raw soybeans and 40% of a high fat concentrate containing tallow. Treatments in a 2 x 2 arrangement were 1) low fat, no supplemental nicotinic acid; 2) low fat, 12 g/d of nicotinic acid; 3) high fat, no supplemental nicotinic acid; and 4) high fat, 12 g/d of nicotinic acid. The DMI and OM apparently and truly digested in the rumen and apparently digested postruminally were not different among treatments. Addition of fat to the diet decreased the concentration of total VFA in ruminal fluid but did not alter the molar proportions of any of the VFA; supplementation of nicotinic acid tended to decrease the molar proportion of acetate. Amounts of NAN, microbial N, nonammonia nonmicrobial N, and AA that flowed to the duodenum were similar among diets. The concentration of urea N in plasma decreased, and concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides increased, when cows were fed supplemental fat. Milk composition and production of milk, 4% FCM, and milk components were not altered by addition of fat or nicotinic acid to the diet. Supplementation of fat or nicotinic acid to diets of dairy cows was not beneficial in this experiment.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1999

Estimation of microbial nitrogen flow to the duodenum of cattle based on dry matter intake and diet composition.

The objectives of this study were: 1) to evaluate the National Research Council equation used to predict microbial N flow to the duodenum in lactating cows, and 2) to determine whether improved equations could be developed by using dietary parameters used in the field. Treatment means from 55 trials with lactating and nonlactating cattle with duodenal cannulas were subjected to the backward elimination procedure of multiple regression. Variation within and among trials was accounted for by weighting the observations and including trial effects in all models. The equations to predict microbial N flow based on net energy for lactation (NEL) intake were different from the equation based on NEL intake used by the dairy National Research Council. Dry matter intake (DMI) estimated microbial N flow as well as did NEL intake, indicating that DMI drives predictions based on NEL intake. When multiple dietary factors [i.e., DMI; dietary percentages of crude protein, forage, and neutral detergent fiber; and all two-way interactions] were included, the resulting equation [microbial N (grams per day) = 16.1 + 22.9 x DMI (kilograms per day) - 0.365 x DMI2 - 1.74 x dietary neutral detergent fiber (percentage of dry matter)] tended to fit the data better than the equations based on NEL intake but not better than the equation based on DMI alone. The multiple-factor equation appeared to be the best overall equation for prediction; in contrast to the equation based on DMI, this equation is sensitive to diet composition. An asymptotic multiple-factor equation was developed, which may be more appropriate when extrapolating beyond the data range.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Effects of habitual chitosan intake on bone mass, bone-related metabolic markers and duodenum CaBP D9K mRNA in ovariectomized SHRSP rats.

We have demonstrated that the habitual intake of chitosan can decrease bone mass in ovariectomized (OVX) SHRSP rats fed a low-Ca diet (0.1%). In the present study, we examined both the etiology of bone loss induced by dietary chitosan and the preventive effect of vitamin C supplementation. Rats were OVX and maintained on one of the following diets for 6 wk: 10% cellulose (CE). 10% chitosan (CH) or 10% chitosan with sodium ascorbate (CHVC). CH caused a significant reduction in bone mineral density (BMD) and stiffness in femurs and the fourth lumbar vertebrae (L4). There was no significant difference in intestinal Ca absorption between CH and CE, whereas CH intake significantly reduced intestinal P absorption. The bone loss in CH rats was accompanied with an increase in urinary Ca excretion and a decrease in serum Ca as well as a significant increment In serum PTH and 1,25(OH)2D3. The vitamin D receptor and calcium binding protein D9K mRNAs were also significantly increased in the duodenum of CH rats. Vitamin C supplementation to CH caused an increase in the Ca and P contents of femurs as well as BMD of the L4, with a decrease in urinary Ca excretion. These results indicate that dietary chitosan with low Ca intake possibly induces the loss of bone mass by enhancing urinary Ca excretion rather than by inhibiting Ca absorption, and that vitamin C supplementation could prevent bone loss caused by chitosan through the increment of retained Ca followed by suppression of urinary Ca excretion.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Blunting effect of pepsanurin introduced in the duodenum on the atrial natriuretic peptide diuretic action in rats.

Pepsanurin (PU) is a peptide(s) obtained by pepsin hydrolysis of human plasma or its globulin fraction. We have reported that the accelerated renal excretory rate induced by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) can be considerably blunted by PU either in the intact rat or in the isolated perfused rat kidney. We explored whether or not PU can be part of a signaling mechanism originated in the digestive tract, involved in the regulation of water and electrolyte homeostasis. PU obtained either from human (0.5 ml) or rat plasma (0.25-0.5 ml) administered into the duodenal lumen of rats, counteracted significantly the diuretic-saluretic action of a 0.5- microgram bolus of ANP, reproducing qualitatively the effect of its intraperitoneal administration. Human PU reduced the ANP-stimulated renal excretion by 67-90% for Na (P < 0.001) and by 35-54% for water (P < 0.02-P < 0.001); the inhibition induced by rat PU was 45-96% for Na (P < 0.05-P < 0.01) and 35-65% for water (P < 0.05-P < 0.01). Rat PU (0.5 ml) abolished the rise of glomerular filtration rate induced by ANP without affecting fractional Na excretion. All the samples tested decreased K excretion, but in some experiments, the difference did not reach statistical significance. Contrary to the effect of PU, the introduction in the duodenum of (i) isotonic glucose solution, (ii) hydrolysate of bovine serum albumin, or (iii) hydrolysate of casein prepared after the same procedure yielding PU from plasma failed to produce an inhibition of the ANP stimulation of renal excretory rate. In addition, human plasma incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 to 48 hr, prior to pepsin digestion, did not yield PU, which indicates that PU is generated from a substrate sensitive to endogenous enzymes and/or that its stability is vulnerable to endogenous enzymes.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Gastric malignant stromal tumor with long stalk impacted into duodenum.

Most GIST have traditionally been classified as submucosal origin by upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS) or endoscopy. However, we experienced a gastrointestinal mesenchymal origin tumor expressed by polypoid mass with a long stalk. The gastric outlet was obstructed by the polypoid mass on the duodenum. The microscopic findings of the resected mass showed a stromal cell component by immunohistochemical stain. We experienced gastric stromal tumor found as a polypoid mass with long stalk which was easily detected by endoscopy. It would not have been suspected as a stromal tumor as a result of endoscopic findings only.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Helicobacter species ribosomal DNA in the pancreas, stomach and duodenum of pancreatic cancer patients.

AIM: To determine whether gastric and enteric Helicobacter species are associated with pancreatic cancer. METHODS: Patients with exocrine pancreatic cancer (n = 40), neuroendocrine cancer (n = 14), multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (n = 8), and chronic pancreatitis (n = 5) were studied. Other benign pancreatic diseases (n = 10) and specimens of normal pancreas (n = 7) were included as controls. Pancreatic tissue specimens were analyzed by Helicobacter-specific PCR-assay and products were characterized by denaturing gradient electrophoresis and DNA-sequencing. From a subset of the pancreatic cancer patients, gastric and/or duodenal tissue as well as gallbladder and ductus choledochus tissue were analyzed. Gallbladder and choledochus samples were included as controls. Stomach and duodenum samples were investigated to analyze whether a gastric helicobacter might disseminate to the pancreas in pancreatic cancer patients. Pancreatic specimens were analyzed by Bacteroides-specific PCR for detecting the translocation of indigenous gut microbes to the diseased pancreas. RESULTS: Helicobacter DNA was detected in pancreas (tumor and/or surrounding tissue) of 75% of patients with exocrine cancer, 57% of patients with neuroendocrine cancer, 38% of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia, and 60% of patients with chronic pancreatitis. All samples from other benign pancreatic diseases and normal pancreas were negative. Thirty-three percent of the patients were helicobacter-positive in gastroduodenal specimens. Surprisingly, H. bilis was identified in 60% of the positive gastroduodenal samples. All gallbladder and ductus choledochus specimens were negative for helicobacter. Bacteroides PCR-assay was negative for all pancreatic samples. CONCLUSION: Helicobacter DNA commonly detected in pancreatic cancer suggests a possible role of the emerging pathogens in the development of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.

Adult↗