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PubMed1981

The predicament of the newly separated.

This study examines early adjustment to marital separation as a function of sex and parent status in a sample of 153 persons separated an average of eight weeks from their spouses because of marital discord. Men were much more satisfied with the quality of their marriages prior to separation and much more opposed to its ending than were women. Women consistently reported more gains than men as a consequence of their separations and a greater readiness to divorce. Social support systems were stronger in the case of women than men and in the case of parents than nonparents. Formal and informal helpseeking was very common. There was considerable difficulty in the areas of job performance and career planning, and the presence of children appeared to add to the difficulties faced by divorcing parents. In general, while the preseparation period appeared to be more stressful for women, the early postseparation period was far more difficult for men.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Suicidal attempts and ideations among adolescents and young adults: the contribution of the father's and mother's care and of parental separation.

Parental care was analyzed separately with the PBI for both father and mother or their surrogate to assess its association with suicidal behavior (attempt or serious ideation). The study was conducted on two French-speaking samples from Montreal: the first included 2,327 high school students and the second 701 young adults (18 to 24) reached by phone. Results showed poor care of father to be highly associated with suicidal behavior in the highschool group. Poor care of the mother and parental divorce obtained a lower association. In the second sample, only poor care of the father was significantly associated with suicidal behavior. The conclusion is that more attention should be focused on the father and that parental divorce may have a short-term effect but not a lasting influence when poor care is absent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

A comparison of natural and professional help.

The study investigated the process and effectiveness of three natural and professional groups who commonly provide help to persons experiencing the important critical life event of marital disruption. Subjects were 42 helpers: 14 mental health professionals, 14 divorce lawyers, and 14 leaders of mutual help groups. Analyses, based on variables derived from coded audiotapes of simulated helping interactions and from ratings of helper effectiveness, indicated many similarities between mental health professionals and mutual help leaders but considerable differences between these two groups and divorce lawyers. Lawyers did more talking overall, showed greater proportions of information giving and closed questions, and were more effective in the legal/financial domain. Additional analyses indicated that all helpers showed fewer information-gathering behaviors and more information- and advice-giving behaviors as the helping interaction progressed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Marital status behaviour of women in the former Soviet Republics.

This paper uses the most recent data and life table analysis to describe the marital behavior of women in the republics of the former USSR. For the first time a multistate life table analysis was used to describe the marital careers of women from all the 15 republics. In the near future, such a comparative analysis will no longer be possible due to the unavailability of statistical data, especially in some of the Asian states. The analysis shows that despite 70 years of influence by Soviet ideology and lifestyle, the institution of marriage was little subject to rapid change, and retained its traditions for each culture and its ethnic features. Marriage was a universal institution in the former USSR. The majority of the women in all of the former republics entered marriage at least once. The mean age at first marriage varies from 20.5 in Moldavia to 22.8 in Azerbaijan. The proportion of marriages that end in divorce differs from 16% in Georgia to 41% in Latvia. On average more than 30% of divorced women remarry in Latvia and Ukraine and less than 5% in Georgia.

Demography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Loss in childhood: anxiety in adulthood.

Recent research, especially in Great Britain, has attracted interest by reporting on the relationship between maternal loss and vulnerability to depression among women. Several studies in the United States that included men have not received equal attention. The present study expands on the US work by reporting findings from the Queensbrook Study in New York City, a cross-sectional survey that provides information about the relationships between the family environment of childhood and the prevalence of psychiatric illness in adulthood. The Queensbrook survey was conducted in the mid 1960 as an urban counterpart to the Stirling County Study in rural Atlantic Canada. The data from the urban sample described here were not published earlier, and for this report we used DSM-111 criteria to develop scoring algorithme to identify depression and anxiety. We investigated several types of adverse childhood losses, not solely the death of a mother, and related them to depression and anxiety in both men and women. None of the childhood experience was significant associated with these disorders among women, nor was the death of a parent related to either type of disorder among men. However, boys who left home before 16 years of age, whose parents were divorced or separated, or who were placed in an adopted family had a threefold increase in rates of anxiety as adults. This finding of a positive association between the divorce of parents and later anxiety in men is supported by several of the other population surveys carried out in the United States.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1984

Dream dimension differences during a life change.

Dreams reported from laboratory awakening of stably married women differed from those of women undergoing divorce: The former dreamed of the experiment; the latter had more threat themes. Those coping well during the divorce had more positive motives in the last dream than those who were depressed. Dreams of the nondepressed divorcées increased in anxiety from first to last dream report, whereas those of the depressed increased in masochism. Affiliation motives were common in dreams of the married subjects, while harm avoidance predominated in the divorcées' dreams. Nurturance and abasement were also common needs in the dreams of the depressed sample.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

Marital dissolution and health: do males or females have greater risk?

Although research shows that marriage protects health, some argue that it protects men more than women. The paper explores this argument by examining the special case of the separated and divorced. If men benefit from marriage, then they should have greater health risk when marriage ends. Examining data on morbidity, mortality and mental health, we use ratio analysis to compare males and females. The findings do not provide consistent support for the prediction that marital dissolution has a greater effect on men than on women. Rather, it is type of health problem, severity and stage of greatest risk that varies by gender. Men have more of the severe health problems including mortality and hospitalization of all types. Women have more of the less severe health and mental health problems. Men and women differ in whether separation or divorce is associated with greater risk. We speculate about gender-linked experiences to explain these differences.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Strategic uses of narrative in the presentation of self and illness: a research note.

Using Goffman's theory and the methods of narrative analysis, the paper examines the divorce account of a white working-class man with advanced multiple sclerosis to show how he constructs a definition of his divorcing situation, and a positive masculine identity, despite massive disability. He accomplishes this positive self through narrative retelling of key events in his biography, healing discontinuities by the way he structures his account in interaction with the listener. The strategic choice of genre, or forms of narrative, guides the impression we form of him. From this case study, I show the usefulness of close textual analysis of biographical accounts of illness.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Excess mortality among the unmarried: a case study of Japan.

Recent research has demonstrated that mortality patterns by marital status in Japan are different from corresponding patterns in other industrialized countries. Most notably, the magnitude of the excess mortality experienced by single Japanese has been staggering. For example, estimates of life expectancy for the mid-1900s indicate that single Japanese men and women had life expectancies between 15 and 20 years lower than their married counterparts. In addition, gender differences among single Japanese have been smaller than elsewhere, while those among divorced persons have been unanticipatedly large; and, the excess mortality of the Japanese single population has been decreasing over the past few decades in contrast to generally increasing differentials elsewhere. In this paper, we use a variety of data sources to explore several explanations for these unique mortality patterns in Japan. Undeniably, the traditional Japanese system of arranged marriages makes the process of selecting a spouse a significant factor. Evidence from anthropological studies and attitudinal surveys indicates that marriage is likely to have been and probably continues to be more selective with regard to underlying health characteristics in Japan than in other industrialized countries. However, causal explanations related to the importance of marriage and the family in Japanese society may also be responsible for the relatively high mortality experienced by singles and by divorced men.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed2003

Community characteristics associated with child abuse in Iowa.

PROBLEM: Various demographic and community characteristics are associated with child abuse rates in national and urban samples, but similar analyses have not been done within rural areas. This study analyzes the relationships between reported and substantiated rates of child abuse and county demographic, health care resource and social services factors in a predominantly rural state in the US. METHODS: County-level data from Iowa between 1984-1993 were analyzed for associations between county characteristics and rates of child abuse using univariate correlations and multivariate stagewise regression analysis. Population-adjusted rates of reported and substantiated child abuse were correlated with rates of children in poverty, single-parent families, marriage and divorce, unemployment, high-school dropouts, median family income, elder abuse, birth and death rates, numbers of physicians and other healthcare providers, hospital, social workers, and number of caseworkers in the Department of Human Services. RESULTS: Rates of single-parent families, divorce and elder abuse were significantly associated with reported and substantiated child abuse in multivariate analysis, while economic and most health care factors were not. Reporting and substantiation rates differed across districts after adjustment for multiple factors including caseworker workload. CONCLUSIONS: In this rural state, family structure is more significantly associated with child abuse report and substantiation rates than are socioeconomic factors. The level of health care resources in a county does not appear to affect these rates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Marital life course events and smoking behaviour in Sweden 1980-2000.

The protective effect of marriage on smoking has been extensively established in the literature. However, less is known about the dynamics of how smoking behaviour is connected to various marital life course events, and whether there are any gender discrepancies in this respect. In this article the connection between the marital life course and smoking is analysed from a stress-related perspective controlling for other socio-economic characteristics. We use information on 81,000 individuals from the Swedish longitudinal micro-level ULF (Survey of Living Conditions) database 1980-2000, which is randomly drawn from the sample population of all Swedes aged 16-84. Logistic regressions on current smoking status and changes in smoking behaviour of participants in the panel part of the data are estimated. The marital life course is strongly linked to smoking behaviour with being or getting married indicating low smoking risks and marital disruption indicating high risks. The divorced smoke to a higher extent than the widowed and there are signs that getting divorced implies higher risks than becoming widowed, both of taking up/relapsing and, for women, not being able to quit. Further, the results indicate that the connection between smoking cessation and living with a partner is stronger for men, whereas women are more affected by the propensity to start smoking after marital disruption. The protective effect of being married on smoking decreases with the age difference between spouses in households where the wife is older than the husband. Taken together, the results yield a rather complex pattern of smoking behaviour over the marital life course. Further, perceived financial stress is strongly connected to smoking and not being able to quit. Controlling for this effect still leaves a socio-economic status gradient in smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Women's childhood experience of parental separation and their subsequent health and socioeconomic status in adulthood.

The long term consequences for women of parental divorce and separation in childhood are explored using data from a national, prospective, longitudinal survey. In comparison with women who suffered no parental loss, parental divorce is associated with lower educational attainment and occupational status, poorer mental health, higher alcohol consumption and higher rates of remarriage. Links with earlier signs of emotional disturbance and current levels of stress are explored.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Do marriage problems affect fathering more than mothering? A quantitative and qualitative review.

The important question of whether marital problems disrupt fathering more than mothering is addressed in (a) a quantitative review of evidence on marital conflict and parenting in intact families, and (b) a qualitative review of research on mother and father involvement with their children following divorce. We conclude that (a) there is limited evidence that, relative to mothering, fathering is more likely to be affected by marital conflict, but suggest that (b) marital status (i.e., divorce) affects fathering notably more than it affects mothering. We further suggest that marital problems may disrupt father involvement which, in turn, weakens the quality of father-child relationships; there likely are multiple alternative pathways through which marriage problems affect parenting, including both "spillover" and "compensation"; researchers need to examine more carefully how marital problems disrupt coparenting; child age and gender may moderate linkages between the parental and marital subsystems; and coparenting, marital happiness, and the institution of marriage itself may be essential first avenues of intervention for those who wish to improve or maintain fathers' involvement with their children.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Domestic integration and suicide in the provinces of Canada.

Canada's rate of suicide varies from province to province. The classical theory of suicide, which attempts to explain the social suicide rate, stems from Durkheim, who argued that low levels of social integration and regulation are associated with high rates of suicide. The present study explored whether social factors (divorce, marriage, and birth rates) do in fact predict suicide rates over time for each province (period studied: 1950-1990). The results showed a positive association between divorce rates and suicide rates, and a negative association between birth rates and suicide rates. Marriage rates showed no consistent association, an anomaly as compared to research from other nations.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1998

What matters? What does not? Five perspectives on the association between marital transitions and children's adjustment.

This article presents an analysis of 5 views of factors that contribute to the adjustment of children in divorced families or stepfamilies. These perspectives are those that emphasize (a) individual vulnerability and risk; (b) family composition; (c) stress, including socioeconomic disadvantage; (d) parental distress; and (e) disrupted family process. It is concluded that all of these factors contribute to children's adjustment in divorced and remarried families and that a transactional model examining multiple trajectories of interacting risk and protective factors is the most fruitful in predicting the well-being of children.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

The roles of conflict engagement, escalation, and avoidance in marital interaction: a longitudinal view of five types of couples.

Seventy-three couples were studied at 2 time points 4 years apart. A typology of 5 groups of couples is proposed on the basis of observational data of Time 1 resolution of conflict, specific affects, and affect sequences. Over the 4 years, the groups of couples differed significantly in serious considerations of divorce and in the frequency of divorce. There were 3 groups of stable couples: validators, volatiles, and avoiders, who could be distinguished from each other on problem-solving behavior, specific affects, and persuasion attempts. There were 2 groups of unstable couples: hostile and hostile/detached, who could be distinguished from each other on problem-solving behavior and on specific negative and positive affects. A balance theory of marriage is proposed, which explores the idea that 3 distinct adaptations exist for having a stable marriage.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Personality and compatibility: a prospective analysis of marital stability and marital satisfaction.

The antecedents of marital stability (divorce or remaining married) and marital satisfaction (within the group that remains married) were investigated with a panel of 300 couples who were followed from their engagements in the 1930s until 1980. Twenty-two of the couples broke their engagements; of the 278 couples who married, 50 got divorced at some time between 1935 and 1980. Personality characteristics (measured by acquaintance ratings made in the 1930s) were important predictors of both marital stability and marital satisfaction. The three aspects of personality most strongly related to marital outcome were the neuroticism of the husband, the neuroticism of the wife, and the impulse control of the husband. In combination, the 17 major antecedent variables were moderately predictive of a criterion variable composed of both marital stability and marital satisfaction (R = .49). The three major aspects of personality accounted for more than half of the predictable variance. The remaining variance was accounted for by attitudinal, social-environment, and sexual history variables.

Divorce↗
PubMed2001

Understanding infidelity: correlates in a national random sample.

Infidelity is a common phenomenon in marriages but is poorly understood. The current study examined variables related to extramarital sex using data from the 1991-1996 General Social Surveys. Predictor variables were entered into a logistic regression with presence of extramarital sex as the dependent variable. Results demonstrated that divorce, education, age when first married, and 2 "opportunity" variables--respondent's income and work status--significantly affected the likelihood of having engaged in infidelity. Also, there were 3 significant interactions related to infidelity: (a) between age and gender, (b) between marital satisfaction and religious behavior, and (c) between past divorce and educational level. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.

Adult↗