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At least 1,387 records · Page 77Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Developmental dissociation between visual and auditory repetition priming: the role of input lexicons.

Contrasting theories posit the source of verbal repetition priming in the activation of preexisting memory representations in the input lexicons or, alternatively, in the formation of new episodic memory traces. The two hypotheses predict different outcomes from the comparison of developmental rates of visual and auditory verbal repetition priming. The activation theory predicts a developmental dissociation between the early maturation of auditory priming and the later maturation of visuo-verbal priming, contingent upon the discrepant acquisition rates of the auditory and visual input lexicons. The episodic theory, instead, does not make such an assumption. We administered visual and auditory implicit Stem Completion to 40 reading beginners (first-graders), 40 third-graders and 20 fifth-graders. Consistent with previous reports, auditory priming was stable across different age groups. Visual priming and a measure of lexicality in reading, instead, showed a parallel developmental increase passing from reading beginners to third-graders and to fifth-graders. In the overall group, visual priming and the measure of lexicality in reading were significantly associated. These data describe a new developmental dissociation in the memory abilities of normal children and provide further support for the hypothesis that repetition priming for words reflects facilitated access to previously established memory representations.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed2000

Contribution to the knowledge of Rifian traditional medicine. II: Folk medicine in Ksar Lakbir district (NW Morocco).

An ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal plants used by the local population of the Ksar Lakbir district (NW Morocco) was conducted. One hundred and eighty-six species from 61 botanical families were recorded as well as their uses and modes of administration. Quantitative ethnopharmacological data (medicinal plant knowledge and use indices) were also evaluated and discussed.

Dictionaries, Pharmaceutic as Topic↗
PubMed1995

Farm Financial Standards.

The Farm Financial Standards were developed by a national effort to encourage standardization. Standardization includes financial statement formats, terminology, and calculations for measuring financial position and format. Comparative analysis and education efforts are enhanced greatly by standardization. The Standardization Performance Analysis (SPA) system was developed on the basis of the performance standards for beef cattle and sheep enterprises. This article summarizes the Farm Financial Standards and illustrates the calculations with a worksheet.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1992

Mammography lexicon.

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Dictionaries, Medical as Topic↗
PubMed2002

Assessing the consistency of a biomedical terminology through lexical knowledge.

OBJECTIVE: We investigate the use of adjectival modification as a way of assessing the systematic use of linguistic phenomena to represent similar lexical or semantic features in the constituent terms of a vocabulary. METHODS: Terms consisting of one or more adjectival modifiers followed by a head noun are selected from disease and procedure terms in SNOMED. Frequently co-occurring adjectival modifiers are systematically combined with the contexts (i.e., terms minus modifier) of each modifier. The existence of these combinations is checked in both SNOMED and the entire UMLS Metathesaurus; the term corresponding to the context alone is similarly checked. Relationships among terms sharing a context and between each of these terms and their context are studied. RESULTS: Four pairs of modifiers were studied: (acute, chronic), (unilateral, bilateral), (primary, secondary), and (acquired, congenital). The numbers of contexts studied for each pair ranged from 73 to 974. The percentage of contexts associated with both modifiers ranged from 5 to 50% in SNOMED and from 10 to 60% in UMLS. The presence of the context term varied from 31 to 64% in SNOMED and from 43 to 79% in UMLS. Finally, 172 occurrences (9%) of synonymy between a modified term and the context term were found in SNOMED. One hundred and forty-five such occurrences (8%) were found in the entire Metathesaurus.

Dictionaries as Topic↗
PubMed2002

Protein names and how to find them.

A prerequisite for all higher level information extraction tasks is the identification of unknown names in text. Today, when large corpora can consist of billions of words, it is of utmost importance to develop accurate techniques for the automatic detection, extraction and categorization of named entities in these corpora. Although named entity recognition might be regarded a solved problem in some domains, it still poses a significant challenge in others. In this work we focus on one of the more difficult tasks, the identification of protein names in text. This task presents several interesting difficulties because of the named entities variant structural characteristics, their sometimes unclear status as names, the lack of common standards and fixed nomenclatures, and the specifics of the texts in the molecular biology domain in which they appear. We describe how we approached these and other difficulties in the implementation of Yapex, a system for the automatic identification of protein names in text. We also evaluate Yapex under four different notions of correctness and compare its performance to that of another publicly available system for protein name recognition.

Dictionaries as Topic↗
PubMed1998

Aspects of implementing and harmonizing healthcare communication standards.

A variety of healthcare communication standards (HCS) have been developed during the last decade. They have improved the interoperability and the connectivity in open hospital information systems to a large extent. They have also reduced time and efforts during the implementation of standard interfaces. However, the implementation of communication standards is still far from the expected plug and play. The two reasons which are the main cause the current drawbacks are identified--the lack of a standardized terminology and the restricted flexibility of the currently used interchange formats. On the one hand the standardization of the terminology can not be solved by the standards development organizations. It is a general challenge for the medical informatics community. On the other hand the movement to a new interchange format can be initiated by standards development organizations. The application of SGML/XML as an interchange format for communication standards offers a much greater flexibility and adaptability to user needs than the currently used interchange formats. Concepts for a smooth change to a new direction are discussed.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2002

The cohesive metaschema: a higher-level abstraction of the UMLS Semantic Network.

The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) joins together a group of established medical terminologies in a unified knowledge representation framework. Two major resources of the UMLS are its Metathesaurus, containing a large number of concepts, and the Semantic Network (SN), containing semantic types and forming an abstraction of the Metathesaurus. However, the SN itself is large and complex and may still be difficult to view and comprehend. Our structural partitioning technique partitions the SN into structurally uniform sets of semantic types based on the distribution of the relationships within the SN. An enhancement of the structural partition results in cohesive, singly rooted sets of semantic types. Each such set is named after its root which represents the common nature of the group. These sets of semantic types are represented by higher-level components called metasemantic types. A network, called a metaschema, which consists of the meta-semantic types connected by hierarchical and semantic relationships is obtained and provides an abstract view supporting orientation to the SN. The metaschema is utilized to audit the UMLS classifications. We present a set of graphical views of the SN based on the metaschema to help in user orientation to the SN. A study compares the cohesive metaschema to metaschemas derived semantically by UMLS experts.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

Rutabaga by any other name: extracting biological names.

As the pace of biological research accelerates, biologists are becoming increasingly reliant on computers to manage the information explosion. Biologists communicate their research findings by relying on precise biological terms; these terms then provide indices into the literature and across the growing number of biological databases. This article examines emerging techniques to access biological resources through extraction of entity names and relations among them. Information extraction has been an active area of research in natural language processing and there are promising results for information extraction applied to news stories, e.g., balanced precision and recall in the 93-95% range for identifying person, organization and location names. But these results do not seem to transfer directly to biological names, where results remain in the 75-80% range. Multiple factors may be involved, including absence of shared training and test sets for rigorous measures of progress, lack of annotated training data specific to biological tasks, pervasive ambiguity of terms, frequent introduction of new terms, and a mismatch between evaluation tasks as defined for news and real biological problems. We present evidence from a simple lexical matching exercise that illustrates some specific problems encountered when identifying biological names. We conclude by outlining a research agenda to raise performance of named entity tagging to a level where it can be used to perform tasks of biological importance.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2002

Information extraction from biomedical text.

Information extraction is the process of scanning text for information relevant to some interest, including extracting entities, relations, and events. It requires deeper analysis than key word searches, but its aims fall short of the very hard and long-term problem of full text understanding. Information extraction represents a midpoint on this spectrum, where the aim is to capture structured information without sacrificing feasibility. One of the key ideas in this technology is to separate processing into several stages, in cascaded finite-state transducers. The earlier stages recognize smaller linguistic objects and work in a largely domain-independent fashion. The later stages take these linguistic objects as input and find domain-dependent patterns among them. There are now initial efforts to apply this technology to biomedical text. In other domains, the technology plateaued at about 60% recall and precision. Even if applications to biomedical text do no better than this, they could still prove to be of immense help to curatorial activities.

Abstracting and Indexing↗