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[Personalization concepts of medical ethics in the teachings of John Paul II].

According to John Paul's teaching, the medicine cannot be purely technological, but needs to have some human character. The medicine doctors should consider patients as a whole, not only their problems bound with the treating them as patients, and to cure them from their illnesses, but together considering their feelings, and their intellectual and spiritual life. John Paul's teaching in relation to "the personalizing of medicine" means such a consideration of the human being that is leading to the respect about the body, spirit and their culture. Therefore the knowledge about the biological properties of human life, should be accompanied together with the look onto their dignity. Nobody could be a doctor who cures only one organ of the human's body, but must see the whole human person together with the relations to other persons connected with that patient, because they have very often much of influence on to the health of a patient. That "personalizing of the medicine" should be done on such a way, when it is seen the total ill person. The doctor should be having friendly and even heartily personal relationship to the patient, which should lead to a dialog between them, full of respect and confidence. Nobody is allowed to consider an ill person as a clinical case, but should see a person who is expecting not only professional, competent medical attention, but also the understanding of the patient's spirit, which is being bound with that illness. In this way, John Paul II is telling us, that the health service should not be based entirely on the professional knowledge and skill. The doctor should see in the ill person his own dearest brother or sister, whom we are to love very much, and should be taking part in the illnesses of them.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

Identification and assessment of ongoing trials in health technology assessment reviews.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the importance of ongoing trials in health technology assessment reviews (HTARs) for the National Institute for Clinical Excellence and to provide practical recommendations for identifying ongoing trials and assessing their possible impact. DATA SOURCES: Electronic databases. REVIEW METHODS: Ongoing trials (or trials in progress) were defined as any trials that have started but where the results are not yet available or only interim results are available for HTARs. This methodological review included: (1) an assessment of ongoing trials in HTARs completed by the end of August 2002, (2) a survey and assessment of trial registers and other sources of ongoing trials and (3) a summary and assessment of available methods for assessing the possible impacts of ongoing trials. RESULTS: The identification of ongoing trials is a common phenomenon in reviews of health technology assessment. Twenty-three of the 32 HTARs identified one or more ongoing trials and in eight of these the information on identified ongoing trials was not considered in the evidence synthesis and research recommendations. All but one HTAR that considered the potential impact of ongoing trials adopted a narrative approach. Trial registers and grey literature are important sources of information on ongoing trials. All 32 HTARs explicitly or implicitly searched for unpublished studies, and/or ongoing trials and/or grey literature and trial registers. The assessment of six commonly used trial registers suggested that most registers provided sufficient information for reviewers to decide the relevance of identified ongoing trials. However, it is sometimes extremely difficult to know whether ongoing trials identified from different sources (registers) are the same trials or belong to the same multicentre trials. The ISRCTN (the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number) is the most reliable system but it has not been widely adopted. The qualitative assessment of ongoing trials compared major features of completed and ongoing trials, providing information about the possible impact of ongoing trials in terms of relevance, validity, reliability and generalisability. Quantitative methods to assess the impact of ongoing trials include cumulative meta-analysis related methods, fail-safe N, Bayesian data monitoring, and Bayesian interim predictions. The most useful method may be the Bayesian predictive probability, which estimates predictive probabilities for any possible values of treatment effect. A case study indicated that the appropriate use of quantitative methods would strengthen findings from narrative assessment of possible impact of ongoing trials. CONCLUSIONS: Identification of ongoing trials is common in HTARs. Searching for ongoing trials in effectiveness reviews should be more thorough and explicit. Conversely, primary researchers, in particular those working with in multicentre trials, should label ongoing trials more clearly, preferably by ISRCTN. Qualitative assessment of identified ongoing trials is crucial and informative. Available quantitative methods could be used to strengthen findings from narrative assessment, although further research and more empirical examples are required. Information from ongoing trials may contribute to syntheses of results, conclusions and recommendations for future research. Future research is suggested into the identification and assessment of ongoing trials in other systematic reviews of effectiveness of health care interventions; existing and new methods for incorporating information on ongoing trials; comparing estimated impacts with the actual results of ongoing trials; and to incorporate findings from the assessment of ongoing trials into decision models.

Bayes Theorem↗

TECHNICAL personnel.

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Biomedical Technology↗

Advances in biomedical engineering.

The most visible contributions of biomedical engineering to clinical practice involve instrumentation for diagnosis, therapy, and rehabilitation. Cell and tissue engineering also have emerged as clinical realities. In the next 25 years, advances in electronics, optics, materials, and miniaturization will accelerate development of more sophisticated devices for diagnosis and therapy, such as imaging and virtual surgery. The emerging new field of bioengineering-engineering based in the science of molecular cell biology-will greatly expand the scope of biomedical engineering to tackle challenges in molecular and genomic medicine.

Biocompatible Materials↗

Adverse pregnancy outcomes in offspring of fathers working in biomedical research laboratories.

BACKGROUND: Laboratory work may constitute a possible health hazard for workers as well as for their offspring, and involves a wide range of exposures, such as organic solvents, carcinogenic agents, ionizing radiation, and/or microbiological agents. Adverse pregnancy outcomes in the offspring of male employees in biomedical research laboratories are examined. METHODS: Offspring to males employed 1970-1989 at four Swedish universities were identified via the Medical Birth Register (MBR), along with other pregnancy parameters. Offspring of fathers with laboratory work (n = 2,281) is considered exposed, and of non-laboratory employees unexposed (n = 1,909). Exposure data were obtained by questionnaires to research group leaders. Logistic regression analysis estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Paternal laboratory work in general showed no statistically significant increased ORs concerning birth weight and/or gestational age, but work specifically with radioactive isotopes gave OR 1.8 (CI 1.0-3.2) for high birth weight and a relative risk of 1.2 (CI 1.0-1.4) for sex ratio (male/female). CONCLUSIONS: There was no clear association between periconceptional paternal laboratory work and adverse reproductive outcomes, but use of radioactive isotopes showed increased OR for high birth weight in offspring.

Adult↗

Future of biomedical sciences: single molecule microscopy.

The behavior of single molecule defines whether a cell lives, dies, or responds to a specific drug treatment. Single molecule microscopies have begun to reveal the number, location, and functionalities of molecules outside and inside living cells. This issue of Biopolymers presents a first set of reviews that aim to highlight the accomplishments and future prospects of single molecule microscopies.

Biomedical Research↗

Chemiluminescence detection in HPLC and CE for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

The present paper reviews the developments and applications of chemiluminescence detection with HPLC and CE in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. The chemiluminescence systems, chemiluminogenic reagents and derivatization reagents, improvements in instrumental design as well as their contributions to the practical applications, are all presented. The advantages and limitations of current detection methodology and future prospects for improvement are briefly discussed.

Biomedical Technology↗