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PubMed1999

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor modulates the pulmonary host response to endotoxin in the absence and presence of acute ethanol intoxication.

Alcohol impairs neutrophil function and predisposes the host to infectious complications. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) increases both the number and functional activities of neutrophils. This study investigated the effects of G-CSF on the pulmonary response to endotoxin in rats with or without acute ethanol intoxication. Acute ethanol intoxication inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 production in the lung and suppressed the recruitment of neutrophils into the lung. Ethanol also inhibited CD11b/c expression on recruited neutrophils and suppressed the phagocytic activity of circulating neutrophils. G-CSF pretreatment up-regulated CD11b/c expression on circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes, augmented the recruitment of neutrophils into the lung, and enhanced the phagocytic activity of circulating and recruited neutrophils in both the absence and presence of acute ethanol intoxication. G-CSF inhibited MIP-2 but not TNF-alpha production in the lung. These data suggest that G-CSF may be useful in the prevention or treatment of infections in persons immunocompromised by alcohol.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Cognition and metacognition at extreme altitudes on Mount Everest.

The FACTRETRIEVAL2 test battery, which assesses both retrieval of general information from memory and metacognition about that retrieval, was administered to people before and after a recent expedition to Mount Everest and at extreme altitudes above 6,400 m (higher than any mountain in North America or Europe). The major findings were as follows: First, the same extreme altitudes already known to impair learning did not affect either accuracy or latency of retrieval, and this robustness of retrieval occurred for both recall and forced-choice recognition. Second, extreme altitude did affect metacognition: The climbers showed a decline in their feeling of knowing both while at extreme altitude and after returning to Kathmandu (i.e., both an effect and an aftereffect of extreme altitude). Third, extreme altitude had different effects than alcohol intoxication (previously assessed by Nelson. McSpadden, Fromme, & Marlatt, 1986). Alcohol intoxication affected retrieval without affecting metacognition, whereas extreme altitude affected metacognition without affecting retrieval; this different pattern for extreme altitude versus alcohol intoxication implies that (a) hypoxia does not always yield the same outcome as alcohol intoxication and (b) neither retrieval nor metacognition is strictly more sensitive than the other for detecting changes in independent variables.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Consequences of alcohol-induced early dysregulation of responses to trauma/hemorrhage.

Acute alcohol intoxication is a frequent underlying condition associated with traumatic injury. Studies from our laboratory have been designed to examine the early hemodynamic, proinflammatory, and neuroendocrine alterations in responses to hemorrhagic shock in surgically catheterized, conscious, unrestrained, male Sprague-Dawley rats during acute alcohol intoxication (1.75-g/kg bolus, followed by a constant 15-h infusion at a rate of 250-300 mg/kg/h). With both fixed-pressure (40 mm Hg) and fixed-volume (50%) hemorrhagic shock, followed by fluid resuscitation with Ringer's lactate, acute (15 h) alcohol intoxication has been shown to impair significantly the immediate hemodynamic, metabolic, and inflammatory counterregulatory responses to hemorrhagic shock. Alcohol intoxication enhanced hemodynamic instability during blood loss and impaired the recovery of mean arterial blood pressure during fluid resuscitation. Activation of neuroendocrine pathways involved in restoring hemodynamic stability was significantly attenuated in alcohol-intoxicated hemorrhaged animals. The hemodynamic and neuroendocrine impairment is associated with enhanced expression of lung and spleen tumor necrosis factor, and it suppressed circulating neutrophil function. In addition, neuroimmune regulation of cytokine production by spleen-derived macrophages obtained from alcohol-intoxicated hemorrhaged animals was impaired when examined in vitro. We hypothesize that impaired neuroendocrine activation contributes to hemodynamic instability, which, in turn, prolongs tissue hypoperfusion and enhances risk for tissue injury. Specifically, the early dysregulation in counterregulatory responses is hypothesized to affect host defense mechanisms during the recovery period. We examined host response to systemic (cecal ligation and puncture) and localized (pneumonia) infectious challenge in animals recovering from hemorrhage during acute alcohol intoxication. Increased morbidity and mortality from infection were observed in alcohol-intoxicated hemorrhaged animals. Our results indicate that alcohol-induced alterations in early hemodynamic and neuroimmune responses to shock have an impact on susceptibility to an infectious challenge during the early recovery period.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1985

Effects of intoxication on alcoholics' marital communication and problem solving.

The effects of intoxication on the marital interactions of treatment-motivated alcoholics and their nonalcoholic spouses were studied in eight couples (two of which had an alcoholic wife). In half of the sessions, the alcoholics were given enough alcohol to reach a blood level of 10 mg/dl. Couples engaged in three 10-min conflict-resolution discussions of varying intensity counterbalanced for alcohol and no-alcohol sessions. Couples expressed significantly more positive verbalizations in the alcohol sessions than in the no-alcohol sessions. This was true especially for the nonalcoholic spouses, who doubled their rate of positive verbal behavior when interacting with an intoxicated partner. Alcoholics spoke more and tended to make more problem-describing statements while intoxicated than while sober. The alcoholics made a greater number of problem-solving statements than did their spouses. Alcoholics were significantly more negative and less positive in nonverbal behaviors than were their spouses, but neither self-report of marital satisfaction nor observations of verbal behavior reflected this. The models of both social-learning theory and systems theory for the relationship of marital factors to the etiology and maintenance of alcoholism are supported.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Influence of subjective intoxication, breath alcohol concentration, and expectancies on the alcohol-aggression relation.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of subjective intoxication, alcohol-aggression expectancies, and breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) on intoxicated aggression in men and women while controlling for dispositional aggressivity. METHODS: Subjects were 328 (163 men and 165 women) healthy social drinkers between 21 and 35 years of age. Following the consumption of either an alcohol or an active placebo beverage, subjects were tested on a modified version of the Taylor Aggression Paradigm in which mild electric shocks were received from, and administered to, a fictitious opponent during a competitive task. Levels of subjective intoxication and BrAC were measured immediately before subjects began the aggression task. Aggressive behavior was operationalized as the shock intensities administered to the fictitious opponent under conditions of low and high provocation. RESULTS: Subjective intoxication ratings were not related to aggressive behavior for either men or women. Alcohol-aggression expectancies were related to aggression for men, but this effect was rendered nonsignificant when controlling for dispositional aggressivity, which in turn, was significantly related to the dependent variables for both men and women. Finally, BrAC was also related to aggression above and beyond the effects of dispositional aggressivity, yet only for men. CONCLUSIONS: Taken as a whole, this study suggests that intoxicated aggression is primarily the result of alcohol's pharmacological properties in conjunction with an aggressive disposition.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Paclitaxel formulation as a cause of ethanol intoxication.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of ethyl alcohol intoxication associated with paclitaxel administration. CASE SUMMARY: A patient who received a 3-hour paclitaxel infusion for metastatic breast carcinoma and developed symptoms of acute alcohol intoxication. A blood ethanol concentration drawn at the end of the paclitaxel infusion was 97.8 mg/dL (0.098%). DISCUSSION: The amount of alcohol contained in paclitaxel is discussed. A review of the literature revealed one patient series where the highest blood alcohol concentration was one-third that seen in our patient. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should recognize the potential for alcohol intoxication with paclitaxel administration. This is especially pertinent when higher doses are given over a short period of time.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed1995

Autonomic reactivity and alcohol-induced dampening in men at risk for alcoholism and men at risk for hypertension.

Both sons of male alcoholics with multigenerational family history of male alcoholism (MFH) and sons of essential hypertensives (HTs) exhibit elevated psychophysiological reactivity to stress when compared with male controls (FH-). MFHs also demonstrate a significant baseline heart rate increase and stress-response dampening following alcohol consumption. The present study investigates the specificity of this alcohol-induced psychophysiological response pattern by testing these two risk groups in a shock response paradigm, both sober and alcohol-intoxicated. A repeated measures analysis of variance on sober and alcohol-intoxicated heart rate reactivity yielded a significant risk by alcohol interaction, indicating that alcohol consumption led to a greater decrease in reactivity in the MFH group compared with the HT and FH- groups. Similar results were obtained for muscle tension measures. MFHs also displayed greater increases in resting baseline heart rate and muscle tension when alcohol intoxicated. The results may reflect a sensitivity to negatively and positively reinforcing effects of alcohol specific to individuals with multigenerational familial histories of alcoholism.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Neonatal activation of alcohol-related prenatal memories: impact on the first suckling response.

BACKGROUND: Rat fetuses seem to be capable of associative learning mediated through alcohol's unconditioned properties. The newborn's suckling response immediately after birth is dependent on olfactory stimuli present in the fetal milieu and/or odorants perceived immediately after birth. The present study analyzed the impact of olfactory fetal learning supported by maternal-fetal alcohol intoxication on the newborn's first postnatal suckling response, in the presence or absence of chemosensory cues originally associated with alcohol during prenatal life. METHODS: During gestational days 17 to 20, fetuses experienced a salient novel cue (cineole) explicitly paired or not with the induction of alcohol intoxication resulting from maternal intragastric intubation of a 2 g/kg ethanol dose. A separate set of dams were intubated with only water. In experiment 1, cesarean-delivered pups were tested shortly after birth for their response to a surrogate nutritive nipple scented with cineole or with no explicit odor. In experiment 2, pups were similarly evaluated after the prenatal treatment when cineole, a novel odorant (lemon), or no explicit odor was presented either in conjunction with the nipple or before being tested with the nipple. RESULTS: In both experiments, fetal olfactory conditioning supported by alcohol intoxication had a significant effect on the newborn's first suckling episode, depending on the olfactory cues presented before or during suckling. Presence of cineole but not of novel odorants seemed to activate the associative memory acquired in utero. Once the memory was activated, pups that were subjected to fetal odor-alcohol pairings were found to attach significantly more to surrogate nutritive nipples than did fetal control animals. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal experience with alcohol intoxication can result in chemosensory associative learning mediated by the drug's postabsorptive effects. This learning determines attachment patterns of newborns when they reexperience olfactory cues that had signaled onset of the state of acute alcohol intoxication when they were fetuses. Considered in view of previous experiments, the present results generate two alternative hypotheses relative to the affective component of the memory established in utero: (1) alcohol intoxication is an appetitive reinforcer during fetal life, or (2) the calming effects of postnatal suckling behavior counteract negative hedonic components of the memory accrued in utero.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2006

Age at first intoxication and alcohol use disorders in Southwest California Indians.

BACKGROUND: In several national surveys, a younger age of onset of first drink and/or regular drinking has been associated with a higher likelihood of the development of alcohol dependence. Some studies have suggested that age at first drink is primarily an environmentally driven variable whereas others suggest that it may be partially mediated by a general vulnerability to exhibit problem behaviors. Although Native Americans, overall, have the highest prevalence of alcohol dependence of any U.S. ethnic group, the relationship of age of onset of intoxication with alcohol dependence in Native American populations is relatively unknown. METHODS: Demographic information and DSM-III-R diagnoses were obtained from 525 Southwest California (SWC) Indian adults residing on contiguous reservations. Survival analyses and Cox and logistic regression were used to investigate the relationship between age of onset of first intoxication and the development of alcohol dependence. Heritability of the age of onset of first intoxication was also determined using SOLAR. RESULTS: Age at first intoxication was not found to be heritable in this population. Early onset of intoxication, however, was found to be significantly associated with both a shorter time to onset of alcohol dependence and increased prevalence in this population, even on taking into account several other risk factors including externalizing diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that effective environmental prevention efforts at reducing underage drinking may be an important strategy to lower the prevalence of alcohol dependence in this high-risk population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Serum and intracellular magnesium concentrations in intoxicated chronic alcoholic and control subjects.

Serum magnesium levels may not accurately reflect overall magnesium homeostasis. To clarify the relationship between serum and intracellular magnesium concentrations in chronic alcoholism, we determined intralymphocytic magnesium levels and serum magnesium, sodium and potassium concentrations in ten chronic alcoholic subjects admitted to the emergency room during acute ethanol intoxication, and compared the results to those of 14 healthy nonalcoholic controls. Serum magnesium, sodium and potassium concentrations were within the normal range in both groups of subjects and determination of intralymphocytic magnesium levels revealed a nonsignificant decrease in alcoholic subjects compared to controls. In conclusion, serum and intralymphocytic magnesium concentrations did not differ between chronic alcoholics and controls in our population; the results of the present study do not support the practice of routine magnesium administration to chronic alcoholics in the emergency room setting.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetate, and lactate levels after alcohol intake in white men and women: effect of 4-methylpyrazole.

BACKGROUND: 4-Methylpyrazole (4-MP), a selective inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), recently has been approved for clinical use in humans. The objective was to evaluate the use of 4-MP in human alcohol research and to study the effect of 4-MP on various parameters of alcohol metabolism during alcohol intoxication. METHODS: 4-MP (10-15 mg/kg orally) or placebo was given in double-blind fashion to 22 premenopausal women, 12 of whom were using oral contraceptives, and 13 men followed by intake of alcohol (0.5 g/kg orally) or placebo. RESULTS: A 30% to 40% decrease in the ethanol elimination rate was observed in the different groups during pretreatment with 4-MP. The alcohol-induced increase in plasma acetate was partially inhibited by 4-MP. A significant positive correlation was observed between the effect of 4-MP on the alcohol-induced lactate and acetate elevations. The acetaldehyde was nondetectable (<1 micromol/liter) in the peripheral venous blood during alcohol intoxication in both women and men. During alcohol intoxication, a decrease in breath acetaldehyde was found with 4-MP pretreatment in women but not in men. CONCLUSION: The alcohol-induced elevation in blood acetate level is caused, in part, by ADH-mediated ethanol oxidation. Although no evidence was found for measurable acetaldehyde levels in the peripheral venous blood during alcohol intoxication, the effect of 4-MP on breath acetaldehyde in women supports the view that ADH-mediated acetaldehyde elevations reflected in the airways, but too low to be detected in the peripheral venous blood, may occur in women during alcohol intoxication in the present experimental conditions.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1999

Role of Kupffer cells in the ethanol-induced oxidative stress in the liver.

These studies test the hypothesis that acute and chronic alcohol intoxication stimulate the release of oxygen-derived radicals in the liver. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received an intravenous bolus followed by continuous infusion of ethanol to maintain blood alcohol level at about 175 mg/dl for 0-18 hr. They were then allowed to recover from this "alcohol binge" and the release of free radicals during the recovery phase was monitored. In the chronic alcohol intoxication model, rats were fed with 40% ethanol in agar blocks for 16 weeks. Acute ethanol intoxication induced two phases of hepatic superoxide release. The first phase peaked during the first 3 hr of alcohol intoxication, while the second phase reached its maximum at 6 hr of recovery following a 12 hr binge. The recovery period was also associated with elevated serum transaminase activity. Kupffer cells were largely responsible for hepatic superoxide release during the first phase, while both Kupffer and hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells contributed to the second phase of free radical formation. Acute ethanol intoxication did not induce endotoxemia. During chronic alcohol intoxication, increased levels of serum endotoxin, TNF, IL-1, and transaminase were observed and hepatic superoxide anion release was present. Superoxide release by isolated Kupffer cells, blood and hepatic PMNs of alcoholic rats was also significantly enhanced in the chronic alcoholic rats. These data indicate that acute alcohol intoxication may directly stimulate the release of reactive oxygen intermediates, whereas chronic alcohol may elicit free radical generation through enhanced endotoxin influx and cytokine release. These studies further demonstrate that free radicals produced by hepatic non-parenchymal cells are likely to play an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatic injury in susceptible individuals with alcohol-related liver disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Alcohol, head injury, and pulmonary complications.

The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in rates of pulmonary complications (e.g., aspiration, pneumonia) in head-injured patients with and without concomitant alcohol intoxication. The records of 98 consecutive patients admitted over a 1-year period to a Level I Trauma Center were reviewed. The patients were grouped into three subsets: acutely intoxicated (n = 26), acutely intoxicated with a diagnosis of chronic alcoholism (n = 14), and non-intoxicated (n = 58). Alcohol intoxication was defined as a blood alcohol level (BAL) > or = 0.08 mg/dl. Admission BALs and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores were tabulated at admission. Frequency of arterial blood gas (ABG) measurements, need for an artificial airway/mechanical ventilation, and length of stay (LOS) were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance. Intergroup differences in breath sounds were compared by using the nonparametric Kruskall-Wallis technique. We found no statistical difference between groups in terms of pulmonary sequelae despite the remarkably high BALs observed in the study groups. Similarly, there was no statistically greater LOS in the groups with alcohol intoxication than in alcohol-free cohorts. Despite a great deal of BAL science research to support our hypothesis, we failed to demonstrate a significantly higher rate of pulmonary problems in inebriated individuals with head injuries. We found that our strict exclusion criteria (no concomitant chest, abdominal, or pelvic trauma) limited the sample to only those patients without significant intracranial bleeding, whereas most complications in blood alcohol neuroscience research have been associated with much larger mass lesions (e.g., epidural or subdural hematomas). In addition, we found the characterizations of patients as chronically alcoholic were cumbersome and inaccurate in many cases. Future research should allow for a greater range of concomitant injuries that might suggest a positive or negative relationship to acute intoxication.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reduced binocular depth inversion in patients with alcoholism.

Binocular depth inversion represents an illusion of visual perception, serving to invert the perception of implausible hollow objects, e.g. a hollow face into a normal face. Such inversion occurs frequently, especially when objects with a higher degree of familiarity (e.g. photographs of faces) are displayed. Cognitive factors are assumed to override the binocular disparity cues of stereopsis. The hypothesis was tested that during mild and moderate alcohol withdrawal, and severe and mild alcohol intoxication, the central nervous system is unable to correct implausible perceptual hypotheses. Measurements of binocular depth inversion in perception of three-dimensional objects were performed in 10 patients with severe alcohol intoxication, in 10 subjects with mild alcohol intoxication, in nine patients with moderate alcohol withdrawal treated with carbamazepine, in 10 patients with moderate alcohol withdrawal without any pharmacological treatment, in 11 patients with mild alcohol withdrawal and in 10 healthy volunteers. The binocular depth inversion scores were highly elevated in the severely intoxicated patients group and in the group with moderate withdrawal symptoms without carbamazepine treatment, in comparison to the healthy volunteers. The data demonstrate a strong impairment of binocular depth inversion in moderate alcohol withdrawal and during severe alcohol intoxication. This supports the view that these states may be accompanied by a disorganization of the interaction between sensory input and top-down component. The effects of carbamazepine are discussed.

Adult↗