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PubMed1989

States of the art of immunoelectron microscopy in Japan.

In Japan, there are several laboratories which routinely utilize immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) for their investigation and participate in the development of methods for IEM. As a result, some major advances are in the making. IEM methods used in Japan may be divided roughly into four categories: 1) antibodies are reacted with tissues before the tissues are embedded in plastics (pre-embedding method); 2) antibodies are reacted with tissues after the tissues are embedded in plastics (post-embedding method); 3) tissues reacted with antibodies are deep-etched and the site of antigens are recognized in the replicas; and 4) that uses scanning electron microscopes. Samples from each category are introduced utilizing photographs provided by investigators, representing the states of the art of IEM in Japan.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Accuracy of Papanicolaou smears. Art or science?

We examined the relationship between various levels of experience and the ability to obtain adequate Papanicolaou smears as defined by the presence of endocervical cells. From July 1, 1984, through June 30, 1986, 16,360 cervical smears were evaluated for the presence of endocervical cells. Of those smears, 9,243 contained endocervical cells; 7,117 did not. The results were evaluated for seven groups of providers: professional staff, residents (postgraduate years 1-4), nurse practitioners and student nurse practitioners. The range of smears with endocervical cells for individual providers was 22.2-73.1%. Significant differences existed between all the groups. Longer training did not equate with greater skill in obtaining endocervical cells. Obtaining adequate smears appears to be as much an art as a science.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Martial arts: a perspective on their evolution, injuries, and training formats.

The martial arts are very popular today as both spectator and participant sports, and a large percentage of the participants are children. More injuries are sustained in tournament competition and many are preventable by using protective gear and by limiting contact. Medical screening and proper execution of technique are also important prophylactic modalities.

Arm Injuries↗
PubMed1988

Personality traits after prolonged vegetative state. Reflections on "Unexpected Improvement after Prolonged Post-traumatic Vegetative State" by W. Arts, H. van Dongen, J. Meulstee.

The consequences of the trauma on the personality traits of the case described by Arts et al. are analysed. Among the biological factors which favoured the restoration of consciousness, youth, normal pretraumatic personality as well as the location and extent of the brain lesions have been of special importance. The psychopathological changes mainly consisted in an impairment of higher mental functions with intellectual regression, loss of abstraction ability and a severe deficit of recall and memory. The pragmatical and ethical consequences of this case are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Magnetic resonance imaging of the cardiovascular system. Present state of the art and future potential. Council on Scientific Affairs. Report of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Panel.

State-of-the-art magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) generates high-resolution images of the cardiovascular system. Conventional MRI techniques provide images in six to ten minutes per tomographic slice. New strategies have substantially improved the speed of imaging. The technology is relatively expensive, and its cost-effectiveness remains to be defined in relation to other effective, less expensive, and noninvasive technologies, such as echocardiography and nuclear medicine. The ultimate role of MRI will depend on several factors, including the development of specific applications such as (1) noninvasive angiography, especially of the coronary arteries; (2) noninvasive, high-resolution assessment of regional myocardial blood flow distribution (eg, using paramagnetic contrast agents); (3) characterization of myocardial diseases using proton-relaxation property changes; and (4) evaluation of in vivo myocardial biochemistry. The three-dimensional imaging capability and the ability to image cardiovascular structures without contrast material give MRI a potential advantage over existing noninvasive diagnostic imaging techniques. This report analyzes current applications of MRI to the cardiovascular system and speculates on their future.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed1987

Neck contour deformities. The art, engineering, anatomic diagnosis, architectural planning, and aesthetics of surgical correction.

The best quality long-lasting results require attention to the diagnosis of the precise anatomic problems followed by the architectural planning--the art of making beautiful highlights, shadows, and curves where indicated to produce a result that is aesthetically pleasing. Attention to the details of the surgical planning, execution of surgery, and postoperative care are essential to minimize untoward results and problems and produce a happy patient and pleased surgeon.

Esthetics↗
PubMed1987

Bereavement. State of the art and state of the science.

For bereavement research to fulfill its potential, its practical applications with defined patient groups needs to demonstrate a superiority over treatment based largely on intuition and common sense. The "art" of the therapist needs science to move beyond the present impasse in the management of bereavement.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Assessing health risks to medical illustrators from art materials usage.

It is difficult to determine the degree of health hazard medical illustrators and other artists face as a result of the art materials they use. This potential health risk seems best determined by self-assessment. The self-assessment described in this article comprises a questionnaire which addresses studio facilities and practices, material storage, personal protective equipment, work practices and knowledge of precautionary measures. Interpretation, discussion and information on high risk groups follow the questionnaire.

Aerosols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy in turkeys of spray vaccination with a temperature-sensitive mutant of Bordetella avium (Art Vax).

Broad-breasted white turkeys were vaccinated with a temperature-sensitive mutant of Bordetella avium (Art Vax) at 2 and 15 days of age and challenged at 22 days of age by contact with infected birds. Necropsy was performed at 35 days of age. Two vaccination protocols (eyedrop/oral and spray cabinet/spray bottle) and two challenge isolates (Arkansas 105 and North Carolina [NC] isolates) were used. Neither the spray nor the eyedrop/oral methods of vaccination prevented infection of the anterior trachea with either of the virulent challenge strains. The spray and eyedrop/oral methods of vaccination were equally effective in reducing the severity of gross lesions in the trachea. The vaccine reduced the severity of gross lesions in the tracheas of turkeys challenged with the NC isolate to a level approximately equal to that observed in unchallenged vaccinated controls, but the vaccine only moderately reduced the severity of lesions in birds challenged with the 105 isolate.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1986

A health professions faculty workload plan for a liberal arts setting.

This case study describes an approach to planning the workload and expenditure of allied health faculty effort. The plan is based upon a review of the literature, a survey of other schools in similar settings, and faculty negotiation. It meets the need for faculty accountability, congruence between faculty workloads and institutional goals, faculty staffing determinations, and a means to compare nursing and allied health faculty workloads with those of more traditional liberal arts faculty. The plan may serve as a model for other health professions academic units.

Faculty↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of a commercial turkey coryza vaccine (Art-Vax) in turkey poults.

Four laboratory experiments were designed to study the efficacy of the only available commercial vaccine for turkey coryza, Art-Vax. Poults were vaccinated either once or twice at different ages and challenged with pathogenic Alcaligenes faecalis. In another study, commercial turkeys vaccinated at 1 and 12 days of age on a commercial farm were brought to the laboratory for challenge with pathogenic A. faecalis. Both the laboratory- and field-vaccinated poults were given the manufacturer's recommended dosage of the vaccine strain. Regardless of the vaccine schedule or source of poults, the vaccine was not effective in protecting challenged turkeys from infection. Furthermore, the vaccine was not effective in protecting poults less than 3 weeks of age from disease, but it was effective in protecting poults more than 3 weeks of age from disease. These results indicate that although vaccinated turkeys older than 3 weeks of age were not susceptible to disease, they were susceptible to infection and could act as carriers of field strains of A. faecalis, thus perpetuating the risk of infection to flocks subsequently raised in the same buildings.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1986

Martial arts for the quadriplegic.

A program has been developed for teaching of martial arts to the spinal cord injured. Despite the great challenges, quadriplegic patients have been able not only to participate along with paraplegics, but have helped to develop innovative methods to modify techniques to their abilities. The benefits of the program are described.

Exercise Therapy↗
PubMed1986

Nursing care of the elderly patient with cancer. The critical blend of science and art--back to basics.

In summary, the nursing care of the elderly patient with cancer incorporates very complex assessments and interventions. Fundamental to the delivery of good care is meeting the basic biological, psychological and social needs of each patient while providing oncologic care in the treatment of their disease and its symptoms. Nursing the elderly requires intelligence, patience, attention to detail, love, gentleness and, above all, hard work. Although we may not always be able to keep up with the science of cancer care, we must always keep up with the art.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Faculty development in allied health: state of the art.

This paper describes what is currently happening in the broad area of faculty development in allied health institutions. A comprehensive survey instrument was administered to a sample of two- and four-year colleges and university/professional institutions to determine the "state-of-the-art" of faculty development in allied health. This paper reports those findings and relates some of them to a previous comprehensive national study done by John Centra through the Educational Testing Service in 1976.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1985

State of the art in marketing hospital foodservice departments.

The purposes of this study were to identify the state of the art relative to the utilization of marketing techniques within hospital foodservice departments throughout the United States and to determine whether any relationships existed between the degree of utilization of marketing techniques and selected demographic characteristics of the foodservice administrators and/or operations. A validated questionnaire was mailed to 600 randomly selected hospital foodservice administrators requesting information related to marketing in their facilities. Forty-five percent of the questionnaires were returned and analyzed for frequency of response and significant relationship between variables. Chi-square was used for nominal data and Spearman rho for ranked data. Approximately 73% of the foodservice administrators stated that marketing was extremely important in the success of a hospital foodservice department. Respondents (79%) further indicated that marketing had become more important in their departments in the past 2 years. Departmental records, professional journals, foodservice suppliers, observation, and surveys were the sources most often used to obtain marketing data, a responsibility generally assumed by the foodservice director (86.2%). Merchandising, public relations, and word-of-mouth reputation were regarded as the most important aspects of marketing. Increased sales, participation, good will, departmental recognition, and employee satisfaction were used most frequently to evaluate the success of implemented marketing techniques. Marketing audits as a means of evaluating the success of marketing were used to a limited extent by the respondents.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[State of the art and prospects on the use of radiofrequency and microwave hyperthermia in cancer treatment (author's transl)].

The use of microwave hyperthermia for cancer treatment is dealt with, first analyzing the present state of the art, second from a prospective viewpoint. Follow current topics are considered: a) biological data from experiments in vitro and of animals; b) fundamental therapeutic modalities: total body hyperthermia, local hyperthermia; c) technological problems: irradiation frequency, applicators, dosimetry (non-interfering probes, microwave radiometers); d) results of preliminary clinical investigations. Prospects refer to following topics: a) technological: improvement or design of systems for producing and controlling hyperthermia; b) fundamental: models, phantoms and postoperative specimens; dielectric and thermal properties on tissues; part of the vascularization; c) clinical: treatment procedures, long-term therapeutic trials (exclusive or combined hyperthermia, cancerous and healthy tissues).

Humans↗
PubMed1984

"The artful science:" medicine's self-image in the 1890's.

Carried on the coattails of the century's scientific and technological revolution, Anglo-American medicine acquired a self-image and sense of purpose that belied its fragile roots. The growth of the laboratory, the popularity of the inductive method, the beginnings of government and private support for medical education, the envy of the German university experience and the new-found importance of medical societies fell in easy step with Victorian pride and the national imperative. America's medical education system grew at a slower pace, inhibited by a laissez-faire bias which reinforced the weaker aspects of its egalitarian society. The fabric for America's medical reform lay in the European clinical experience of its better educated physicians, and the transference of their enthusiasm and reform zeal into the university and medical society environment. By the 1890s, the artful science of medicine had combined the benefits of a century's scientific endeavors with the age-old instinct for useful application.

History, 19th Century↗