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PubMed1994

Female submissiveness, nonverbal behavior, and body boundary definition.

Previous studies in the United States have suggested that submissive women may be more vulnerable to criminal victimization because they present certain cues of vulnerability. Richards, Rollerson, and Phillips (1991) observed that submissive women exhibited more controlled body movements and more body-concealing clothing than did dominant women. Our purpose here was to determine whether such variability might be due to differences in body boundary definition. The results revealed no significant difference in the body boundary indicators of dominant and submissive subjects but did suggest that highly feminine women are more likely to have weak body boundaries than are more androgynous women.

Body Constitution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Social status does not affect resting metabolic rate in wintering dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis).

Studies of wintering birds have demonstrated a correlation between social rank and energy expenditures. It is assumed that dominance is energetically costly because of increased activity, possibly caused by elevated androgen levels. As winter acclimatization leads to an increase in metabolic rate, maintaining dominance status in a cold climate can be a substantial challenge. We measured resting metabolic rates in dominant and subordinate dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) living in small groups in a controlled winter environment. We found no significant effect of social rank when controlling for body size. It has been shown previously that high testosterone levels during the nonbreeding season can lead to higher body conductance, fat loss, and higher nocturnal body temperature. A hypothesis explaining our result is that for juncos it is preferable to maintain low androgen levels during winter and to maintain social rank using a mechanism other than higher agonistic activity.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed2005

Time-dependent behavioral, neurochemical, and immune consequences of repeated experiences of social defeat stress in male mice and the ameliorative effects of fluoxetine.

This study attempted to determine whether differing numbers of days of repeated defeat experience altered behavior, immune measures, and neuroendocrine mediators in mice. OF1 male mice were socially stressed by repeated experiences of defeat in a sensorial contact model. Subjects exposed to nine defeats showed more stretch-attend postures and fewer active defense elements than counterparts exposed to 23 defeats. Submissive subjects with nine experiences of defeat also had a lower splenocyte proliferative response than unmanipulated controls. The proliferation index progressively increased but at a higher rate in manipulated controls than in socially stressed subjects, resulting in a significant immunosuppressive effect after 23 days of exposure to social stressors. Nine days of such exposure resulted in higher hypothalamic ratios of serotonin and dopamine to their major metabolites than in unmanipulated or manipulated controls and subjects socially stressed for 23 days. The data generally indicate that the acute social stressors (such as nine defeats) produce a profile of behavioral and physiological variables characteristic of a state of anxiety. The proliferation index was also lower after 52 days of social stress than in manipulated controls. Fluoxetine treatment appeared to have an anxiolytic effect, reducing immobility, and even seemed to protect subjects from the immune impairment and endocrine alteration caused by social stressors. The results generally provide clues that improve our knowledge of the consequences of social stressors and their possible treatment.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Attitudes and practices of patients and physicians towards patient autonomy: a survey conducted prior to the enactment of the Patients' Rights Bill in Israel.

On the surface, it would appear that patients would welcome the opportunity to relinquish their traditional subordination to doctors in therapeutic decision making, and that doctors would be pleased to have partners with whom to share the burden involved in making such fateful decisions. We investigated the attitudes and practices of patients and physicians towards "patient autonomy" in an outpatient clinic of an internal medicine department prior to the enactment of the Patient's Rights Bill in Israel. There were 81 patients randomly chosen from those attending the study clinic and 21 physicians randomly selected from among the physicians treating them. They were all administered the Krantz, the Abramson Health Index, and the Christie Ethical Decision Making pre-tested questionnaires. They were also queried on demographic and background material. The results indicated that the patient sample was neither particularly interested in participating in medical decision making (average score of 3 out of 9 in the Krantz behavioral involvement sub-scale) nor in receiving medical information (average score of 4 out of 7 in the Krantz preference of information sub-scale). The physicians exhibited a willingness to establish equal relations with their patients, and claimed to prefer their taking an active role in decision making. However, when presented with ethical dilemmas, the physicians were not consistent in their attitude in terms of respecting "patient autonomy." The findings of an Israeli survey conducted three years after the bill's passage showed that only one-third of the studied physicians had read the Israel Medical Association booklet's explaining the new law and most of them claimed that the new law had no affect on their daily encounter with patients, meaning that the law did not affect any change in these physicians' pattern of behavior. We concluded that if the Patient's Rights Bill is to achieve its goals, it will have to be accompanied by a widespread educational campaign to encourage the public to appreciate the value and the importance of the autonomy granted to them, and to guide them in exercising this autonomy to its best advantage. In parallel, the medical profession will need to be aware of the importance of achieving the therapeutic goals while upholding ethical and moral values in health care.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) do not utilize social information in three simultaneous social foraging tasks.

Social foraging is suggested to increase foraging efficiency, as individuals might benefit from public information acquired by monitoring the foraging activities of other group members. We conducted a series experiments with captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) to investigate to what extent marmosets utilize social information about food location when foraging simultaneously with conspecifics. Subjects were confronted with dominant and subordinate demonstrators in three experiments which differed in the amount of information about food location available to the demonstrators. In all three experiments, the focal subjects' performance in the social condition was not enhanced in comparison to a non-social control condition. Because we could rule out kleptoparasitism and aggressive displacements as explanations, we argue that the subjects' tendency for scramble competition by avoiding others and dispersing over the foraging area seems to inhibit or mask the acquisition of social information about the location of rewarded patches.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The application of nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabonomics to the dominant-submissive rat behavioral model.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods were used to study whether there are differences in the urine content between behaviorally distinct groups of rats: dominant and submissive. The dominant-submissive relationships (DSRs) were established in rat pairs competing for access to the feeder filled with sweetened milk. Dominant rats spend significantly longer amounts of time at the feeder than do their submissive partners. During a 2-week period, rats were tested for the DSR. At the end of the second week, behavioral groups of rats were selected and urine was collected during a 3.5-h time period. Principal component analysis revealed a metabolite from milk sugar, galactose, as a discriminating factor between rats classified as dominant and those classified as submissive. Measurements of galactose showed that the amount present in the urine correlated with the time spent in the feeder zone, thereby supporting the time criterion established for the DSR model.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Social experience alters the response to social stress in mice.

Individual differences in the response to stressful stimuli have been documented in humans and in a variety of animal species. Recently, we demonstrated that social stress induced a state of glucocorticoid (GC) resistance in mouse splenocytes, however this response was highly variable among cage mates. Since these studies were conducted using inbred mice (C57BL/6), it was suggested that environmental factors were the source of this variability. The following study examined possible factors that may have contributed to the development of individual differences in the susceptibility of mice to social stress. First, the effect of rearing conditions was studied by comparing the development of GC resistance in mice reared in isolation or in groups. In addition, the effect of previous social experiences was studied in mice that were re-housed to facilitate the formation of new social hierarchies in the cages. The results indicated that isolation altered the behavior of the mice during the social stress, but did not affect the development of GC resistance in response to the stress. Re-housing and the resulting loss of social status increased the susceptibility of mice to the development of GC resistance following social stress. Together, these findings indicate that environmental factors, such as previous social experiences, may alter the susceptibility to the effects of future social stress in inbred mice.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

Pretender punishment induced by chemical signalling in a queenless ant.

Animal societies are stages for both conflict and cooperation. Reproduction is often monopolized by one or a few individuals who behave aggressively to prevent subordinates from reproducing (for example, naked mole-rats, wasps and ants). Here we report an unusual mechanism by which the dominant individual maintains reproductive control. In the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps, only the alpha female reproduces. If the alpha is challenged by another female she chemically marks the pretender who is then punished by low-ranking females. This cooperation between alpha and low-rankers allows the alpha to inflict punishment indirectly, thereby maintaining her reproductive primacy without having to fight.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed2006

Gender differences in the enactment of sociosexuality: an examination of implicit social motives, sexual fantasies, coercive sexual attitudes, and aggressive sexual behavior.

An unrestricted sociosexual orientation (the endorsement of casual sex) has been found to correlate with undesirable behaviors and personality characteristics more so in men than in women. Using a community sample of men and women, we investigated the correlations between sociosexuality and behaviors, motives, attitudes, and fantasies related to sexual aggression. Participants (n = 168; ages 21-45) completed self-report measures of sociosexual orientation, sexual conservatism, rape myth acceptance, adversarial sexual beliefs, attitudes toward women, sexual behaviors, and perpetration of sexual aggression. Participants also wrote five brief stories that were scored for power and affiliation-intimacy motives and two sexual fantasies that were coded for the theme of dominance. For both men and women, an unrestricted sociosexual orientation was correlated with behavioral items indicating earlier life experiences with sex, a greater number of lifetime sex partners, and more frequent sexual activity. For men, an unrestricted sociosexual orientation was linked with higher levels of rape myth acceptance and adversarial sexual beliefs; more conservative attitudes toward women; higher levels of power motivation and lower levels of affiliation-intimacy motivation; and past use of sexual aggression. For women, an unrestricted sociosexual orientation was associated with sexual fantasies of dominance and lower levels of sexual conservatism.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Aspects of reproduction in female Bos indicus cattle: a review.

Differences occur between female Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle in various aspects of reproductive physiology and behaviour. These may be associated with different natural and human selection pressures, compounded by strong genotype-environment interactions. B indicus cattle are better adapted for tropical environments (despite overall poor cattle reproductive rates in these regions) which tend to be more stressful for B taurus genotypes. Conversely, B taurus cattle generally show superior reproductive and productive traits under more favoured, temperate conditions. Despite genotype-environment effects, B indicus females are generally considered to take longer to achieve puberty and to have longer gestation lengths, exhibit prolonged postpartum anoestrus, show greater seasonality of reproductive traits (tending to be long-day breeders), display a shorter, less overt oestrus as well as less tendency to allow riding behaviour by subordinate females. Some groups appear to have increased losses both during pregnancy and in the neonatal period. On the positive side, B indicus females respond well to managerial and nutritional interventions, tend to have greater reproductive longevity and they generally exhibit strong maternal traits. Culling of infertile females and selection for greater male scrotal circumference and sex-drive, in conjunction with the use of target weights, body condition scoring and weaning stratagems can improve reproductive rates in B indicus females.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Mobility of migrants: autonomy or subordination in the Amazon region?].

The authors examine the mobility of the population of the rural Machadinho Settlement Project in Brazil from July 1985 to June 1987. "Mobility is analyzed according to general demographic variables as sex, age and migratory experience. In spite of the relatively low levels of mobility, the differentials that arise reflect the conditions under which the occupation of Machadinho occurred and the seasonality of the regional agricultural cycle. Mobility patterns are examined in relation to the most recent debates on the 'peasantry' in Brazil and on the frontier. The existence of different strategies or distinctive projects within the same population is discussed...." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Interactions between the neural regulation of stress and aggression.

Socially aggressive interaction is stressful. What is more, social aggression is stressful for both dominant and subordinate animals. Much of the neurocircuitry for stress and aggression overlap. The pattern of neurochemical and hormonal events stimulated by social interaction make it clear that subtle differences in this pattern of response distinguish social rank. The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) responds rapidly to stress, and also appears to play the most important role for inhibitory regulation of aggressive interactions. In addition, the adrenocortical/interrenal steroid hormones corticosterone and cortisol are responsive to stress and influence aggression. However, while 5-HT and glucocorticoids can both be inhibitory to aggression, the relationship between 5-HT and glucocorticoids is not straightforward, and much of the distinctions in function depend upon timing. Neither is inhibitory during the early stressful phase of aggression. This transmitter-hormone combination follows and influences a four-stage functional pattern of effect: (1) predisposed (positively or negatively) toward aggression, (2) motivated toward behavior, (3) responsive to stress (including aggression) and passively allowing aggression, and finally (4) chronically applied 5-HT and glucocorticoids inhibit aggression.

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

Doing it from your heart: the role of older women as informal volunteers.

This paper explores the contributions made by older women to the community as informal volunteers. It argues that ageing policy is not gender neutral and tends to ignore the contributions made by women outside paid work. As well as being ignored in policy, women's unpaid roles have been denigrated by some feminist commentators, who suggest that these roles subordinate the position of women. The aim of the present paper is to explore the lived experiences of older women in relation to their informal volunteer roles, using role identity theory as a framework. The study utilizes data from a qualitative study using focus group methodology. Findings demonstrate that informal volunteering contributes to the women's identity and gives their lives meaning. These findings suggest that a more positive policy framework around ageing is needed to ensure that the worth of these contributions is recognised.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Interpersonal repression as a predictor of cancer.

This paper examines the possible relationship between two specific styles of interactive behavior which reflect active and passive coping with stressful experiences, and attendant illness susceptibility. In a longitudinal study of 1353 inhabitants of a Yugoslav town from 1965 to 1975 data show that being a passive receiver of repression is associated with subsequent incidence of cancer. Being an active emitter of interpersonal repression is found more commonly among subjects who experience cardiovascular and other circulatory diseases later on. Data are presented and discussed in the framework of recent findings in environmental physiology, neuroendocrinology and psychosomatics.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Neural correlates of semantic priming for ambiguous words: an event-related fMRI study.

We investigated the neural correlates of semantic priming by using event-related fMRI to record blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses while participants performed speeded lexical decisions (word/nonword) on visually presented related versus unrelated prime-target pairs. A long stimulus onset asynchrony of 1000 ms was employed, which allowed for increased controlled processing and selective frequency-based ambiguity priming. Conditions included an ambiguous word prime (e.g. bank) and a target related to its dominant (e.g. money) or subordinate meaning (e.g. river). Compared to an unrelated condition, primed dominant targets were associated with increased activity in the LIFG, the right anterior cingulate and superior temporal gyrus, suggesting postlexical semantic integrative mechanisms, while increased right supramarginal activity for the unrelated condition was consistent with expectancy based priming. Subordinate targets were not primed and were associated with reduced activity primarily in occipitotemporal regions associated with word recognition, which may be consistent with frequency-based meaning suppression. These findings provide new insights into the neural substrates of semantic priming and the functional-anatomic correlates of lexical ambiguity suppression mechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Poor social performance of lonely people: lacking a skill or adopting a role?

A substantial literature has shown that lonely people differ from nonlonely people on a variety of measures of social performance. These differences have usually been conceptualized as a social skills deficit, which implies that lonely people lack the ability to perform appropriate and effective social behavior. Rather than a lack of this ability, the authors hypothesize that the adoption of passive interpersonal roles predisposes lonely people to exhibit inadequate performance. In order to test this hypothesis, lonely and nonlonely subjects were assigned to one of two roles: They either listened (Condition Li) to an interaction partner describe a personal problem or they themselves described a personal problem (Condition Pr) to their partner. The subjects' interpersonal role produced a substantial effect on their social behavior. Subjects who listened to their partner describe a problem generated more solutions to a set of hypothetical situations, attended to their partners more adequately, and conversed longer than did subjects who described a personal problem. In contrast, lonely subjects did not differ from nonlonely subjects in their social performance within each particular role. Lonely and nonlonely subjects did differ, however, in their subjective evaluations of themselves and of their performance. These results illustrate the need for research to address both the interpersonal and the intrapersonal bases of social performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Female homosexuality and body build.

A recent report utilizing self-reported and small-small-size data suggests that group differences in body build between heterosexual and homosexual women are likely to be minor. The data presented in this paper do not support this contention. Interviews were conducted with 241 nonpatient, exclusively homosexual women to determine their socioeconomic status, their psychosexual identification, and their overt sexual behavior patterns. The entire sample was then divided into seven psychosexual/behavioral categories derived from the interview data. Anthropometric data were collected for five subsamples and included (1) height measurements, (2) biacromial and bi-iliac measurements, (3) androgyny scores, (4) arm and leg girth measurements, (5) bicondylar diameters of the femur and humerus, (6) triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds, and (7) somatotype profiles. These data indicate that the homosexual women have narrower hips, increased arm and leg girths, less subcutaneous fat, and more muscle than heterosexual women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Feeding tactics in juvenile rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

In a group of rhesus monkeys, feeding tactics of juveniles were studied in a competitive situation in which food presentation had been modified, and where food was supplied in a feeding trough six times a day. Juvenile offspring of high-ranking mothers remained longer in the feeding area gathering food. In contrast, juvenile offspring of low-ranking mothers went less often to the feeding area, primarily to collect food. Low-ranking juveniles also gathered the food faster than did dominants and used longer feeding bouts. High-ranking juveniles interrupted their feeding more spontaneously than did subordinate ones. Low-ranking juveniles did so more often as a result of avoiding and being startled. Juvenile males entered the feeding area to satisfy their food requirements more often than females, but were also aggressively expelled more than females. No relation was found between age in months of juveniles and any feeding parameters or causes of interruption. Nor were significant differences found between young and old juveniles. Juvenile rhesus appear to use different tactics in accessing food according to their sex and to their mothers' dominance rank.

Aging↗