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PubMed1994

The influence of drinking on physiological tremor and reaction time.

Tremor is an invisible mechanical vibration observed on parts of the body. It is classified into physiological and pathological tremors. It was reported that an oral dose of alcohol could decrease the amplitude of pathological tremor. Usually, drunken level is estimated by the alcohol concentration in expiration. But, physiological tremor can be used to estimate drunken level easily. In this paper, power spectrum of the physiological tremor of index finger and some reaction time of the pedal operations of imitated car driving were measured every 15 minutes for 3 hours under drinking and non-drinking conditions. Subjects were 10 males aged 20 to 25 years. Under drinking condition, the total power values of tremor from 15 to 180 minutes after drinking were smaller than that of before drinking. It is clear that the influence of drinking could be estimated by the total power of the physiological tremor, even when the significant difference of the influence of drinking on reaction time was not found.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Changes in blood pressure and muscle sympathetic nerve activity during water drinking in humans.

To investigate the possible involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in pressor response during water drinking, muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) were continuously measured in healthy young volunteers throughout the experiments of a 5-min control, 2 min of drinking 500 ml water, and a 28-min recovery. To avoid the effects of water passing through the oropharyngeal and esophageal regions and/or effects of swallowing, an equal amount of water was directly infused to the stomach through a stomach tube for 2 min. Water drinking caused a transient increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and HR immediately after drinking (DeltaMAP, 12.6 +/- 2.1 mmHg; DeltaHR, +19.9 +/- 1.7 beats/min at the peak). An abrupt decrease of MSNA was observed directly during water drinking (Deltaburst rate, -6.9 +/- 1.3 bursts/min; Deltatotal activity, -2,606 +/- 491 U/min), and it increased to the baseline level thereafter. Gastric infusion had little or no effect on MAP, HR, and MSNA. The present study demonstrated that a pressor response during water drinking was associated with the attenuation of MSNA and not generated by gastric infusion of water at the same rate as in this drinking manner. In conclusion, the rapid rise in BP might be caused through stimulations from the oropharyngeal region, swallowing-induced factors, and/or a feedforward mechanism by a central descending signal from the higher brain centers.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Smoking, alcohol drinking, green tea consumption and the risk of esophageal cancer in Japanese men.

BACKGROUND: Although smoking and alcohol drinking are established risk factors of esophageal cancer, their public health impact is unclear. Furthermore, the effect of green tea is controversial. METHODS: The present study was based on a pooled analysis of two prospective cohort studies. A self-administered questionnaire about health habits was distributed to 9,008 men in Cohort 1 and 17,715 men in Cohort 2, aged 40 years or older, with no previous history of cancer. We identified 38 and 40 patient cases with esophageal cancer among the subjects in Cohort 1 (9.0 years of follow-up) and Cohort 2 (7.6 years of follow-up), respectively. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of the risk of esophageal cancer incidence. RESULTS: Cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and green tea consumption were significantly associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer. Compared with men who had never smoked, never drunk alcohol or green tea, the pooled multivariate HRs (95% confidence intervals) were 5.09 (1.80-14.40) (p for trend <0.0001), 2.73 (1.55-4.81) (p for trend=0.0002), or 1.67 (0.89-3.16) (P for trend=0.04) for men who were currently smoking > or =20 cigarettes/day, drinking alcohol daily, or drinking > or =5 cups green tea/day, respectively. The population attributable fractions of esophageal cancer incidence that was attributable to smoking, alcohol drinking and green tea consumption were 72.0%, 48.6%, and 22.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Among the variables studied, smoking has the largest public health impact on esophageal cancer incidence in Japanese men, followed by alcohol drinking and green tea drinking.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Jocks, gender, race, and adolescent problem drinking.

Alcohol remains the drug of choice for many adolescents; however, the nature of the relationship between athletic involvement and alcohol misuse remains ambiguous. In this article, we used a longitudinal sample of over 600 Western New York adolescents and their families to explore the gender-specific and race-specific relationships between identification with the "jock" label and adolescent alcohol consumption, specifically problem drinking. Operationalization of problem drinking included frequency measures of heavy drinking, binge drinking, and social problems related to alcohol (e.g., trouble with family, friends, school officials over drinking). Self-identified adolescent "jocks" were more likely to engage in problem drinking than their non-jock counterparts, even after controlling for gender, age, race, socioeconomic status, physical maturity, social maturity, and frequency of athletic activity. Jock identity was strongly associated with higher binge drinking frequency in Black adolescent girls. This study underscores the need to distinguish between objective and subjective meanings of athletic involvement when assessing the relationship between sport and adolescent health-risk behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

High risk drinking and college students' self-perceptions.

The present study examined the relationship between high risk drinking and college students' self-perceptions. High risk drinking was defined as the consumption of four or more drinks in a row for women and five or more drinks in a row for men during a single sitting (within the last year). Historical trends regarding college-age drinking indicate that 44% of college students fit the criteria for high risk drinking at least once over the past year. A survey was administered to 210 college students (52 men and 158 women) between 18 and 22 years of age (M = 20.9, SD = 1.3) to assess their use of alcohol and their self-perceptions. Students' self-perceptions were measured with four subscales from the Neemann-Harter Self-perception Profile for College Students. Students either volunteered to participate in this study outside of class or were solicited during class. It was predicted that students' self-perceptions would differ significantly depending upon their alcohol consumption, i.e., 17.1% were Abstainers, 25.2% were Nonproblem Drinkers, and 57.6% were High Risk Drinkers. Analysis gave significant difference on Global Self-worth between students who abstained and those who were High Risk Drinkers. However, students' perceptions of Scholastic Competence, Intellectual Ability, and Social Acceptance did not differ significantly for the alcohol consumption groups. In addition to high risk drinking, a number of other variables were associated with self-perceptions, such as high school alcohol use, low high school GPA, and students' reported academic involvement. These relations are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Problem drinking in delinquent and nondelinquent adolescent males.

Clinical evidence suggests that problem drinking among adolescent delinquents is more severe than among nondelinquents and is accompanied by greater social pathology. This investigation explored this question empirically by comparing samples of delinquent (n = 49) and nondelinquent (n = 100) adolescent male drinkers matched on age and race and controlling for community size and region of the country. Criteria for problem drinking and other measures duplicated those developed for a national probability survey of teenaged drinking practices conducted in the United States during 1974-1975. Results replicated the often-reported higher incidence of problem drinkers among delinquents than nondelinquents. More to the point, delinquent problem drinkers showed severer involvement with alcohol and drugs and more signs of social pathology than nondelinquent problem drinkers. Delinquent problem drinkers drank more, drank more frequently, reported more negative consequences from drinking in more areas, and perceived themselves as having a drinking problem more often than nondelinquent problem drinkers. These differences were not found between delinquent and nondelinquent subjects who showed no evidence of drinking problems. The results have implications for treatment and rehabilitation of juvenile offenders and for the construction of policy-relevant definitions of problem drinking in young people.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Drinking locations and frequency of drunkenness among Mississippi DUI offenders.

Using data collected from convicted drunken drivers, relationships between self-reported frequency of drunkenness, frequency of drinking in seven types of drinking places, and sociodemographic characteristics are examined. Drunk drivers who are young, White, and who infrequently attend worship services are more likely than others to report a high frequency of drunkenness. Self-reported frequency of drunkenness is found to be more strongly related to drinking locations than to sociodemographic characteristics, however. The best predictors of the frequency of drunkenness are the frequency of drinking in automobiles and the frequency of drinking in bars or lounges. These relationships remain strong after the effects of sociodemographic characteristics have been controlled. The findings suggest that drunk drivers who drink in automobiles may represent an especially dangerous subgroup, and that policy makers need to give careful consideration to countermeasures designed to curtail drinking in automobiles.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Moderate drinking in women: a concept analysis.

This analysis clarifies the concept of moderate drinking in women. The literature reflects a variety of definitions of moderate drinking and refers largely to drinking in men. Several strategies for concept analysis suggested by Walker and Avant (1995) resulted in the formulation of a theoretical definition of moderate drinking in women applicable to practice and research. The defining attributes of women's moderate drinking in contemporary U.S. culture include (1) minimization of risks of alcohol-related problems, (2) a desire for any potential health benefits, (3) deliberate adoption of personal drinking guidelines based on some knowledge of the effects of alcohol, (4) control of when and how much alcohol is consumed, (5) sensitization to special drinking considerations faced by women, and (6) having at least one interpersonal relationship with another moderate drinker.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Alcohol use and correlates of binge drinking among university students on the Island of Sardinia, Italy.

An anonymous questionnaire was administered to a sample of 1,911 students at Sardinia's main university during the fall of 1997. The questionnaire assessed various behaviors relating to alcohol including its use during or outside meals and binge drinking, defined as five or more drinks in a row. A significantly higher number of males reported drinking alcohol outside of meals and binge drinking than females, and males were also more likely to report impaired driving and consequences after drinking alcohol than females. A logistic regression model was used to determine correlates of binge drinking using demographics, health-risk behaviors, and leisure activities. The model confirmed being a male as one of the strongest correlates, but also included first drinking alcohol before age 17, marijuana use, living away from parents, cigarette use, having multiple sex partners, and exercising. The results indicate that alcohol use is prevalent among university students and is related to the use of other substances. Further investigation is warranted with particular attention paid to gender as a determinant of use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Drinking among rural youth: the dynamics of parental and peer influence.

The data reported here are from a study of all eighth and and twelfth grade students ih three counties of north central Idaho. Questions were administered in the classroom setting by the senior author and an assistant. At least 16% of eighth graders and 34% of twelfth graders in north central Idaho counties drink frequently. A much higher proportion drink occasionally. Drinking behavior of parents and closeness of relationship with parents are strongly related to drinking patterns. An even stronger relationship exists between drinking and peer relationships. A high degree of problem-related communication with parents is associated with lower probability of drinking, while low problem-related communication with peers is associated with less frequent drinking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Initial drinking experiences among black and white male and female student drinkers.

Survey studies have revealed significant gender and racial differences in alcohol use patterns. One variable which may be related to some of these differences is initial drinking experiences. In this study, such experiences were assessed among 96 Black and White male and female college students. Consistent with past research, differences in initial drinking experiences were associated with gender. Predominant was the finding that men drank more during their initial drinking experience than did women. Further, males tended to report a shorter latency before the second drinking occurrence than did females, and females were more likely to first drink with family while males more often first drank with friends. No racial differences were found. Differences in later drinking patterns, especially those correlated with race, may depend more on subsequent rather than initial drinking experience.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Perceptions of drinking problems among undergraduate students in the United States and Scotland.

This study compares the perceptions of problem drinking and preferred explanations for problem drinking held by 440 undergraduate students in the United States and 185 in Scotland. Respondents' drinking habits influenced perceptions of drinking problems in both nations. The Scottish sample, with drinking habits statistically controlled, was less likely to perceive drinking problems than the United States sample and was less likely to endorse a physiological explanation for drinking problems. The importance of different perceptions in influencing decisions to seek help is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The facilitating and enhancing roles Greek associations play in college drinking.

A quasi-longitudinal, retrospective survey was used to examine the relationship of Greek affiliation and intensity of drinking in college. Explanations of higher levels of drinking among Greeks usually revolve around subcultural support, differential association, and reference group behavior. That is, association with pro-drinking students in a drinking subculture increases the members' drinking level. In this study, students' high-schooling drinking patterns were used to partially explain the decision to join Greek groups in order to continue prior drinking habits. Greek affiliation was found to serve as both a facilitating and enhancing factor in collegiate alcohol use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Decisional balance for immoderate drinking in college students.

Immoderate drinking in college is common and is associated with significant negative sequelae. In this study, measures of Decisional Balance for Immoderate Drinking were developed. This construct is proposed to represent the basic decision-making process that is used by students when deciding whether to drink at immoderate levels or not. Furthermore this construct is embedded in a larger model of behavior change, the Transtheoretical Model of Change, which has been shown to be effective in understanding many health-related behaviors across a wide variety of populations. A total of 629 college students were administered a 25-item decisional balance questionnaire in 1993-1994. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses suggested two different solutions, a two-factor solution and a three-factor solution, but did not provide clear evidence for the psychometric superiority of one over the other. The three-factor solution was chosen as it was seen as an elaboration of the two-factor solution, and validity evidence for this solution is presented. The three factors were labeled the Pros, the Cons-Actual, and the Cons-Potential of Immoderate Drinking. The Cons-Actual scale is a measure of negative affective states associated with current drinking whereas the Cons Potential measures the risk of more concrete negative effects of drinking. External validity was established by the significant and meaningful differences on a number of alcohol-related variables including consumption variables, three measures of negative sequelae of immoderate drinking, and Stage of Change, the organizing construct of the Transtheoretical Model of Change.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Effect of DuP 753, a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist, on the drinking responses to acutely administered dipsogenic agents in rats.

The present studies examine the effect of the nonpeptide angiotensin II (AII) type 1 receptor antagonist, DuP 753, on water intake in rats treated with dipsogenic stimuli, which are thought to induce drinking via release of renin and subsequent formation of AII. Subcutaneous administration of DuP 753 in doses that are known to inhibit drinking induced by AII failed to inhibit the water intake of rats following subcutaneous administration of the beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol. The peptide antagonist1 Sar, 8Ileu-AII, which blocks both AII type 1 and AII type 2 receptors, also failed to inhibit isoproterenol-induced drinking, suggesting that neither subtype is involved in this drinking response. Additional studies verified previous reports that acute subcutaneous administration of both the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol and the angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril could block the drinking response to subcutaneous administration of isoproterenol. Subcutaneous administration of DuP 753 also failed to inhibit the drinking responses to subcutaneous administration of serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptophan, hypertonic saline, and polyethylene glycol. However, central intraventricular administration of DuP 753 inhibited the drinking response to subcutaneous administration of isoproterenol. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of AII in mediating isoproterenol-, serotonin-, and 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced water intake and suggest a need to readdress this mechanism.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed1991

Does a blood alcohol level of 0.15 or more identify accurately problem drinkers in a drink-driver population?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.15 or more identifies accurately problem drinking in an apprehended drinking driver. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analytic study of 86 drink drivers ("diagnostic test study"). SETTING: St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, drink-driver education programme. SUBJECTS: Men aged between 18-25 years, applying for relicensing after disqualification, who were participants at 10 consecutive drink-driver education courses conducted in early 1987. OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reports of the amount of alcohol consumed and the amount of money spent on alcohol per week, the standard Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) score and the blood alcohol level at apprehension. The first three measures were used as reference standards for alcohol-related problems, against which the blood alcohol level was compared. MAJOR RESULTS: Scatter plots of BAC against amount consumed, amount spent and the MAST scores showed that a large proportion of the heaviest drinkers were not identified by the BAC. Log-transformed correlation coefficients were: for amount spent v. amount consumed, r = 0.73; for MAST score v. amount consumed, r = 0.52, and for MAST score v. amount spent r = 0.53. Correlating the BAC with the log of the MAST score gave r = 0.21, BAC with log of the amount consumed, r = 0.20, and BAC with log of the amount spent, r = 0.15. Comparing a BAC of 0.15 or more with a MAST score of greater than or equal to 5, we obtained a sensitivity of 0.36, a specificity of 0.76, a positive predictive value of 0.86, and a negative predictive value of 0.23. The prevalence of heavy drinking as measured by the MAST score was 0.80. CONCLUSION: A blood alcohol concentration of 0.15 or more identifies only a third of the problem drinkers in this sample of drink drivers. Although it selected a group of drinkers with alcohol-related problems, it missed most of the problem drinkers and did not reliably identify the heaviest drinkers.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Problem drinking in emergency department patients: the scope for early intervention.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of previously undiagnosed problem drinking and thereby to assess the suitability of the emergency department for early intervention. DESIGN: Three hundred and fifty ambulatory care patients were assessed by means of a structured interview schedule, physical examination and blood tests. Alcohol intake and presence of alcohol-related problems were recorded, along with history of past advice on drinking and self-perception of an alcohol problem. SETTING: The ambulatory care section of the emergency department of Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney. PATIENTS: Three hundred and fifty subjects, aged between 18 and 55 years, were sequentially selected over an 18-month period. RESULTS: Forty-one per cent of subjects (95% confidence interval, 36%-46%), 50% of men and 26% of women, were classified as problem drinkers on the basis of hazardous or harmful levels of alcohol consumption, frequent drinking to intoxication, evidence of dependence, or experience of alcohol-related problems. Of these, 63% had not previously received advice on drinking from a health professional and only 28% perceived they had a problem. Of particular note was that 24% of men and 4% of women were drinking 12 or more drinks (120 g of alcohol or more) in a single session on a weekly or more frequent basis. CONCLUSIONS: Many of the problem drinkers attending the emergency department have not previously received advice about their drinking from a health professional. The emergency department therefore offers considerable potential as a site for early detection and intervention in patients with hazardous and harmful alcohol use and related disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Effects of sodium and magnesium sulfate in drinking water on mallard ducklings.

One-day-old mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings were given drinking water for up to 28 days that contained concentrations of sodium and/or magnesium similar to those found in saline wetlands. Growth, tissue development, and biochemical characteristics of these ducklings were compared to those reared on fresh water. Much of the ingested salt was excreted by passage of voluminous fluid excreta. This effect occurred in birds given water with as little as 500 ppm Mg or 1,000 ppm Na. The supraorbital salt gland was active within 4 days in ducklings drinking water containing greater than or equal to 1,500 ppm of Na. Feather growth was decreased in ducklings drinking water with greater than or equal to 1,500 ppm of either Na or Mg. Ducklings drinking water with 3,000 ppm of either ion, or 1,500 ppm of each, grew more slowly than control birds. Ducklings drinking water with 3,000 ppm of either Na or Mg had reduced thymus size and bone breaking strength. Those drinking water with 3,000 ppm of Mg, or 3,100 ppm Na and 1,300 ppm Mg also had less trabecular bone and enlarged adrenals. Birds drinking the latter water had an elevated concentration of Na and calcium, and a decreased concentration of phosphorus and chloride in their serum, and elevated plasma protein levels. Ducklings reared on fresh or slightly saline water adapted very poorly to an abrupt change to more saline water (specific conductivity = 15,250 microns hos/cm) at 14 days of age. These birds stopped eating, became inactive and some died within 3 days; survivors had many tissue and biochemical abnormalities at 20 days of age. The level of salinity in these trials was similar to that in "brackish" or "moderately saline" wetlands and lower than that previously found to have effects on growth and feathering of ducklings. Many of the sublethal effects were subtle and non-specific manifestations of stress, and would be difficult to detect in wild ducklings on saline wetlands.

Analysis of Variance↗