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PubMed1996

Diet and physical activity in restrained eaters.

Food choices, nutrient intakes, activity patterns and restrained eating scores were obtained from 249 normal-weight, young adults using self-reported questionnaires. Restrained eaters reported that they consumed more fat-free dairy products, fewer full-fat dairy products, fewer servings of fats and oils, less red meat and more fruits and vegetables than unrestrained eaters. In contrast to previous research, we found no overall difference in estimated daily energy intakes between restrained and unrestrained eaters, although there was a strong trend for restrained men to consume fewer calories per day. However, restrained eaters consumed less fat and more carbohydrate than unrestrained eaters. Restrained eaters in general were not more physically active than unrestrained eaters, but among the most active women, the restrained eaters were estimated to consume 13.3% less fat then the unrestrained eaters. This relationship was not observed in men. These data suggest that: (1) restrained eating influenced macronutrient composition in our respondents, but these effects were somewhat different in men and women; and (2) exercise played an important role in the dieting practices of restrained women but not restrained men. Examining only the food intakes of restrained women without considering their physical activity patterns may provide an incomplete picture of their dieting strategies.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Effect of a high-protein, high-monounsaturated fat weight loss diet on glycemic control and lipid levels in type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of a high-protein (HP) weight loss diet compared with a lower-protein (LP) diet on fat and lean tissue and fasting and postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Replacing dietary protein for carbohydrate (CHO) during energy restriction and weight loss has been effective in sparing lean mass and improving insulin sensitivity in obese subjects but has not been tested in subjects with type 2 diabetes. We compared an HP diet (28% protein, 42% CHO, 28% fat [8% saturated fatty acids, 12% monounsaturated fatty acids, 5% polyunsaturated fatty acids]) with an LP diet (16% protein, 55% CHO, 26% fat [8% saturated fatty acids, 11% monounsaturated fatty acids, 5% polyunsaturated fatty acids]) in 54 obese men and women with type 2 diabetes during 8 weeks of energy restriction (1,600 kcal) and 4 weeks of energy balance. Body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at weeks 0 and 12. RESULTS: Overall, weight loss of 5.2 +/- 1.8 kg was achieved independently of diet composition. However, women on the HP diet lost significantly more total (5.3 vs. 2.8 kg, P=0.009) and abdominal (1.3 vs. 0.7 kg, P=0.006) fat compared with the women on the LP diet, whereas, in men, there was no difference in fat loss between diets (3.9 vs. 5.1 kg). Total lean mass decreased in all subjects independently of diet composition. LDL cholesterol reduction was significantly greater on the HP diet (5.7%) than on the LP diet (2.7%) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Both dietary patterns resulted in improvements in the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profile as a consequence of weight loss. However, the greater reductions in total and abdominal fat mass in women and greater LDL cholesterol reduction observed in both sexes on the HP diet suggest that it is a valid diet choice for reducing CVD risk in type 2 diabetes.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2001

Treatment approaches: food first for weight management and health.

Many genetic, environmental, behavioral, and cultural factors affect health. Diet is as vital as any of them for preventing disease and promoting well-being. We know that what we eat can lead to premature disability and mortality: to obesity, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, degenerative arthritis, sleep apnea, and other illnesses. Now scientific evidence points to links between dietary patterns and illness. The study of these links is a new approach to understanding the role that diet plays in chronic disease. Initial studies include those on eating patterns and risk of colon cancer. More recently, researchers have investigated all-cause mortality and leading causes of chronic disease. Novel epidemiological approaches include factorial analysis to evaluate dietary patterns and cluster analysis to examine nutrient intake, gender, and weight status across food-pattern clusters. These methods work best within groups to identify major dietary patterns, but not necessarily ideal diets. They may also differ across population groups. The success of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension and Lyon Diet Heart studies supports the value of dietary pattern analysis. At the same time, the relative failure of single-nutrient studies underscores the need for new methodologies and directions in research.

Body Weight↗

PubMed1993

Eating behavior following biliopancreatic diversion for obesity: study with a three-factor eating questionnaire.

The eating behavior of obese patients and of subjects who had normalized their body weight following biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) was assessed by a three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ), constructed to measure cognitive dietary restraint, the tendency to disinhibition, and susceptibility to hunger. In the obese patients higher values of both disinhibition and hunger score were found than in normoweight persons. In BPD subjects a negative association between the time elapsed from the operation and both the disinhibition and hunger score values was observed. In patients operated more than 2 years before, the eating behavior, as assessed by the TFEQ, was similar to that of normoweight persons. After BPD the operated subjects do not have to respect any dietary advice, the loss of weight and the maintenance of a normal body weight occurring in spite of an absolutely free food consumption. Similarity to the control values of disinhibition and hunger score following BPD suggests that in the long term, when the preoccupation with food and diet is abandoned, a normal eating pattern can be achieved.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Population Genomics Approaches Identify a Cryptic, Emerging Generalist Pest Complex.

Information about biological traits essential for pest management, such as species identity, diet and movement often require laborious and time-intensive studies on pest natural history, in both laboratory and field settings. However, new agricultural pest threats are continually emerging, often requiring prompt responses with limited information. Using a combination of molecular gut content analysis and RAD-seq, we examined the species identities, plant diet composition, and population genetic structure of an emerging and important agricultural pest in the US, the peanut burrower bug, Pangaeus bilineatus Say (Hemiptera, Cydnidae). We found that two, morphologically similar, burrowing bug species (including P. bilineatus) were commonly caught in light traps near peanut fields, one of which (Dallasiellus lugubris) was not previously considered a pest of peanut. Molecular gut content analysis revealed a wide, but somewhat distinct, variety of plants among the diets of both bug species. Surprisingly, peanut was a rare part of the diet of either species. RAD-seq analysis revealed evidence consistent with weak isolation-by-distance and modest spatial genetic differentiation for both species. Together, these results suggest a potential pest complex where previously only one species was in focus. Moreover, their broad diets and spatially restricted population dispersal patterns may also explain the sporadic nature of damage that has been recorded for this potential pest complex. Responses to emerging pest challenges can benefit from insights generated by population genomics techniques, opening up new avenues for research and supporting efforts to quickly tailor management strategies for novel pests.

burrower bug↗

PubMed2003

Functional-adaptive anatomy of the axial skeleton of some extant marsupials and the paleobiology of the paleocene marsupials Mayulestes ferox and Pucadelphys andinus.

In this study, the axial skeletons of two Early Paleocene marsupials, Mayulestes ferox and Pucadelphys andinus, were analyzed functionally and compared to that of six South American and three Australian species of extant marsupials. In the case of the South American opossums, myological data of the epaxial musculature were collected and analyzed and osteological-myological associations were related to locomotor behavior. Various features of the vertebral column that relate to diet or to locomotor or postural patterns were pointed out. These features include: the craniocaudal development of the neural process of the axis; the position of the anticlinal vertebra; the morphology of the neural processes of the thoracolumbar vertebrae (orientation, length, and craniocaudal width); the length, orientation, and curvature of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae; and the length and robustness of the caudal vertebrae. In both fossil forms the vertebral column is mobile and allows a great range of flexion and extension of the spine, more so than in most of the living didelphids. It is emphasized here that the analysis of the axial skeleton complements and improves the conclusions provided by the forelimb and hindlimb analyses. It is proposed that Mayulestes and Pucadelphys represent an ancestral morphotype suggesting that the generalized type of locomotion of Paleocene marsupials was partly terrestrial with some climbing ability.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2001

John Davis and the meanings of licking.

This paper reviews the contribution of John Davis to understanding how meal size is organized and controlled in the rat. By measuring the rate and pattern of licking of various liquid diets during sham feeding and real feeding, Davis demonstrated that meal size is the result of the central integration of positive feedback from orosensory stimulation and negative feedback from postingestive stimulation of the stomach and small intestine. The potency of these feedbacks is modulated by a variety of factors including experience and deprivation. At the microstructural level, orosensory stimulation increases burst size or cluster size, while postingestive negative feedback decreases the number of bursts or clusters. His results remind us that behavior is the basic science of ingestion, important in itself, and essential for the investigation of the neural mechanisms that organize it.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Effect of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (dioctyladipate, DOA) on lipid metabolism in the rat: I. Inhibition of cholesterolgenesis and modification of phospholipid synthesis.

DOA (di[2-ethylhexyl] adipate, dioctyladipate), a plasticizer used in the manufacture of polyvinyl-chloride plastic products, has been considered as a suitable substitute for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in some applications. In the present studies, hepatic lipid metabolism was examined in liver mince preparations from rats fed 0.5% or 1.0% DOA in the diet for 2 weeks. By studying patterns of lipid synthesis from [14C] acetate, [14C] oleate, [14C] mevalonate, and [14C] octanoate, it was concluded that DOA feeding inhibits hepatic cholesterolgenesis and alters the pattern of phospholipids synthesized by the liver. DOA also exerted a cholesterol-lowering effect at the 1% level but did not affect plasma triglyceride levels. The results suggest that the biological effects of DOA in the rat are similar to those produced by DEHP.

Adipates↗

PubMed1983

Variations of fatty acid composition of erythrocyte and plasma lipids in the rat during the first period of life.

The changes occurring in the fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte lipids during the first weeks of life were studied in the rat. The major changes consisted of a progressive decrease in oleic acid and a progressive increase in linoleic acid. A lower but significant increase in arachidonic acid was also observed. These changes are not related to variations in erythrocyte age; rather, they appear to be related to the age of the animal. Since somewhat similar changes were observed in the fatty acid composition of the major lipid classes of plasma during the first weeks of life, the possibility that these variations could account for the changes in the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte lipids was considered. Some support to this possibility was found in the results of experiments in which erythrocytes taken from 15-day-old rats were incubated with plasma taken from newborn rats. The changes in the fatty acid composition of erythrocytes and plasma lipids do not appear to be dependent on dietary lipids, since they occur during the suckling period, i.e., before the rats begin to ingest the pelleted diet which presents a fatty acid pattern completely different to that of the dams' milk.

Aging↗

PubMed2005

Minor changes in blood lipids after 6 weeks of high-volume low- intensity physical activity with strict energy balance control.

Physical activity has been shown to favorably affect metabolic risk markers, including blood lipids. The impact of high-energy turnover, without influencing the traditionally used markers of exercise training effects, on blood lipids is still unclear. The aim was to study the effect of high-volume low-intensity physical activity on the blood lipid pattern, with a tight control of diet and energy balance. Eight untrained men [42.5 (12.1) years, body mass index 24.2 (2.8) kg m(-2)] were tested in two different 6-week protocols. In the sedentary protocol, the subjects were instructed to limit their everyday physical activity. In the activity protocol, a 2-h physical activity bout was performed 5 days week(-1) (approximately 40% of VO(2max); equivalent of an additional 21 MJ week(-1) in energy expenditure). The diet for both protocols comprised approximately 40 energy percent (E%) fat, approximately 50 E% carbohydrates (CHO). The polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids ratio of the diet was approximately 0.12. There were no changes during each 6-week period or differences between the two protocols in body weight, body composition or aerobic capacity. Low-intensity physical activity did not affect lipid parameters substantially, except for a slightly lower Apo-B/Apo-A1 ratio with the activity protocol (P < 0.05). Total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as Apo-B and Apo-A1, were increased during the beginning of each 6-week period (P < 0.05), but returned to basal levels by the sixth week. In conclusion, 6 weeks of high-volume low-intensity physical activity did not affect blood lipids substantially.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed2006

Deletion of SLC19A2, the high affinity thiamine transporter, causes selective inner hair cell loss and an auditory neuropathy phenotype.

Mutations in the gene coding for the high-affinity thiamine transporter Slc19a2 underlie the clinical syndrome known as thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia (TRMA) characterized by anemia, diabetes, and sensorineural hearing loss. To create a mouse model of this disease, a mutant line was created with targeted disruption of the gene. Cochlear function is normal in these mutants when maintained on a high-thiamine diet. When challenged with a low-thiamine diet, Slc19a2-null mice showed 40-60 dB threshold elevations by auditory brainstem response (ABR), but only 10-20 dB elevation by otoacoustic emission (OAE) measures. Wild-type mice retain normal hearing on either diet. Cochlear histological analysis showed a pattern uncommon for sensorineural hearing loss: selective loss of inner hair cells after 1-2 weeks on low thiamine and significantly greater inner than outer hair cell loss after longer low-thiamine challenges. Such a pattern is consistent with the observed discrepancy between ABR and OAE threshold shifts. The possible role of thiamine transport in other reported cases of selective inner hair cell loss is considered.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Management of hypertension in the cardiometabolic syndrome and diabetes.

This article reviews the goals of antihypertensive therapy in patients with the cardiometabolic syndrome, as well as diabetes in the context of reducing progression of kidney disease and decreasing cardiovascular (CV) mortality. All published guidelines recommend a blood pressure (BP) goal of less than 130/80 mm Hg in people with diabetes. To achieve this BP, an average of three different antihypertensive agents, appropriately dosed, are needed. Initial therapy includes an inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system usually coupled with a thiazide diuretic. Beta-Blockers are often employed to both lower BP and reduce overall CV risk; however, nondihydropyridine calcium antagonists are comparable in benefit without the adverse metabolic effects. Changing lifestyle patterns to include exercise and proper diet, achieving target BP and lipid goals, and treating with an aspirin daily reduces the absolute risk of a CV event by 20% over less intensive treatment. Thus, treating the cardiometabolic syndrome requires an aggressive approach with a focus on both lifestyle modification and pharmacologic intervention.

Antihypertensive Agents↗

PubMed1982

Effect of ovarian and exogenous hormones on defended body weight, actual body weight, and the paradoxical hoarding of food by female rats.

Normally cycling female rats maintained on a free diet and showing the usual female pattern of hoarding behaviour (greater than 5 pellets/day) underwent bilateral ovariectomy or sham surgery. Body weights after ovariectomy showed a rapid increase for four postoperative weeks, paralleled by a sharp increase in food hoarding. During the fifth and sixth weeks, when body weights had stabilised at a higher level, hoarding activity reverted to preoperative levels. Daily intramuscular administration of oestradiol benzoate (2.0 micrograms or 25 micrograms/day for five days) counteracted the increases in body weight and hoarding activity. Progesterone (0.5 mg/day) and testosterone (0.5 mg/day) were without significant effect. The increased hoarding activity after ovariectomy is an indication of a rise in the defended level of body weight, and supports earlier suggestions that oestrogen lowers the physiological setting about which body weight is regulated. Paradoxical findings that non-deprived intact females hoard more, not less, than males are considered in the light of nonregulatory constraints on body weight which would affect hoarding by shifting body weights above, or below regulated levels.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Effects of partial food restriction on nocturnal meal size and feeding speed are counteracted by concurrent REM sleep deprivation in the rat.

Effects of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation on meal size and feeding speed were investigated by means of the cuff pedestal technique in 9 male rats exposed to partial food restriction. Reduction of available food by 50% alone, when accomplished by providing the pellets at the beginning of each dark period, during 7 consecutive days, induced a quite linear increase both in the meal size and feeding speed. When the same feeding schedule was repeated in combination with REM sleep deprivation, the meal size remained smaller and the feeding time was prolonged (during the first 3-4 days) when compared to those during food restriction alone, although losses of body weight were almost doubled. These findings are in agreement with the effects of REM sleep deprivation on the meal pattern in rats on ad libitum diet and provide further support for the suggestion of the importance of REM sleep in the generation of the light/dark rhythm of feeding in the rat.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Ambient air pollution induced changes in amino acid pattern of phloem sap in host plants-relevance to aphid infestation.

In pollution exclusion experiments on the verge of a widely-used motorway, it has been shown that roadway emissions increase the abundance of the aphid Aphis fabae Scop. on two different host plants, Viburnum opulus L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. Analysis of phloem sap of excised leaves revealed on increase in almost all of the detected amino acids due to ambient air pollution. To investigate the significance of these changes to aphid development, the patterns analyzed were translated into artificial diets, representing the amino acid composition either of filtered air or ambient air host plants. On 'ambient air' diets, the larvae were significantly larger at birth compared to the progeny on 'filtered air' diets. Also the mean relative growth rates (MRGR) of larvae reared on 'ambient air' diets were significantly increased. At the same time, a conspicuous shorter development time of the larvae could be observed on 'ambient air' diets.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1991

Developmental effects of vitamin B-6 restriction on the locomotor behavior of rats.

The nocturnal spontaneous locomotor behavior of vitamin B-6 restricted and control rats was measured using activity chambers. The results show a generalized hypoactivity in indices of horizontal and vertical activity in neonatal rats fed vitamin B-6 restricted diets during gestation and lactation. This pattern of locomotor behavior changed in the postweaning period to a gradual increase in indices of locomotor activity to a pronounced hyperkinesis in vitamin B-6 restricted young adult rats. This study suggests that long-term vitamin B-6 restriction results in damage and/or abnormal development of neuronal system(s) associated with locomotor behavior.

Aging↗

PubMed1995

An in-depth examination of the excretion of albumin and other sensitive markers of renal damage in mild hypertension.

In an in-depth examination to better define the renal effects of mild hypertension, we used urinary proteins to indicate damage to the glomerulus (albumin), tubular reabsorption capability (retinol-binding protein), and turnover of tubular tissue (alanine aminopeptidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase) in a group of 18 people with mild hypertension not associated with diabetes and a control group (n = 12). The participants' activity was controlled on a high normal salt diet for 3 days followed by a low salt diet for 4 days. Two distinct patterns of albumin excretion were evident in the hypertensive group: 22% had elevated, highly variable excretion patterns, and the rest had tightly grouped values below 16 mg/g creatinine, 16 micrograms/min, or 16 mg/L, with the lowest within-person biological variability given by albumin calculated as a ratio to creatinine. Albumin and NAG excretion primarily correlated with systolic blood pressure and the best correlations were given by ratios to creatinine. A marked decrease in salt excretion of 71% (to 50.8 mEq/day) resulted in significant (P < .0005) decreases in systolic (13.9 mm Hg), diastolic (6.4 mm Hg), and mean arterial pressures (8.9 mm Hg) only in the group with mild hypertension. However, albumin excretion did not decrease when dietary salt content was lowered. The group with hypertension also had higher urinary excretion of lysosomal N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (P < .01), and whites in the group had a higher excretion of retinol-binding protein than did whites in the control group (P < .02). Retinol-binding protein values, however, were within the normal range, indicating that the elevated albumin values were the result of changes in selectivity of the glomerulus.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗

PubMed2005

Food and land use. The influence of consumption patterns on the use of agricultural resources.

This paper assesses the relationship between food consumption patterns and the use of agricultural land. First, it calculates the amount of land needed to produce singular foods, and second, it assesses land requirements of food consumption patterns. The paper observes large differences among requirements for specific foods. Especially livestock products, fats, and coffee have large land requirements. The consumption of specific foods can change rapidly over time, causing shifts in land requirements. A rise or fall of requirements, however, depends on the initial consumption pattern. Patterns based on animal foods shifting towards market foods containing more staples require less land. This dietary change direction was shown for Dene/Métis communities in Canada. Patterns based on staples shifting toward diets containing more livestock foods and beverages require more land. This change direction was observed in the Netherlands. Per capita land requirements differ among countries. In Europe, Portugal showed the smallest requirement (1814m2), Denmark the largest (2479m2). The Danish pressure was mainly caused by large consumption of beer, coffee, fats, pork, and butter. The trend toward food consumption associated with affluent life styles will bring with it a need for more land. This causes competition with other claims, such as infrastructural developments or ecological forms of agriculture.

Agriculture↗