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PubMed2001

Mobile autopsy teams in the investigation of war crimes in Kosovo 1999.

On request of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the Danish-Swedish forensic teams worked in Kosovo during the summer and the fall of 1999. The teams worked mainly as "mobile teams" at sites with few graves. Only two larger sites were examined. Most of the bodies were buried separately. A few "multiple burial" graves were examined, but no mass graves were encountered. The main purpose of the autopsies was to establish the cause and manner of death. Identification was of less importance, but a majority of the bodies had been identified prior to the autopsy. A total of 308 bodies, mainly males, were examined. The age varied greatly with a mean age of 47 years. The most common cause of death was gun shot wounds and the most common manner of death was homicide.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Laryngeal sarcoma.

Of the 6,067 malignant laryngeal tumors treated at the Ear, Nose and Throat Clinical Hospitals in Yugoslavia, a total of 20 were sarcoma. Eighteen of these patients were men. The most frequent forms were chondrosarcoma and fusocellular sarcoma - four cases of each. A survival rate of more than five years was seen in only four patients (one fibrosarcoma, two lymphosarcomas, and one chondrosarcoma).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Suicide and attempted suicide with rodenticides from 1968 to 2000].

INTRODUCTION: The paper reviews rodenticides in use in Yugoslavia, their mechanism of action, typical clinical picture as well as general and specific treatment of poisoning. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to present interventions performed in urgent treatment considering the fact that the mortality rate in rodenticide poisoning, especially with zinc phosphide is really small. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included history data of patients who attempted and committed suicide with rodenticides. Data analysis was done in regard to the poison, sex, qualification, marital status, motives, underlying disease and interventions performed. RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION: The total number of attempts was 88, out of which 85 were attempted and 3 committed suicides, mostly with zinc phosphide: 34 attempted (40%) and 3 committed (100%). There were 66 (75%) patients with elementary school, 61 (69%) patients were married, 36% were workers and 35% housewives, while marital or family conflicts were motives for suicide in 52 (59%) patients. There were 30 (34%) patients with depression, 28 (32%) were alcoholics and 23 (26%) patients suffered from neurosis. In 17 patients (19%) ambulatory gastric lavage was done, while in 56 (64%) patients it was done in the hospital. DISCUSSION: Attempted and committed suicides were most commonly done with zinc phosphide, and then come rat poisons. A considerably small number of interventions were recorded in the surrounding outpatient clinics, but it is only natural, because the furthest outpatient clinic is about 40 km away, so patients can make it to the hospital within 20 minutes and get adequate medical care. Although gastric lavage was excessive with activated charcoal and laxans, most lavages were inadequate and performed with water, not solution of sodium-bicarbonate. CONCLUSIONS: Suicides with rodenticides are still actual in medicine. Women attempt and commit suicide with rodenticides more often. Zinc phosphide is the most frequently used poison. These patients must be admitted to hospital and observed for at least three days. Zinc phosphide poisoning requires excessive gastric lavage with sodium bicarbonate solution, application of charcoal, laxanes, calcium preparations with excessive osmotic diuresis, whereas in poisoning with coumarin preparations, apart from gastric lavage, application of charcoal and laxanes as well as excessive osmotic diuresis, vitamin K and Dicynone are necessary.

Female↗
PubMed2002

[Acceptance of mammographic screening by immigrant women].

BACKGROUND: The aim was to investigate compliance by ethnic groups to the mammography screening programme in the City of Copenhagen over six years and to look at developments over time. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mammography screening has, since 1 April 1991, been offered free of charge to all women between 50 and 69 years of age in the City of Copenhagen. Data on women born in Poland, Turkey, Yugoslavia, and Pakistan divided into five-year groups were compared to that of women born in Denmark and all other foreign-born women. Data from 1991 to 1997 were grouped according to the mammography performed, the offer refused, or non-appearance. RESULTS: Whereas 71% of Danish-born women accepted mammography, compliance by foreign-born women was significantly lower. The offer was accepted by 36% of Pakistanis, 45% of Yugoslavians, 53% of Turks, and 64% of Poles. Compliance fell in all ethnic groups with advancing age. Of the Danish women, 16% failed to keep the appointment. The corresponding percentages were 52 for Pakistanis, 48 for Yugoslavians, 41 for Turks, and 23 for Poles. The proportion of women who actively refused the offer was similar in all groups. The number of invited women fell during the period. CONCLUSIONS: The lower participation of women from the countries under study might have various explanations: among them the language barrier, procedure-related factors, and a lower incidence of breast cancer in the countries of origin.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinico-epidemiologic characteristics of Lyme disease treated at the Infectious Disease in Novy Sad 1993-1998].

INTRODUCTION: Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiological agent of Lyme disease, is transmitted by the bite of Ixodes ricinus, registered in all parts of Yugoslavia. Vectors are very active in spring and early summer and the disease has a seasonal distribution. Generally speaking, there are three defined stages of the disease, but some of them can be misdiagnosed or really absent. Serological analysis of Lyme disease is very difficult to interpret, especially in later stages, so confirmation by immunoblot assays is recommended. The aim of this study was to present some epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of Lyme disease in Vojvodina in the period from 1993-1998. Throughout this period, 1.659 persons with tick bite were registered, whereas 560 with diagnosed Lyme disease have been treated at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases in Novi Sad. RESULTS: In 511 patients (91.25%) we registered the first stage of the disease, in 42 (7.50%) the second stage and in 7 (1.25%) the third stage of the disease. The mean age of patients with erythema migranes was 38.67 years, mean incubation period was 9.37 days, and tick was removed from the skin after 2.29 days on average. Most of the identified tick bites originated from suburban areas (50.29%), they predominantly occurred in May and June (63.01%), and most of the ticks were removed improperly (57.67%). Dominant clinical manifestations of the second stage were acute meningitis (9.52%), Bannwarth's syndrome (9.52%), arthralgia and arthritis (50%), skin lesions (14.28%), cardiac disorders (11.90%) and mild liver lesions (2.38%) and generalized lymphadenopathy (2.38%). Chronic neuroborreliosis (42.85%), acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (28.57%) and chronic arthritis were dominant clinical manifestations of the third stage. Up to 81.63% of patients with late stage of disease had a history of previous tick bite. One third of patients were asymptomatic in the first stage of the disease. Improper treatment of the first stage resulted in development of late stage disease in 57.14% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Morbidity of Lyme disease in Vojvodina is about 1.98-9.8 cases on 100.000 inhabitants, and it belongs to regions with low incidence. Majority of bites are registered during summer months arround cities. Longer persistence of vector on the skin is a risk factor for manifested diseases. Inappropriately treated or completely untreated persons have higher risk for disseminated infection. In our country, most common manifestations of the second stage are neurological and articular manifestations as in the third stage. Leading symptoms and epidemiology aren't enough for diagnosis of Lyme disease, and more specific and sensitive serologic assays are necessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Refugee crisis in Macedonia during the Kosovo conflict in 1999.

The Kosovo refugee crisis in the Macedonia in 1999 was unique in terms of its unprecedented magnitude against its short duration (sharp increase and sudden decrease in refugee population), its high visibility in the world media, and attention received by donors. In the late March 1999, after the launch of the NATO air campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, refugees from Kosovo began to enter Macedonia. Within 9 weeks, the country received 344,500 refugees. Aiming to provide an emergency humanitarian relief, United Nations, and international and national organizations together with the host country, donors, and other concerned parties coordinated and provided immediate assistance to meet the needs of refugees, including shelter in collective centers (camps) and accommodation in host families, nutrition, health care, and water/sanitation. The morbidity and mortality rates remained low due to the effective action undertaken by a great number of humanitarian organizations, backed up by strong governmental support. No significant epidemics developed in the camps, and there were no epidemic outbreaks during the crisis. Mortality rate of refugees was lower than in other emergency situations.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2002

Management of refugee crisis in Albania during the 1999 Kosovo conflict.

The report presents key data on Kosovo refugees in Albania during the 1999 crisis in Kosovo. In a three-month period, from March through May 1999, Albania received, accommodated, and cared for 479,223 officially registered refugees from Kosovo (FR Yugoslavia). Many foreign governmental and non-governmental organizations helped the Albanian government during the crisis. The Government cooperated with the organizations through Government Commission, which appointed a Special Coordinator to the Emergency Management Group that coordinated factors and actions in the field. A Health Desk was established by the Emergency Management Group to provide an overview of the health impact of the crisis upon refugees and domestic Albanian population. There were no serious outbreaks of infectious diseases, but the Health Desk registered 2,165 cases of diarrhea without and 14 cases of diarrhea with blood in the stool. Scabies and lice affected around 4% of the refugees. After the refugees returned to Kosovo, Emergency Management Group continued to coordinate the work on the rehabilitation of the refugee-affected areas. In this phase, humanitarian emergency work served as a bridge between emergency activities and normal development.

Albania↗
PubMed2002

International Organization for Migration: experience on the need for medical evacuation of refugees during the Kosovo crisis in 1999.

The International Organization for Migration (IOM) developed and implemented a three-month project entitled Priority Medical Screening of Kosovar Refugees in Macedonia, within the Humanitarian Evacuation Program (HEP) for Kosovar refugees from FR Yugoslavia, which was adopted in May 1999. The project was based on an agreement with the office of United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) and comprised the entry of registration data of refugees with medical condition (Priority Medical Database), and classification (Priority Medical Screening) and medical evacuation of refugees (Priority Medical Evacuation) in Macedonia. To realize the Priority Medical Screening project plan, IOM developed and set up a Medical Database linked to IOM/UNHCR HEP database, recruited and trained a four-member data entry team, worked out and set up a referral system for medical cases from the refugee camps, and established and staffed medical contact office for refugees in Skopje and Tetovo. Furthermore, it organized and staffed a mobile medical screening team, developed and implemented the system and criteria for the classification of referred medical cases, continuously registered and classified the incoming medical reports, contacted regularly the national delegates and referred to them the medically prioritized cases asking for acceptance and evacuation, and co-operated and continuously exchanged the information with UNHCR Medical Co-ordination and HEP team. Within the timeframe of the project, 1,032 medical cases were successfully evacuated for medical treatment to 25 host countries throughout the world. IOM found that those refugees suffering from health problems, who at the time of the termination of the program were still in Macedonia and had not been assisted by the project, were not likely to have been priority one cases, whose health problems could be solved only in a third country. The majority of these vulnerable people needed social rather than medical care and assistance a challenge that international aid agencies needed to address in Macedonia and will need to address elsewhere.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2002

Children's well-being after the war in Kosovo: survey in 2000.

AIM: To assess special health and psychosocial needs of Albanian children in Kosovo shortly after the dramatic ethnic conflict in this part of former Yugoslavia in 1999. METHODS: The survey included representative samples of school-age children (n=813), parents (n=41), and teachers (n=31) from six public schools in Prishtina and surrounding area. The measuring instruments included a standardized inventory of children's coping behavior in stressful situations (Ryan-Wegner Coping Style Inventory, SCSI), and survey questionnaires for children, parents, and school teachers, which were also used in a parallel study in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo) on comparable survey samples. The study was accomplished in April 2000, ie, only a few months after the crisis in Kosovo. RESULTS: At the time of the survey, many children in Prishtina and surrounding area lived in unhealthy and dangerous physical environment. There were frequent lack of electricity (74%), lack of safe drinking water (68%), garbage on the streets (63%), and firearms, explosive devices, and mine fields in close environment (45%). Many of them showed signs and symptoms of ill health, including frequent headaches (60%), stomach ache (41%), frequent high fever (32%), and sleeplessness (18%). Most of them felt unsafe on the streets (61%). Many of them had rather unhealthy eating habits, such as not having breakfast regularly (16%) or not having a morning snack (60%). Three major groups of stressors were identified as having impact on children's health and psychosocial well-being in Kosovo, as follows: 1) lack of cultural and social security resources at home and in the community at large (20% of common variance explained); 2) poor physical and mental health conditions (14% of common variance); and 3) school-related stressors (11% of common variance). Similarly, parents and teachers also lived and worked under stressful life conditions. Many parents feared the impact of traumatic war experiences on children's health (54%), and school teachers noticed high rates of children's learning and behavioral disorders (84%). Factor analysis of the SCSI proved the hypothesis that in stressful situations children tend to use two major coping strategies: either active, ie, object-focused coping (13% of variance explained) or passive, ie, self-focused coping (10% of variance explained), the later being more typical for younger children. The pattern of stressors and coping behaviors were similar to stressors impacting physical and mental health of children in Sarajevo, although there were a number of culture-specific differences. CONCLUSION: Environmental, educational, and social conditions must be respected in assessing impact of war and conflict on children. Promotion of solidarity, tolerance, and mutual support among children from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds should be encouraged.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1975

[Evaluation of helminth carrier rates among foreign workers (author's transl)].

The evaluated helminth carrier rate among foreign workers give rise to many problems under socio-economic, hygienic and occupational aspects. The evaluation of helminth infestation is connected with considerable uncertainty. Based on the author's examinations these problems are critically investigated from the point of view of both, the employer and the employee. It is shown in tables that in the Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology of Würzburg during 1973/1974 497/702 respectively faecal examinations were performed among German and foreign employees and workers. No difference was noted in the overall positive rates in both groups. But there were distinct differences in the species of helminths noted: Among the foreign workers mainly Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides and Enterobius vermicularis were noted while among Germans Taenia saginata prevailed. Noteworthy is the fact, that workers from Turkey and Yugoslavia have occasionally three and more species of helminths and pathogenic protozoa in a single specimen. Since the helminth species found are not transmitted from man to man and since usually the circumstances do not permit a transmission via food, such carriers of helminth don't represent a direct danger for man or the contamination of foofdstuff. For hygienic reasons however helminth carriers may not be acceptable in certain occupations. In case of clinical symptoms the treatment of such patients is required for medical reasons. In spite of frequent absence of clinical signs the consequent liberation of the carriers from their intestinal worms and the sanitation of their personal environment should not be neglected.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Glass, rubber and plastic material for production of the transfusion and infusion solutions equipment].

In this paper author gives the information about the International Standard (IS) as well as our National Standards (JUS) on the standardisation of the material and the unification of transfusion equipment for medical use. Initiative which was given by the Institute of Blood Transfusion Belgrade in 1953 year, and the past active work organized in the Blood Transfusion Service in Yugoslavia in this field--present the very important contribution in dissolving of many problems which appear in the production of sterile intravenous solutions and sets for transfusion.

Blood Preservation↗
PubMed1983

A comparative study of the nylon T and copper T 200.

The nylon T IUD is identical to the copper T 200 except for the composition of nylon/copper. A study conducted at the Family Planning Institute in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia compared the nylon T with the copper T. Devices were randomly administered to women who had not been pregnant during the month prior to insertion. The pregnancy rate for the nylon T group was 13.0 at 12 months, significantly higher (Por= 0.01) than the rate of 0.0 for the copper T group. Effectiveness of copper devices is related to the copper itself, rather than being an effect of the increased surface area alone.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1990

[The relationship between migration and age structure].

The author examines and compares the relationship between migration and age distribution in Yugoslavia using data for the populations of Kosovo and Vojvodina. "It is shown that in both cases migration had the same direction of effect (rejuvenation of the total population), but that the importance of the migration component in changing the age structure was less in Vojvodina than in Kosovo.... An examination is made of the influence of migration on changes in the age structure by way of an effect on fertility...." Data concern the period 1968-1981. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1992

Albanians accuse Serbs of waging demographic war, flock to secret birth clinics.

Even giving birth has become a political issue in the tense Yugoslav province of Kosovo. Although ethnic Albanians in the province outnumber Serbs by nearly 10-to-1, they live 2nd-class lives. One ethnic Albanian midwife who lives near the capital of Pristina says that 1500 babies have been born in her spare room during the past 20 months to women who preferred to take risks rather than go to Serb-run clinics. Women who come to the midwife--she did not want her name used or even the name of her town mentioned--give birth on a narrow cot covered with 2 soiled plastic sheets. They clench their teeth to stifle the pain--the midwife saves her meager supply of anesthetic for severe cases only. Next to the cot is a small cradle, but otherwise there is no sign that the room with its sofas and cabinets is a maternity clinic. Albanians have a birth rate of 34/1000 residents--Europe's highest. In Kosovo, about 200,000 Serbs are outnumbered by 1.8 million albanians, in the land Serbia cherishes as the cradle of it civilization. The Serbs say they are being swamped by Albanians, and in the past 10 years, waves of Serbs have left Kosovo, Yugoslavia's poorest province. At least 2000 have left in the past 12 months. But ethnic Albanians say it is the Serbs who practice demographic warfare. After a period of unrest in mid-1990. Serbian forces clamped down on an Albanian independence drive. Albanian doctors and nurses were fired. The gynecological clinic in Pristina lost some top specialists. "They did it to change the demographic map of Kosovo--to discourage Albanian births," said Dr. Flora Doko, president of the health committee of the Democratic League--the main Albanian opposition party, which has formed a government-in-exile and seeks independence for the province. Unconfirmed reports of Albanian babies being positioned in hospitals further inflamed the atmosphere in the suspicious society. There is no law discriminating against Albanians in medical care, but they claim unofficial laws make them unwelcome. Momcilo Trajkovic, a member of the Serbian parliament, said Albanians were welcome in hospitals and those who chose to give birth at home did so out of nationalism. "Not everybody boycotts the hospitals," he said. "The sick don't think of nationhood." But Albanians clearly feel a need for secret clinics. The midwife displayed her records, painstakingly handwritten in an old ledger. "If you could see some of my cases, you would have cried," she said. One woman ran away from a hospital when she discovered there were no Albanian doctors there and came to Dr. Doko for help. "I said "go to hospital" and she said "I don't want to go, I want to die in you hands," Dr. Doko remembers. THe woman had a son, delivered safely by Caesarean.

Albania↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hungarians in the region of the river Drava].

"The study shows the number, reproduction, regional distribution and nationality...of Hungarians living beyond the frontiers of Hungary, namely in the region of the River Drava. The authors provide analyses by settlement...." The countries considered include Austria and Yugoslavia. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)

Austria↗
PubMed1994

Distribution and dynamics of rural population in Central Eastern Europe in the 20th century.

This is an analysis of rural population trends in Central Eastern Europe during the twentieth century. The region is defined as including "Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Kaliningrad District, Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, Moldavia, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia....For each of them the size of rural population and its density have been evaluated, and then, the dynamics of demographic evolution described. An important part of the analysis has been the comparison of rural population to total population. On the basis of this comparison, structural changes and demographic trends have been defined. Particular attention has been paid to the processes of depopulation as well as their range and intensity in rural areas of Central Eastern Europe."

Demography↗
PubMed1986

[Population policies and intervention on natality in Eastern Europe (Part 1)].

This is an overview of population policies and their underlying doctrines in Eastern European countries since World War II. The author describes three chronological stages: "an orthodox populationist stage, from 1945 to 1955...; a phase of liberalization of abortion and at times of contraception from 1955 to 1965; and from this latter date, as a reaction against the accelerated decline of fertility, a phase of abortion and divorce restriction and of growing aid to family, likewise [marked] by the creation of National Population Committees and Institutes of Demographic Research." The countries of Eastern Europe are divided into three classifications: those with no population policy (Albania only); those with indirect measures, including Poland, Yugoslavia, and the USSR; and those with explicit, quantitative demographic goals, including Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, and Romania. The effectiveness of selected population policies is assessed. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1989

The overcount in censuses of population.

"Coverage checks of censuses of population usually show an undercount. However, in [the] 1953 census of population in Yugoslavia a slight overcount was found. This was attributed to housing rationing that created a tendency [to over report].... Similar tendencies are also likely in the enumeration of emigrants. Therefore, more attention is needed to the problem of overcount in countries with housing rationing and strong emigration." (SUMMARY IN GER)

Censuses↗