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PubMed1999

Using technology to educate deaf and hard of hearing children in rural Alaskan general education settings.

Teachers in Alaskan rural schools were surveyed on their use of instructional technology. The surveyed teachers included the entire population of certified elementary and secondary school classroom teachers of deaf and hard of hearing students in these schools. Respondents generally were older, more experienced, elementary level female teachers who were relatively well educated. Almost half of the respondents held special education certification; about 25% had an endorsement in deaf education. Data analysis indicates that educators who use instructional technology, either in curriculum or broad agenda formats, may be older, hold an advanced degree and secondary education certification, benefit from in-service training on site, are connected to the Internet, and actively use the technology available at their schools. Most of the surveyed educators identified lack of training in the use and integration of software as a barrier to increased classroom use of technology. Based on the study findings, recommendations are made concerning the training needs of teachers in rural Alaska.

Alaska↗
PubMed1995

Insurance coverage for experimental technologies.

As the number and cost of new technologies grow, it is increasingly important that we develop sound policies for payment for those technologies while their clinical impacts are being defined. Such policies need to balance social interests in promotion of innovation, early access to promising technology, patient safety, control of health care costs, and return on investment. We present a rationale, policy options, and a proposal for insurance coverage of experimental technology.

Decision Making, Organizational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Insurance and new technology: from hospital to drugstore.

This paper traces the relationship between insurance coverage and the technology-induced shift of the locus of medical care and medical spending from the inpatient to the outpatient setting. This shift was accompanied by an increase in the extent of private insurance coverage for outpatient treatments; technological change both caused the increase in coverage (for more costly treatments) and was affected by it (as lower user prices increased the demand for new types of care). Changes in insurance administration technology also facilitated the transformation. Some aspects of the change may have been inefficient, because of the presence of tax subsidy and legal requirements to cover costly new technologies of low effectiveness, but the transformation appears thus far to have worked better for private insurance than for Medicare.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inside the triple helix: technology transfer and commercialization in the life sciences.

The transfer and subsequent application of academic research results has demonstrable benefits for health care, researchers, universities, companies, and local economies. Nonetheless, at least three general concerns exist: bias in the reporting of results, limited revenues from these activities, and the lack of data to evaluate technology transfer activities. Future efforts with regard to technology transfer in the life sciences will need to recognize its importance without ignoring concerns or overestimating benefits. Next steps include better monitoring of university-industry relationships, the development of a better data system, the dissemination of best practices in technology transfer management, and evaluation of national technology-transfer policies.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2005

Health, technology, and medical care spending.

The RAND Future Elderly Model illustrates important principles about the relation among medical technologies, health spending, and health. New technologies add to spending because the costs of the new technologies and the health care costs during the added years of life they bring outweigh reductions in annual spending from better health. Many technologies with a low cost per patient per year result in high aggregate costs because of an expanded population being treated. However, the jury is still out on whether a better health-risk profile among future sixty-five-year-olds could moderate health spending for the elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Hydro-Jet technology in urologic surgery.

Hydro-Jet technology utilizes an extremely thin, high-pressure stream of water. This technology has been routinely used in industry as a cutting tool for different materials such as metal, ceramic, wood and glass. Recently, Hydro-Jet technology has been used for dissection and resection during open and laparoscopic surgical procedures. A high-pressure jet of water allows selective dissection and isolation of vital structures such as blood vessels and nerves. This has resulted in improved dissection and decreased complication rate in recent experimental and clinical studies. This technology has been successfully applied during open and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, cholecystecomy and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2001

The Brazilian investment in science and technology.

An analysis of Brazilian federal expenditures in science and technology is presented is this study. The 1990-1999 data were compiled from records provided by two federal agencies (MCT and CNPq) responsible for managing most of the national budget related to these activities. The results indicate that the federal investments in Brazilian science and technology stagnated during the last decade (US$ 2.32 billion in 1990, US$ 2.39 billion in 1996, and US$ 2.36 billion in 1999). In contrast, a great increase in private investments in research was acknowledged both by industry and by the government during the same period, from US$ 2.12 to US$ 4.64 billion. However, this investment did not result in an increase in invention patents granted to residents (492 in 1990 and only 232 in 1997) or in a reduction of patent costs. Despite this unfavorable scenario, the number of graduate programs in the country has increased two-fold in the last decade and the contribution of Brazilians to the database of the Institute for Scientific Information has increased 4.7-fold from 1990 (2,725 scientific publications) to 2000 (12,686 scientific publications). Unstable federal resources for science, together with the poor returns of private resources in terms of developing new technologies, may jeopardize the future of Brazilian technological development.

Brazil↗
PubMed2004

[Technology assessment in health care: methodological and operational questions].

Coverage policies, elaboration of clinical guidelines, and health services evaluation and management are increasingly dependent on formal technology assessments in developed countries. The objective of this study was to identify methodological and operational barriers, as well as strategies to enhance technology assessment activities, with a focus on Brazil. Methodological limitations to the elaboration of systematic reviews and economic evaluations were reviewed, including equity considerations, as well as attempts to overcome those problems; regulatory efforts in developed countries are acknowledged as a lever for methodological advances in the field. Operational barriers to the elaboration and utilization of technology assessment reports in Brazil are related to the adequacy and availability of relevant data as well as to the scarcity of trained researchers and decision-makers. Besides political barriers, constraints to the implementation of technology assessment recommendations are generally posed by methodological and transferability limitations, by communication deficits, and by factors related to the decision-making context external to the assessment itself, like availability of resources, budget flexibility, and transactional costs.

Brazil↗
PubMed2004

Orally fast disintegrating tablets: developments, technologies, taste-masking and clinical studies.

Fast disintegrating tablets (FDTs) have received ever-increasing demand during the last decade, and the field has become a rapidly growing area in the pharmaceutical industry. Upon introduction into the mouth, these tablets dissolve or disintegrate in the mouth in the absence of additional water for easy administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The popularity and usefulness of the formulation resulted in development of several FDT technologies. This review describes various formulations and technologies developed to achieve fast dissolution/dispersion of tablets in the oral cavity. In particular, this review describes in detail FDT technologies based on lyophilization, molding, sublimation, and compaction, as well as approaches to enhancing the FDT properties, such as spray-drying, moisture treatment, sintering, and use of sugar-based disintegrants. In addition, taste-masking technologies, experimental measurements of disintegration times, and clinical studies are also discussed.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1988

Monitoring the diffusion of a technology: coronary artery bypass surgery in Ontario.

Technology assessment involves not only examining technologies before they are released but also their diffusion into practice once they have been released. In this study we show how basic analysis of a large administrative data set, combined with a review of evidence on effectiveness, can be used as the first step in technology assessment. We analyze the use of coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS) in the province of Ontario, Canada. The annual number of procedures increased 52 per cent over a seven-year period between 1979 and 1985. Large increases in CABS rates in the over-65 population accounted for more than half of this increase in procedures. Increased rates of surgery in the over-65 population are unlikely to be caused by increased prevalence of coronary artery disease and may be the result of a change in clinical attitude toward the use of CABS. This change is discussed in the context of the evidence on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of CABS. We conclude that there is a need to carefully monitor and evaluate the use of technologies especially in the elderly.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Biomarker technology roundup: from discovery to clinical applications, a broad set of tools is required to translate from the lab to the clinic.

Biomarkers are being utilized throughout the drug discovery and development process to understand fundamental biological processes and relationships. Specific biomarkers for disease states, prognosis, and response to therapy have been applied to screening tissues and serum, and serve as new tools in the development of therapeutics, to segment the population for specific treatments. The use of specific biomarkers to screen subjects to determine clinical trial eligibility, and for early toxicology studies, holds the potential to decrease drug failure rates in the later phases of the clinical trial process. Traditional research tools have been employed to study the genes, proteins, and metabolites of interest. In addition, new technologies and permutations of existing technologies have been developed particularly for investigation in the preclinical and clinical phases of drug development. More importantly, the transition of a compound from preclinical to clinical is aided by technologies that span both process segments. Identification of biomarkers that can be studied throughout the development process requires technologies that are both feasible and cost-effective for large patient populations.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2004

Experiences in implementing uHTS--cutting edge technology meets the real world.

Driven by growing corporate compound files, the demands of target biology, and attempts to cut cost, the number of solutions to HTS has spiralled. In quick succession new assay technologies and screening platforms are appearing on the market, with the promise of screening faster than ever in low volume high density formats whilst providing high quality data. Within this world of rapid change, Pfizer has applied cutting edge technology to HTS by introducing screening in 1 microl formats utilising single molecule detection technology. Instead of resource intensive in-house development, Pfizer entered into a collaboration with Evotec OAI / Evotec Technologies and introduced their Mark-II EVOscreen platform. In this article we will outline the benefits of the approach taken at Pfizer, Sandwich, and introduce the Mark-II EVOscreen platform, illustrating the potential but also possible pitfalls of HTS miniaturisation.

Cloning, Molecular↗
PubMed1989

Technology and women's health in developing countries.

In developing countries is medical technology transfer reaching women? Do women control new technologies or are they only passive recipients? What is the impact of these new technologies on women's health and welfare? To answer these questions this article explores concepts of health, technologies, and women, then gives findings from an extensive literature search on contraception, childbirth, immunization, essential drugs, oral rehydration therapy, water, sanitation, and breast-feeding. The article concludes with recommendations on pre-project planning studies, monitoring, and evaluation.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2006

Use of technology as an evaluation tool of clinical care in preterm newborns.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of the Neonatal Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (NTISS) as a tool to quantify the use of technology in neonatal intensive care units, in order to detect discrepancies in the care provided to high-risk newborn infants. METHODS: Prospective, descriptive, observational study about the use of technology in two neonatal intensive care units (one public and one private). The NTISS was calculated on a daily basis up to the discharge or death of preterm newborns with gestational age equal to or less than 32 weeks. We gathered data about prenatal clinical conditions, birth characteristics, and conditions on admission to the intensive care unit, as well as about the morbidities developed during the hospital stay. The risks of preterm newborns were adjusted by means of the Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology, Perinatal Extension, Version II (SNAPPE-II). Student's t test, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and the Mann-Whitney/Wilcoxon's test were used for the descriptive analysis. The study was approved by the local Research and Ethics Committee. RESULTS: We assessed 44 newborn infants from the public intensive care unit and 52 from the private one. On admission, the severity score (SNAPPE-II) and the overall NTISS were statistically similar in both care units. The curve for the use of technology showed a gradual and progressive decreasing pattern in both care units up to the 31st day. Thereafter, there was a continuous downward trend in the private care unit, but a significant increase in the overall NTISS in the public care unit. The patients from the public care unit developed more morbidities than those from the private unit. CONCLUSION: Patients with similar clinical pictures can be treated with different levels of technological resources. This may have a direct impact on morbidities and on healthcare costs. The NTISS allowed monitoring healthcare and proved efficient in detecting discrepancies in practices that could influence clinical outcomes and operating costs.

Apgar Score↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Current status and potential perspectives in classical radiotherapy technology].

INTRODUCTION AND POTENTIALS OF CLASSICAL RADIOTHERAPY: After purchase of radiotherapy equipment in 2003, classic radiation therapy in Serbia will reach the highest world level. In order to define the highest standards in radiation technology, we analyzed the current status and potential perspectives of radiation therapy. TECHNOLOGICAL LEVELS OF RADIOTHERAPY IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: An analysis of present situation in the USA, assumed as the most developed in the world, was done. Available data, collected in the last 3 years (equipment assortment, therapy modalities, workload and manpower) for 284 radiotherapy centers, out of potential 2050, were analyzed. Results were presented as crude percentage and matched to point current status. RESULTS OF ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION: The analysis showed that CLINAC accelerators are the most popular (82.7%), as well as, ADAC (43.7%) and Focus (CMS) (27.4%) systems for therapy planning. Movement towards virtual simulation is evident (59.3%), although classic "simulation" is not fully eliminated from the radiotherapy chain. The most popular brachytherapy afterloader is Microselectron HDR (71%). About 64.4% centers use IMPAC communication/verification/record system that seems more open than Varis. All centers practice modern radiotherapy modalities and techniques (CPRT, IMRT, SRS/SRT, TBI, IORT, IVBHRT, HDR BHRT, etc.). CT and MRI availability is out of question, but PET is available in 3% of centers, however this percentage is rapidly growing. Up to 350 new patients per year are treated by one accelerator (about 35 pts. a day). Centers are relatively small and utilize 2-3 accelerators on average. Average FTE staffing norm is 4 radiation oncologists, 2-3 medical radiotherapy physicists, about 3 certified medical dosimetrists and about 6 radiotherapy technologists. TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND CONCLUSION: In the past 5 years relative stagnation in classic radiotherapy has been observed. In spite of substantial investments in technology and consequent improvements, as well as wide introduction of computers in radiotherapy, radiotherapy results have not changed significantly. Vendor developement strategies do not point that this trend will change in the next 5 years. On the other hand, wide introduction of the PET in each radiotherapy chain ring (diagnostics, planning, follow-up), could improve results (local and regional control, as well as quality of patients' life).

Humans↗
PubMed1997

A study of complaints of fatigue by workers employed in Vietnamese factories with newly imported technology.

The aim was to study the actual situation of subjective fatigue among the Vietnamese workers in factories with newly imported technology. A cross-sectional study concerning working conditions and the fatigue complaints of 389 workers who are employed in 10 Vietnamese factories with newly imported technology, was conducted from August to September 1994. About 60% of the workers were satisfied with their current working conditions. Regarding occupational risks at the workplace, heat, dust and noise were identified as the three most dangerous risks. About 46% of the workers complained about the incompatibility of the machines and equipment they were using, which are too large for Vietnamese workers. One third of all workers felt that the work pace is too rapid. Seventeen percent of the workers considered their working conditions monotonous. Finally, among 150 female workers under 40 years old, 45 workers (30.0%) complained of irregularity of menstruation. Generally these problems were more common among workers in textile factories. The prevalence rate of subjective fatigue complaints was significantly increased after work in all 30 items. The fatigue level were substantially high among workers in textile factories. Female workers in this sector had a high prevalence rate of irregularity of menstruation. There were many problems observed in the Vietnamese factories with newly imported technology. Special consideration is required to improve the working conditions of female workers in the textile industry. Both the Vietnamese government and donor countries have to give special attention to the transfer of worker-friendly technology to Vietnam, in order to achieve sound economic development.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Changing paradigms in animal agriculture: the role of academia and industry in technology transfer.

Challenges abound for academia, industry, and animal agriculture. Universities, especially land-grant universities, are losing their credibility with the public on whom they depend for support. Industries have gone and continue to go through wrenching restructuring, driven by the realities of the marketplace. On the farm and in the classrooms, laboratories, and field research stations of land-grant universities, agriculturalists face a major challenge-society's growing resistance to science and technology. Technology, especially biotechnology, has become suspect in the minds of many people. Solutions to these and other challenges for effective technology transfer in the future will not depend on a single institution, company, or program. Perhaps the most challenging issue is simply how to unite groups and individuals who have been accustomed to having their own separate programs. In the future, "business as usual"; won't work. Academia and industry are being held to new and higher standards of accountability by their clientele (customers). Academia and industry will need to join forces to increase U.S. agriculture's competitiveness in a global environment that demands that the lag time between discovery and adoption of appropriate technology be shortened.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1993

New technologies and decision making in high producing herds.

New technologies have evolved for improved management of on-farm records and their use in decision making. Computerized on-farm record systems, coupled with automated monitoring of individual animal performance and electronic transfer of data between the on-farm database and mainframe systems, have enhanced the capability for herd management. Electronic aids for decision making may be embedded into on-farm management programs to allow more detailed data to be available with ease and convenience. Technological advances and their application toward improved operational decisions concerning production monitoring, reproductive management, genetic improvement, feeding, and health in a 300-cow dairy herd are presented as examples. Substantial advances have been made in technologies that improve management and decision making. Evolving technologies promise to enhance further the capabilities for improved management and decision making in high producing herds.

Animal Feed↗