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PubMed1992

Tooth wear and facial morphology.

This review sets out to explore the relationship between tooth wear and facial morphology, with particular reference to the occlusal vertical dimension. Evidence from anthropological and archaeological investigations suggests that severe tooth wear may not only affect the teeth and occlusion, but may also have more wide ranging effects on overall dentofacial morphology. Studies on contemporary subjects confirm this finding, and the literature on the nature of these effects is reviewed. It is concluded that the adult dentofacial complex is not a static entity, but can compensate for the dental effects of wear. The consequences of this with respect to reconstruction of the worn dentition are discussed, and it is proposed that the dynamic nature of this complex may be employed to help simplify the treatment of severe tooth wear.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The accuracy of simple ordinal scoring of tooth attrition in age assessment.

Tooth wear is frequently used as a method of ageing skeletal remains. Fundamental to this method is the ability to measure the amount of tooth wear. The Brothwell chart based on the Miles method of ageing, uses simple ordinal scoring and is frequently used by archeologists. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the accuracy of simple ordinal scoring in recording tooth wear and ageing skulls. A group of Chinese skulls of known age at death was used. The age range was from 16 to 60 years. A single score per molar tooth was used to record occlusal wear. The data were analysed by regression methods using BMDP statistical software. The results showed that molar tooth wear continues throughout the life of the individual. The first molar teeth wear significantly more quickly than do second molar teeth. Use of a simple ordinal score method for recording wear gives an inaccurate estimate of an individual skull's age at death with a very wide 95% confidence interval.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Application of a computer assisted image analyzer to the assessment of area and number of sites of dental attrition and its use for age estimation.

A simple method was devised to assess dental attrition in terms of its area and number of sites by using dental plaster casts and a computer assisted image analyser. The changes presented on the occlusal surfaces of teeth were investigated for age estimation using these criteria. The area of attrition on each tooth demonstrated a significant positive correlation with age, but a wide individual variation was observed in the values for each tooth. Therefore, this method was unsuitable for accurate age estimation of a single tooth. A strong negative correlation with age was observed in the number of sites of attrition. A multiple stepwise regression analysis using the variables 'attrition area' and 'attrition number' revealed multiple correlation coefficient values of 0.93. The quantitative assessment of both horizontal and vertical factors of dental attrition would be essential to improve the accuracy of this method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Direct bonding comparing a polyacrylic acid and a phosphoric acid technique.

The purpose of this study was to compare in vitro a polyacrylic acid technique (crystal bonding) with a conventional phosphoric acid-etch technique for the preparation of teeth for bonding. The potential value of the polyacrylic acid technique was evaluated for bond strength, enamel loss, cleanup, and fracture location--with and without the use of a sealant. Ninety-six premolars were evenly divided into two groups. Group A was preconditioned with polyacrylic acid and group B with phosphoric acid. Half of each group was treated with a sealant before direct bonding of orthodontic brackets. Sealant was not used on the other half of each group and brackets were bonded directly to the conditioned labial surfaces with a composite cement. Bonding and rebonding shear strength tests were carried out for both groups. Results indicated that shear bond strength values for the polyacrylic acid group were approximately one third those of the phosphoric acid group using a composite cement as the adhesive. Enamel loss was measured on the lingual surfaces of 30 of the 96 premolars. The lingual surfaces were conditioned with polyacrylic acid. Following debonding and cleanup procedures, the polyacrylic acid treated surface was left slightly pitted with no resin tags remaining. Cleanup procedures required only a rubber-cup silicate prophylaxis. The total enamel loss was minimal (4.5 micron), thus preserving most of the outermost fluoride-rich layer of enamel.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2006

Intra-oral restorative materials wear: rethinking the current approaches: how to measure wear.

OBJECTIVE: To determine what wear parameter(s) have clinical relevance and what factors are important for accurate measurement of these parameters in vivo and in vitro. METHOD: Describe biomechanical factors affecting mastication and the mechanics of wear. Investigate how they impact the wear of teeth and restorative materials. Based on this information, define the advantages and disadvantages of using volume, depth, and area parameters to quantify wear. Describe direct and indirect methods of measuring wear and point out advantages and disadvantages of each. RESULTS: The preferred parameter for quantifying wear is volume. It is independent of occlusal factors and is a measure of work done. If material and environmental factors remain constant, volume loss is linear with time. Depth and area have limited clinical value because of their dependence on occlusal factors; plus, they are not linear with time. When measuring wear the material of interest and the opposing material must be considered; especially if the opposing material is enamel. Wear is best measured by comparing sequential 3D images. Measuring systems should be calibrated with their error reported using sigma values rather means and standard deviations. The quality of the alignment of the sequential images should be included in the error analysis. Cost and availability of 3D imaging systems has severely limited their use in clinical studies. SIGNIFICANCE: Wear is an important consequence of occlusal interactions. If not controlled, wear could lead to poor masticatory function with a concomitant reduction in quality of life and possible deterioration of systemic health.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2004

Dental use wear in extinct lemurs: evidence of diet and niche differentiation.

A new technique for molar use-wear analysis is applied to samples of all 16 species of extinct lemurs with known dentitions, as well as to a large comparative sample of extant primates. This technique, which relies on the light refractive properties of wear pits and scratches as seen under a standard stereoscopic microscope, has shown itself to be effective in distinguishing the diets of ungulates and extant primates. We draw dietary inferences for each of the 16 extinct lemur species in our database. There is a strong phylogenetic signal, with the Palaeopropithecidae showing use-wear signatures similar to those of the Indriidae; extinct lemurids (Pachylemur spp.) showing striking similarities to extant lemurids (except Hapalemur spp.); and Megaladapis showing similarities to Lepilemur spp. Only the Archaeolemuridae have dietary signatures unlike those of any extant lemurs, with the partial exception of Daubentonia. We conclude that the Archaeolemuridae were hard-object feeders; the Palaeopropithecidae were seed predators, consuming a mixed diet of foliage and fruit to varying degrees; Pachylemur was a fruit-dominated mixed feeder, but not a seed predator; and all Megaladapis were leaf browsers. There is no molar use wear evidence that any of the extinct lemurs relied on terrestrial foods (C4 grasses, tubers, rhizomes). This has possible implications for the role of the disappearance of wooded habitats in the extinction of lemurs.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Can low-magnification stereomicroscopy reveal diet?

A new method of scoring dental microscopic use wear, initially developed for and applied to extant and extinct ungulates, is here applied to primates, and the efficacy of the method as a tool for diagnosing diet in both ungulates and primates is established. The method employs standard refractive light microscopy instead of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and all use-wear features are counted or scored under low magnification (35 x). We use measurement systems analysis (variance components analysis of sources of measurement error) to evaluate the consistency and reproducibility of measurements using this method. The method is shown to have low intra- and inter-observer measurement error, and to effectively distinguish among graminivores, folivores, and frugivores. It can also be used to identify seed predators and to diagnose hard-object feeding. The method is also shown to be robust to the selection of measurement site; it works equally well when applied to upper or to lower molars. Finally, we use analysis of variance to examine the consistency of the signals across mammalian orders, and discriminant function analysis to develop dietary diagnostic tools for a set of "classified" primates with known diets. We test the success of these tools not merely by examining their a posteriori classification "success," but by using them to construct predicted dietary profiles for a sample of unclassified extant primate species, again with known diets.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Sleep bruxism: clinical aspects and characteristics in patients with and without chronic orofacial pain.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of long-standing sleep bruxism (SB) patients. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive study. RESULTS: One hundred subjects with SB (80 women and 20 men, mean age: 36.1+/-11.3 years) were evaluated according to the RDC/TMD and a pain questionnaire (EDOF-HC). The patients were divided into 2 groups: Group A-without (30.0%) and Group B-with orofacial pain (70.0%). AM stiffness: 36.4% in Group A and 88.6% in Group B; mean pain duration: 6.92 years; mean intensity of pain: 4.33 (VAS); quality of pain: tightness/pressure (84.3%); 95.7% of Group B had myofascial pain. Depression and somatization levels were different between the groups (p = 0.001). Higher frequency of depression was found with body pain or presence of comorbidities. CONCLUSION: The data presented in this study showed statistical differences between long-standing bruxism without and with chronic facial pain; the two questionnaires allowed interaction between the chief complaint and the clinical findings; depression levels increased with pain in several regions of the body.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The association between wear facets, bruxism, and severity of facial pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: It is unclear whether patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) who report high levels of bruxism have more severe signs and symptoms of TMD and more advanced tooth wear than patients with TMD who report lower levels of bruxism. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a significant association between tooth wear, the parafunctional oral habit of bruxism, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain, and muscle pain severity in a TMD population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 84 subjects previously diagnosed with TMD, according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD) and who met 10 specific inclusion/exclusion criteria underwent a thorough multiaxial examination and classification recommended by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). Measurement of tooth wear facets by use of a 4-point scale were graded in 10 zones on mandibular casts. One calibrated examiner performed all scoring. Bruxism was assessed in a standardized pretreatment questionnaire and in the dental history and interview (RDC/TMD) to indicate how frequently (0 = never to 3 = very often) subjects performed a list of oral habits, which included bruxism. The Kappa reliability coefficient (range from: -1.0 to 1.0) was used to correct for chance agreement, and was computed for each of the 10 study sites designated for rating. Subjects were also compared for muscle and joint pain. Muscle pain was a summed measure derived from the dental examination findings (range 0 to 20), calculated from the presence or absence of pain induced by palpation of 20 predetermined muscle sites. Similarly, joint pain was a summed measure of the presence or absence of pain in the TMJs induced by palpation of the joints on the outer surface and in the external auditory canal in 5 different positions of the mandible. A Pearson product-moment correlation was used to compute the summed severity of tooth wear and the subjects' age. Analysis of covariance was used to determine whether the number of wear facets was significantly higher in patients with TMD who reported a history of bruxism, compared with patients with TMD who reported no or minimal bruxism, after controlling for the effect of age. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine whether the number of painful muscles of mastication and joint sites on standardized examination were significantly higher in patients with TMD with a history of bruxism (alpha=.05). RESULTS: In the population tested, tooth wear was modestly correlated with age (r =.40, P<.001). Of the 84 subjects studied, 11.9% reported no bruxing activity, 32.1% reported some or occasional bruxing activity, and 47.6% had frequent bruxism activity; the remaining 8.4% were eliminated from analysis because they provided inconsistent responses. Bruxism activity was not correlated with muscle pain on palpation and was inversely associated with TMJ pain on palpation. Tooth wear was not significantly correlated with bruxism, TMJ pain, or muscle pain. CONCLUSIONS: In this TMD population, tooth wear factors did not differentiate patients with bruxism from those without. The amount of bruxism activity was not associated with more severe muscle pain and was associated with less pain in the TMJ on palpation.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Enamel wear caused by three different restorative materials.

The ideal restorative material should cause minimal wear of opposing enamel. This study compared the effects of gold alloy, glazed porcelain, and a laboratory-processed composite on opposing enamel. Ten samples of a type III gold alloy, a porcelain, and a visible-light, heat, and vacuum-processed composite were abraded against cusps of extracted molars for 10,000 cycles on an abrading machine. Pretest and posttest profilometric measurements of the restorative materials demonstrated no statistical difference. Pretest and posttest tracings of the cusps were made on an optical comparator to determine loss of vertical height and surface area. The porcelain caused significantly more loss of vertical height and surface area than the gold alloy or the composite, which were similar.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

An extended replication study of dental factors associated with temporomandibular joint sounds.

A previous study demonstrated associations between dental factors and joint sounds. To support these findings, this replication study was carried out in another sample of nonpatients. It was found that temporomandibular joint sounds are common in nonpatients. Their prevalence in young adults exceeded the prevalence in adults. The small size of the control group rendered the results of multivariate analysis statistically inconclusive. Tentative interpretation suggests that attrition of the anterior teeth or generally in the dentition, unilateral non-working-side interferences, morphologic occlusion, and premolar contacts are related to the presence of sounds. Temporomandibular joint sounds in nonpatients are considered to be normal and not a manifestation of subclinical problems. Definite answers on the causality of temporomandibular joint sounds will have to be based on prospective longitudinal studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

An in vitro investigation of the wear of enamel on porcelain and gold in saliva.

This study compared enamel wear against low-fusing porcelain (Procera All-Ceramic) with the wear against feldspathic porcelain (Ceramco) and gold alloy (Olympia). Human enamel abraders were polished to a 3 microns variance on silicon carbide paper. Five enamel abraders were abraded against five disks that were fabricated from (1) gold alloy polished to 1 micron variance, (2) autoglazed feldspathic porcelain, and (3) autoglazed low-fusing porcelain. The enamel sample was tested in human saliva in a wear machine with a constant load of 1 pound during 10,000 rotational cycles. The amount of wear was determined with a stereomicroscope at magnification x64. Significant differences in mean enamel wear were found when abraded against Olympia gold (9 microns), Procera All-Ceramic (60 microns), and Ceramco feldspathic porcelain (230 microns). Significant differences in restorative material wear were found between Olympia gold (0.32 microns) and the porcelain materials, Procera All-Ceramic (4.3 microns) and Ceramco feldspathic porcelain (3.7 microns).

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of wear: enamel opposing three ceramic materials and a gold alloy.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The wear of human enamel and of the restorative material is often a critical concern when selecting a restorative material for any given clinical restorative treatment. PURPOSE: This in vitro wear investigation evaluated three ceramic restorative materials and one type III gold (the control) opposing enamel. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The area of enamel lost at specified time intervals, the stylus area lost, and the combined stylus and enamel vertical height lost were evaluated. RESULTS: Enamel wear opposing one type III gold was statistically similar to that of Dicor MGC, which was lower than that of Vita Mark II and IPS Empress, which were also statistically similar in value. CONCLUSIONS: The total vertical height lost from the type III gold specimens and opposing enamel was statistically lower than that of Dicor MGC and IPS Empress (alpha < 0.05).

Aluminum Silicates↗