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PubMed1999

Fibrin glue reduces the severity of intra-abdominal adhesions in a rat model.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine whether fibrin glue inhibits intra-abdominal adhesions. METHODS: Twenty rats underwent midline laparotomy. To maximize adhesions, bilateral peritoneal muscular defects were created and covered with polypropylene mesh sewn with a braided suture. The bowel was abraded with dry gauze. Rats were randomized to either fibrin glue (FG) sprayed over the mesh or to control (no further treatment) groups. At 1 week, the adhesion density (graded 0 to 3), the percentage of the patch covered by adhesion (0% to 100%), and adhesion type were recorded. RESULTS: The mean adhesion density was 1.45+/-0.33 for FG versus 2.8+/-0.11 for controls (P = 0.001). The mean percentage of adhesions was 36+/-9.9 for the FG group and 94+/-3.7 for controls (P = 0.0002). Bowel or solid organs were adherent to the patch in 6 of 20 (30%) in the FG group versus 12 of 20 (70%) in controls (P = 0.057). CONCLUSIONS: Topical fibrin glue reduces the density and severity of intra-abdominal adhesions in a rat model.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Imaging of carrageenan macrocycles and amylose using noncontact atomic force microscopy.

Samples of kappa-carrageenan, iota-carrageenan, and synthetic amylose have been examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). All samples were spray deposited from aqueous solutions onto freshly cleaved mica, air dried, and imaged in air using noncontact atomic force microscopy (NCAFM). Images of single stranded amylose and carrageenan are presented. At relatively low polymer concentrations in the presence of NaCl iota-carrageenan formed circles that appear to be predominantly head-to-tail associated unimeric duplex (double stranded) structures. At higher iota-carrageenan concentrations the polymer forms circles and aggregates that appear to involve dimeric duplex structure. Direct comparison of synthetic amylose molecular weights determined from NCAFM images with results from solution measurements showed that NCAFM provides an excellent way to measure amylose molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. It is shown that synthetic amylose is single stranded in aqueous solution and that the chain length distribution is broader than the Poisson distribution anticipated from polymerization theory.

Amylose↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Food applications of sorbic acid and its salts.

Because of their physiological inertness, their effectiveness even in the weakly acid pH range and their neutral taste, sorbic acid and its salts have become the leading preservatives in the food sector throughout the world over the past 30 years. The most commonly used products are sorbic acid itself (E200) and potassium sorbate (E202). In many countries sodium sorbate (E201) and calcium sorbate (E203) are also permitted. Sorbic acid is sparingly soluble in water, sodium sorbate has better solubility, and potassium sorbate is very freely soluble and can be used to produce 50% stock solutions. The soluble sorbates are preferred when it is desired to use the preservative in liquid form, or when aqueous systems are to be preserved. Sodium sorbate in solid form is unstable and very rapidly undergoes oxidation on exposure to atmospheric oxygen. It is therefore not produced on the industrial scale. Aqueous solutions of sodium sorbate remain stable for some time. Calcium sorbate is used in the manufacture of fungistatic wrappers because it is highly stable to oxidation, but this use is very limited. Sorbic acid and sorbates can be directly added into the product. The products can be dipped or sprayed with aqueous solutions of sorbates. Dusting of food with dry sorbic acid is also possible but less recommended because sorbic acid irritates the skin and mucous membranes. Sorbic acid and particularly calcium sorbate can be used as active substances in fungistatic wrappers. A general survey of the numerous uses of sorbic acid in the food sector will be given. Some fields of application will be discussed that are either unimportant or not permitted in the U.K.

Cheese↗
PubMed1993

Hypersensitive dentin: testing of procedures for mechanical and chemical obliteration of dentinal tubuli.

This study examined by scanning electron microscopy the effect of various mechanical and chemical procedures in obliterating dentinal tubuli. Dentin blocks containing open, cross-sectioned dentinal tubuli were separated into one experimental and one control area. The mechanical treatments consisted of 20 seconds of continuous instrumentation with sharp and dull curets, finely textured inserts for the EVA reciprocating handpiece, metal and plastic inserts for a sonic scaler, and metal inserts for an ultrasonic scaler. Chemical treatments included a light-cured dental resin and active obliterating agents including sodium, stannous and hydrogen fluorides, potassium oxalate, glycerin, ferric oxalate, and potassium nitrate. These substances were applied to the test surfaces for 2 minutes and allowed to dry. One half of the chemically treated specimens were then sprayed with water in order to evaluate the retention of the obliterating agents. The results revealed that among the mechanical treatments, the sharp curet gave the most consistent and complete obliteration of the tubuli. The plastic inserts had no tubular occluding effects. Among the chemical procedures, the light-cured resin resulted in the most complete obliteration of the tubuli, while the fluoride agents and glycerin had no effect. It can be hypothesized that combining instrumentation with a sharp curet causing a heavy smear layer and occlusion of tubuli apertures, followed by application of a light body resin, may prove to be a rational method of desensitizing hypersensitive dentin surfaces. However, this combined treatment should be evaluated in clinical trials.

Curettage↗
PubMed2006

Effect of dietary inclusion of distillers dried grains with solubles, soybean hulls, or a polyclonal antibody product on the ability of growing pigs to resist a Lawsonia intracellularis challenge.

An experiment was conducted to determine if dietary inclusion of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), soybean hulls, or soybean hulls sprayed with an egg-based, polyclonal antibody product would reduce the incidence or severity of infection, or both, in growing pigs after a Lawsonia intracellularis challenge. One hundred 17-d-old weaned pigs were blocked by sex, ancestry, and BW, and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatment groups: negative control, unchallenged, corn-soy diet; positive control, challenged, corn-soy diet; 20% DDGS diet (D), challenged; 5% soybean hulls diet (SH), challenged; and SH sprayed with a polyclonal antibody product diet, challenged. Challenged pigs were orally inoculated with 6.4 x 10(8) L. intracellularis organisms after a 4-wk prechallenge feeding period. On d 21 postchallenge, pigs were euthanized, lesions of intestinal mucosa were evaluated, and ileal tissue samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry to determine the presence and proliferation rate of L. intracellularis. Challenging pigs with L. intracellularis reduced growth rate, feed intake, and efficiency of gain (P < 0.02) and increased the proportion of internal organ weights relative to BW (P < 0.01). Dietary treatment did not affect growth performance pre- or postchallenge (P > 0.10). Heart, empty stomach, and liver weights were similar among dietary treatments (P > 0.10). Weight of the large intestine as a percentage of BW was increased in D and SH pigs compared with positive control pigs (P < 0.05). Lesion length, prevalence, and severity, and fecal shedding of L. intracellularis were primarily unaffected by dietary treatment (P > 0.10), although ileal lesion length and severity observed tended to be greater in the SH sprayed with polyclonal antibody product diet vs. the D pigs (P < 0.10). Results from a previous study indicated that diet composition may affect length, severity, and prevalence of lesions caused by L. intracellularis in growing pigs subjected to a moderate challenge. However, beneficial results were not observed by feeding the dietary treatments used in this study.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

Possible roles of nitrogen fixation and mineral uptake induced by rhizobacterial inoculation on salt tolerance of maize.

Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the possible roles of nitrogen fixation and/or enhanced mineral uptake by Azospirillum lipoferum and Bacillus polymexa inoculation in improving salt tolerance of maize plants. Plants were inoculated and grown under salt stress (osmotic potential: -0.3, -0.6, -0.9 and -1.2 Mpa). Both microorganisms were able to fix nitrogen up to -0.9 Mpa salinity level accompanied with increased total N-yield compared with the control plants. In order to investigate the role of bacterial inoculation on enhanced mineral uptake, the growth and some physiological parameters of inoculated plants were compared with plants fertilized by K and P foliar application. Plant inoculation with the N2-fixers or plant spraying with KH2PO4 resulted in an increase in fresh and dry matter as well as water content of plants. Treated plants exhibited changed plant mineral content which was associated with increased Mg/K and decreased P/K, Ca/K and Na/K ratios. This was accompanied by accumulation of soluble sugars, amino acids in shoots and roots of plants resulting in a concomitant increase in the osmotic potential of the cell sap as a possible mechanism of adaptation to salinity.

Azospirillum lipoferum↗
PubMed1993

[Campaign against Culex quinquefasciatus using Bacillus sphaericus: results of a pilot project in a large urban area of equatorial Africa].

Culex quinquefasciatus, which is sometimes the vector of Bancroft's filariasis, is a harmful mosquito, the immature stages of which live in collections of waste water resulting from human activity. Larval control, the most appropriate method, is at present carried out with chemical insecticides. But the toxicity of these compounds, together with phenomena of resistance, and the cost of substitute insecticides have turned research towards products of biological origin, and one of the most promising is a liquid concentrate of Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362. This was applied experimentally over an area of 200 hectares in a large city in the south of Cameroon, characterized by a short dry season during which mosquito density is at its highest. Spraying was carried out every three months for a year in a concentration of 10 g/m2 and its efficacy evaluated at the level of adult mosquitos through an indirect system of capture on human baits. The results of this study show, in essence, a reduction by 52.7% in the number of females captured in the overall study area treated, and that the impact of treatment is greater during the period of high mosquito density (55.1%) than in the low density period (40.7%). After analysis of the full set of results, the authors conclude that the pattern of rainfall, the conditions in which the insecticide is applied and reinvasions of mosquitos from untreated areas were the principal factors limiting the efficacy of this control campaign.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Responses of Anopheles minimus to DDT residual spraying in a cleared forested foothill area in central Thailand.

Anopheles balabacensis balabacensis and Anopheles minimus are the main malaria vectors in Thailand. In a cleared forested foothill area in the central part of the country A. minimus was the most prevalent anopheline species found, only 6 specimens of A. b. balabacensis being collected over a 3-year period. Cattle were scarce in the area, tractors being largely used for working in the fields. This situation contributed to high man-vector contact. A minimus occurred throughout the year, with a major peak of density in the dry cool season and a smaller peak in the wet season. The contact of A. minimus with man was much higher outdoors than indoors, and studies showed the species to be an early biter, especially in the dry season, thus increasing the chance of man-vector contact. DDT spraying appeared to reduce considerably the estimated vectorial capacities, however, this effect was not maintained and malaria transmission was not interrupted. Trials with supplementary or alternative attack measures are therefore indicated in this particular ecological situation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Laboratory evaluation of Melia azedarach L. and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Extracts in order to control Ocneridia volxemi Bolivar (Orthoptera, Pamphaginae) hoppers.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) dry fruit extracts (oil and water) and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae) dry leaves extracts (water) on Oneridia volxemi hoppers (fifth-instar) feeding on cereals leaves (Triticum durum) under laboratory conditions. Larva feeding reduced and mortality was significatly (p < 0.05) on cereals leaves sprayed with three concentrations 0, 5, 1 and 2% of oil extracted from Melia azederach. In addition, O. volxemi feeding and mortality was significantly (p < 0.05) on cereals leaves sprayed with two concentrations 50 g/l and 80 g/l of water extracts from Melia azedarach dry fruits soaked for 24 hours. the water extract solution of 80 g/l significantly reduced feeding than the other concentrations 50 and 25 g/l. This study showed also the water extract solution from Eucalyptus globulus dry leaves reduced also feeding and induced the mortality of O. volxemi but not better than Melia azedarach dry fruit extracts water at the same concentration (80 g/l). The aim of this study is in an integrated management program for control of O.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Spray dispensing of antiseptics is effective for hand disinfection.

The effectiveness of three hand antiseptics administered using a spray dispenser (Nebucid 840) was studied together with that of conventional hand disinfection. The tests were carried out by a group of 20 dental students. To obtain baseline samples, the subjects washed their hands with unmedicated Sterisol liquid soap under running water for 30s and dried them on sterile-packed paper towels. Microbiologic samples were taken from fingerprints pressed gently onto blood agar plates, which were then incubated aerobically and analyzed. The hand disinfection efficacy of 3 ml Isosept solution rubbed onto the hands for 30 s, followed by air drying for 60 s, was studied as a conventional control method. Dermocol, HD 410, and Hibisol antiseptics were sprayed onto the subjects' hands for 3 s using the automatic dispenser, after which the hands were gently rubbed for 30 s and air-dried for 60 s, before fingerprint contact sampling. All the tests were performed three times, with a minimum of 3 days between the series. The results showed Hibisol applied with the spray dispenser to be significantly more effective in reducing bacterial growth than the other methods. No growth was observed on 51 plates out of 60, while bacterial growth was observed in 29 cases out of 60 in the Isosept series. In most cases the spray-dispensed antiseptics proved to be more efficient than the conventional hand antiseptic. All the antiseptics were significantly more effective than the liquid soap.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Factors that modify the larval indices of Aedes aegypti in Colima, Mexico].

OBJECTIVE: In order to investigate the variables that could have the greatest impact on larval indices of Aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue, a descriptive, longitudinal study was carried out in the city of Colima, which is located in the Mexican Pacific coastal state of the same name. METHODS: A total of 187 dwellings were inspected to determine the house index (HI) and the number of positive containers per house (C+/H), during the rainy season and the dry season. The following were recorded as independent variables: the air temperature, the season, the use of ultra low volume (ULV) spraying of malathion, the Premise Condition Index (PCI), and the score on a survey of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP). RESULTS: Both the multivariate logistic regression and the multivariate lineal regression showed a reduction of HI and C+/H due to the effect of the dry season. Paradoxically, the temperature seemed to have a negative correlation with the larval indices, and this effect was more pronounced during the dry season. The PCI showed the most significant correlation with HI and C+/H, independently of the other variables. The ULV sprayings showed a small negative effect on the indices, while the KAP score did not indicate any association at all. CONCLUSIONS: Some conclusions that can be drawn from this study are as follows: higher temperatures can reduce the larval indices during the dry season, the PCI can be an adequate estimator of the Ae. aegypti infestation rate, ULV spraying reduces the number of larval breeding sites, and the KAP score has little association with the larval indices.

Aedes↗
PubMed2000

Ipratropium bromide increases the ability of the nose to warm and humidify air.

We have developed a method for measuring the temperature and relative humidity of air prior to and after nasal conditioning and used it to study the effect of treatment with ipratropium bromide on the ability of the nose to condition cold, dry air. We performed randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover studies and an open study in nonallergic subjects. The subjects were treated with ipratropium bromide (84 microgram) or normal saline solution sprayed into the nasal cavity 15 min before the measurement of nasal conditioning capacity. Cold, dry air was delivered to the nose via a nasal mask, and the temperature and humidity of air were measured before entering and after exiting the nasal cavity. The total water gradient across the nose was calculated and represents nasal conditioning capacity. Ipratropium bromide treatment significantly increased nasal conditioning capacity when compared with saline. Ipratropium bromide led to less reduction in the cold, dry air-induced decrease in the nasal volume (p < 0.05) without affecting the decrease in nasal surface temperature during cold, dry air exposure (p = 0.3). Our data show that ipratropium bromide increases the ability of the nose to condition cold, dry air. Thus, treating rhinitis with ipratropium bromide should not increase the burden for inspired air conditioning on the conducting pulmonary airways.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1993

Successful reduction of silica exposures at a sanitary ware pottery.

Researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted a joint survey with the New Jersey Department of Health (NJDOH) to measure crystalline silica exposures and evaluate the adequacy of the existing control measures for reducing these exposures at a sanitary ware pottery. This survey found that 95% of the personal and area samples from the Slip House, Casting, Glaze Spray, and Glaze Preparation Departments exceeded the NIOSH Recommended Exposure Level (87% exceeded the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Permissible Exposure Level) for crystalline silica. Three years later, a follow-up survey found statistically significant reductions in respirable crystalline silica exposures in two of four plant departments, and statistically significant reductions in area concentrations in all four plant departments. These reductions were accomplished through a combination of automating and enclosing the batching system in the Slip House and by replacing the mold parting compound with a nonsilica material, altering the method of dry sweeping, cleaning of castings while damp, improving exhaust ventilation at the spray booths, and improved housekeeping.

Household Articles↗
PubMed2006

Dissipation of phosalone and diazinon in fresh and dried alfalfa.

The objectives of this study were to determine the persistence of phosalone (S-6-chloro-2,3-dihydro-2-oxobenzoxazol-3-ylmethyl O, O-diethyl phosphorodithioate) and diazinon (O,O-diethyl O-2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate) residues in fresh and baled alfalfa under field conditions. Plots of alfalfa were sprayed with each insecticide. Fresh alfalfa was sampled up to 20 days after treatment, and dried alfalfa was sampled up to 25 weeks after baling. Samples were analyzed for residues using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a UV detector. The half-lives of diazinon and phosalone in fresh alfalfa were 1.8 and 3.3 days, respectively. In baled alfalfa the half-life of diazinon and phosalone were 2.8 and 16.7 weeks, respectively. No diazinon residues were detected in baled alfalfa, sampled after week 9, although the concentration of phosalone found at week 25 was 5.51 mg/kg.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

Influence of surface modifications to titanium on oral bacterial adhesion in vitro.

The influence of surface modifications to titanium on the initial adherence of Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC33277 and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans ATCC43718 was evaluated. Surface modifications were performed with dry processes including ion implantation (Ca(+), N(+), F(+)), oxidation (anode oxidation, titania spraying), ion plating (TiN, alumina), and ion beam mixing (Ag, Sn, Zn, Pt) with Ar(+) on polished pure titanium plates. Comparatively large amounts of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans adhered to polished titanium plates. The degree of P. gingivalis adhesion showed a positive correlation with surface energy and the amount of calcium-ion adsorption. Adherence of both P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans increased on calcium-implanted surfaces compared with polished titanium surfaces, whereas adherence of P. gingivalis was remarkably decreased on alumina-coated surfaces. These findings indicate that titanium implants exposed to the oral cavity require surface modification to inhibit the adherence of oral bacteria, and that surface modification with a dry process is useful in controlling the adhesion of oral bacteria as well as ensuring resistance against wear.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans↗
PubMed2001

Influence of surface modifications to titanium on antibacterial activity in vitro.

The antibacterial effect of surface modifications to titanium on Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 43718 was evaluated. Surface modifications were performed with dry processes including ion implantation (Ca+, N+, F+), oxidation (anode oxidation, titania spraying), ion plating (TiN, alumina), and ion beam mixing (Ag, Sn, Zn, Pt) with Ar+ on polished pure titanium plates. F+-implanted specimens significantly inhibited the growth of both P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans than the polished titanium. The other surface-modified specimens did not exhibit effective antibacterial activity against both bacteria. No release of the fluorine ion was detected from F-implanted specimens under dissolution testing. This result and the characterization of the F+-implanted surfaces suggested that the possible antibacterial mechanism of the F+-implanted specimen was caused by the formation of a metal fluoride complex on the surfaces. In addition, F+-implanted surfaces did not inhibit the proliferation of fibroblast L929-cells. These findings indicate that surface modification by means of a dry process is useful in providing antibacterial activity of oral bacteria to titanium implants exposed to the oral cavity.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans↗
PubMed2002

Interface for coupling nonaqueous wide-bore capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry.

A liquid-junction-type interface where a thin spraying capillary is inserted inside the separation capillary was constructed for coupling nonaqueous wide-bore capillary electrophoresis (CE) to mass spectrometry (MS). The robust structure of the interface provided fairly easy capillary handling. The study was carried out with uncoated CE capillaries of 200 and 320 microm inner diameter (ID). 1-Propanol-acetonitrile (80:20 v/v) with acetate electrolyte provided a low conducting medium for CE and good spraying conditions for electrospray ionization (ESI) without sheath-flow and drying gas. Methamphetamine, alprenolol, and levorphanol served as model compounds. Approximate detection limits with the 200 microm ID capillary were 35-265 ng/mL.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed1994

Analysis of transient structures by cryo-microscopy combined with rapid mixing of spray droplets.

A simple method to determine transient conformations of biological molecules is described. The two reactants (e.g. protein complex and ligand) are mixed rapidly by the coalescence of spray droplets containing one component, with a thin, grid-supported aqueous film containing the other. The transient state is then trapped by rapid freezing, and investigated later by cryo-microscopy. Images of conformations associated with reaction times of 1-100 ms can be achieved by adjusting the delay between the droplet impact and freezing. The droplets (typically 1 micron in diameter) are propelled onto the grid by an atomizer spray. It is shown that the droplets impinging on the liquid film spread rapidly over its surface under the influence of surface tension, and only weakly disturb the underlying film, partially displacing its contents away from the point of impact. Experiments with sprayed salt solutions, using vesicles derived from erythrocytes as micro-osmometers, indicate that rapid mixing occurs both through the film and laterally, by diffusion. The spraying process does not produce any detectable concentration changes due to drying in either the droplets or the film, and the method is applicable to high-resolution imaging.

Acetylcholine↗