New life-styles: marriage patterns, living arrangements, and fertility outside of marriage.
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Demography↗
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Understanding therapeutic action in the analytic situation: a second look at the developmental metaphor.
A root metaphor for the psychoanalytic therapeutic process is the mother-infant caretaking relationship. This developmental metaphor has assumed a dominant role for some analysts in how the psychoanalytic process and therapeutic relationship are conceptualized. In this paper, a distinction is made between two uses of the developmental metaphor--naïve and informed. The naïve view as commonly applied constrains our view of the unique relationship between analyst and analysand. The informed view takes into account current research in early social development that has emerged in the last decade of empirical studies with infants, young children, and their parents. While the parent-child relationship may be an inexact model for the analytic connection, some of the implications of the former, as they become more clearly understood in the course of careful research, may provide useful information about how change does or does not occur as a result of the analytic process, and how an analytic process needs to be in place in the analysand before that change can occur.
Child Development↗
Children with language disorders: natural history and academic success.
Children with developmental language disorders pose specific and unique problems for educators. This article addresses the continuing academic vulnerability of these children during the school years. We advance the position that their academic vulnerability results from the lifelong need to acquire language, to learn with language, and to apply language knowledge for academic learning and social development. Issues are addressed that relate to persistence of language deficits and learning in school.
Achievement↗
A collaborative pastoral care and counseling supervisory model.
Presents a collaborative pastoral care and counseling supervisory model based on constructivism and attachment theories. Addresses issues concerning cognition, learning theory, and anxiety. Identifies the stages in the supervisory process. Discusses ways in which cognitive, emotional, and social development are linked to attachment theory and places this in the context of supervision in pastoral counseling. Reflects on the theological relevance of attachment theory utilizing the biblical parable of the prodigal son.
Anxiety↗
Depression in children and adolescents.
During the past 20 years, depression has been recognized widely in children and adolescents. However, even with what is known today about depression, many children and adolescents remain undiagnosed. Early recognition is imperative to prevent further episodes that may continue into adulthood. Depression in children and adolescents affects social development, academic performance, and ultimately, success as an adult. This article describes risk factors for depression, diagnostic criteria, medications, psychosocial interventions, and implications for school nursing practice.
Adolescent↗
Participatory health development in rural Nepal: clarifying the process of community empowerment.
Community-based participatory development empowers villagers to develop community cohesion and confidence, increase their ability to identify, analyze, and priorize their own needs, and organize the resources to meet these needs. An important first step in the process involves establishing a cohesive and functional community group. The authors believe that this is best accomplished through villagers' critical examination of their experiences with development including their understanding of reasons for success or failure, and the gradual emergence of a model of working together that acknowledges and builds on participation and collective expertise. This approach to development is demonstrating encouraging results in a rural area of western Nepal in a university affiliated Canadian/Nepali Health Development Project. This paper describes two mini-projects to illustrate the evolution of group formation through reflection, analysis, and action, and identifies outcomes that could serve as indicators of community empowerment. The paper also presents a generic model of empowerment, and offers lessons learned by the project through the application of the empowerment process to sustainable health development.
Community Participation↗
Self-reported health in Poland and the United States: a comparative analysis of demographic, family and socioeconomic influences.
This study compares the social determinants of individual health between the United States, a capitalist society, and Poland, a 'post-communist' society. The effects of demographic factors, family characteristics and socioeconomic status on self-reported health are estimated with OLS regression using data from the 1994 American and Polish General Social Surveys. The results show lower self-reported health and more rapid declines in health for people over 60 in Poland than in the United States. Also, in Poland, women report worse health than do men while the opposite is found for the United States. The relationships between education, income and health were stronger in the United States than in Poland. Age, gender and SES may operate differently in the two countries because of a gap in social development (e.g. varying living standards and styles, health care systems and cultural attitudes) between the West and the former Eastern Europe.
Adolescent↗
Health promotion strategy for adolescents' sexual behaviour.
Adolescents distinctive health problems, such as, risks attached to unprotected sex, are cause for concern to all children's nurses. Peers play a crucial role in the psychological and social development of most adolescents. Peer education can be used as a health promotion strategy with adolescents.
Adolescent↗
A review of social housing regeneration in the London Borough of Brent.
Council high-rise estates sprang up rapidly during the 1960s and 1970s, with cross-governmental support to resolve the nation's housing crisis. It soon became apparent that many such new estates, designed by remote architects, and sometimes constructed rapidly and unsatisfactorily, did not provide the ideal living initially perceived. Many estates had early problems with architecture, construction and design. They proved an inhumane environment for many residents and there were frequent problems with communal features. Such estates were soon stigmatised and difficult to let as increasingly residual households were placed there, creating majority welfare-dependent estates. This created a downward spiral that traditional, and remote, housing management found difficult to address, and was too wide-scale to rectify financially within existing regimes. Prior to the 1980s, there were no specific government policies to tackle housing regeneration on high-rise estates. Problems became wider than traditional housing management and poor housing environments, encompassing social and economic exclusion. This paper, based on historical and contemporary literature as well as estate visits, reviews regeneration policy in three council housing estates within the London Borough of Brent. It traces successive government approaches since the 1980s from one that challenged the very status of council housing--notably at Stonebridge Park and Chalkhill, to one of partnership with the local authority--at South Kilburn. Housing policy is now concerned with more than just housing--it is about moving toward social inclusion, which requires initiative, flair, resource and commitment. It is about new accountabilities--not just numbers of bricks and mortar constructions, but about the lives, opportunities and health of those who live in an area. This fundamentally involves a partnership approach with residents at the centre of regeneration. This paper finds that sustainable estate regeneration policies are about continued improvements in both housing policy and social development.
Adolescent↗
Developmental approach to pediatric transplantation.
Children who need or who have received an organ transplant endure many hospitalizations, procedures, and surgeries. These experiences are often traumatic for children, repeatedly causing intense fear and anxiety. How stressful situations are perceived and responded to by children depend on their cognitive, physical, emotional, and social development. Alternatively, the introduction and repetition of stressful hospitalizations and medical experiences can delay development in any of these areas. It is important that healthcare professionals recognize potentially stressful situations and know how to introduce appropriate interventions to ease anxiety and facilitate each child to reach his or her developmental potential. Healthcare professionals should also have an understanding of child development and the effect it has on the child's understanding and reaction to transplantation.
Adolescent↗
Preserving integrity: experiences of people with mental health problems living in their own home in a new neighbourhood.
For patients with mental health problems, de-institutionalization has meant a shift from institutional care to living in the community. However, several studies show that problems of stigmatization, loneliness and negative attitudes devalue the dignity and autonomy of these patients. The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of how people with mental health problems experience living in an apartment of their own. The data collection method was focus group interviews. The constant comparative method revealed the main category 'preserving integrity'. The subcategories were: the need for control over information, similar relationships with both friends and neighbours (symmetrical contact), and 'My home is my castle'. Participants who lived in a group home had little or no contact with their neighbours. The participants experienced lack of acceptance and loss of autonomy when meeting people. Integrity was a necessary condition in order for them to become equal citizens, experience autonomy and dignity, and have the opportunity to develop social contacts.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Developmentally sensitive measures of executive function in preschool children.
Changes in executive functioning in the preschool years are recognized as playing a critical role in cognitive and social development, yet comprehensive data and recommendations about measurement of these changes are lacking. The performance of 602 preschool children on several executive function tasks was analyzed and reported as (a) age trends in performance and (b) task difficulty scales at 2, 3, 4, and 5 to 6 years of age. This analysis informs theories of executive function development and offers researchers an evidence-based guide to task selection and design.
Child↗
Predictors of the home environment of high-risk infants.
The quality of the home environment is an important predictor of the cognitive and social development of high-risk infants. Community health nurses (CHNs) have played a central role in the assessment and care of families with high-risk infants. We examined predictors of the home environment in a sample of 106 infants discharged from a neonatal intensive care unit. The most consistent predictor of an optimal home environment was an internal parental locus of control. Socioeconomic status affected dimensions of parenting related to cognitive stimulation but not emotional responsivity. Young mothers and those with other children are less responsive to their infants. Males are treated in a more responsive manner than females. These findings suggest that CHNs need to adopt an empowerment model of intervention and focus on the particular needs of young mothers and those with other children.
Adolescent↗
Construct validity of the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study.
Projective and semiprojective techniques are both tools and tests. A schema for assessing the validity of projective devices is proposed: (1) Primary, consisting of (a) construct validity i.e., the soundness of the techniques vis-a-vis its underlying concepts; and (b) criterion-related validity, i.e., the concordance between tool results and specified external criteria. (2) Secondary, viz., pragmatic validity, i.e., the usefulness of the instrument in applied fields. Discussion then focuses on the construct validity of the conceptually-based, semiprojective Rosenzweig P-F Study. specifically the evidence on (a) the self-consistency of its conceptual dimensions; (b) the sequential. social development of the Types and Directions of Aggression; (c) levels of behavior elicited; (d) sensitivity to scorable changes after induced frustration: and (e) physiological correlates oft he aggression categories. In each of these areas evidence exists in support of the validity of the P-F Study.
Journal Article↗
Spina bifida: the personal and financial cost of incontinence.
Spina bifida is a congenital defect in the spinal column in which one or more vertebrae fail to form. The effect of spina bifida on continence is usually complicated by the effect of hydrocephalus on the ability to learn and master the necessary skills to overcome the problems. The childhood and adolescence of some individuals who have spina bifida has been ruined by professionals who chose to ignore the wider implications of severe congenital disability and its effects upon the child's education, personal and social development, and the quality of family life. A holistic approach to management, from birth onwards, should facilitate the interdisciplinary cooperation which is vital if these human tragedies are to be avoided.
Adolescent↗
Use of non-verbal communication skills to improve nursing care.
This article describes non-verbal communication (NVC), its nursing assessment and its use with people who have a learning disability. A nursing diagnosis of altered non-verbal communication is outlined and a new wellness diagnosis is proposed of potential for enhanced non-verbal communication. The use and encouragement of non-verbal communication with people who have limited verbal comprehension is discussed. Nurses are considered an important focus for change; for enhancing a person's non-verbal skills, for improving their learning environment and for ultimately improving their social development.
Humans↗
Objective health care technology evaluation--it isn't easy.
Although creation of sophisticated technologies in health care has been one of the most significant social developments of the last decades, evaluation of the health effects is essential to avoid misallocation of resources. Evaluation today depends on various scientific tools: epidemiologic methods provide benchmarks for measuring efficacy; biomedical models define subgroups for whom an intervention is worthwhile. Standardized rules for the conduct of clinical trials and statistical analysis help assure replicability and strive for objectivity. An economic bottom line assesses cost effectiveness in terms of life years saved or improved quality of life. Subjective biases that come from the socioeconomic context in which assessments are embedded should be recognized and defused.
Age Factors↗
NGO-promoted women's credit program, immunization coverage, and child mortality in rural Bangladesh.
A growing number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are adopting the collateral-free credit programs by anchoring them with their social development programs aimed at improved program effectiveness and sustainability. Drawing upon a sample of 3,564 targeted poor households covered by five small NGOs in rural Bangladesh, this study finds that the NGO credit-members as well as those who reside in the NGO program area are higher adopters of child immunization than those in the non-program area. Similarly, the study found that infant and child mortality is lower among the NGO credit members than among the non-members and that under five-year deaths of children progressively decline with the increase in the doses of vaccines. Implications of these findings are discussed in the study.
Adult↗