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At least 1,369 records · Page 76Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Metabolic fates of carbon skeletons of methionine, serine, and alanine in growing rats fed soybean protein diets.

The effects of dietary soybean protein isolate intakes on the metabolic fates of L-[U-14C]methionine, L-[U-14C]serine, and L-[U-14C]-alanine were investigated in growing rats. In the growth experiment for 21 days, body weight gain reached a plateau at more than 20 protein calorie percent (PC%) in the diet, and the protein efficiency ratio attained maximum in the 10 PC% group. Carcass and liver lipid contents increased greatly in the lower levels of dietary soybean protein, which was associated with their decrease in moisture contents. In the isotope experiments, the incorporation of 14C into the body protein 12h after the injection of [14C]methionine was extremely high (more than 80% of the dose) in the 5 to 15 PC% groups, but decreased thereafter in the higher PC% groups. The expired 14CO2 production from [14C]methionine was depressed in the lower PC% groups, and thereafter it increased with increasing levels of dietary protein, showing a break point at around 20 PC%. The carbon skeleton of [14C]alanine was extensively oxidized to 14CO2, even in protein-depleted rats, while serine carbon was utilized for body protein synthesis rather than for energy production. These results indicate that methionine, which is a limiting amino acid of soybean protein for rats, is preferentially utilized for body protein synthesis especially in protein-depleted rats, and the metabolic responses of methionine, serine, and alanine are quite different from each other.

Alanine↗
PubMed1989

The effects of copper deficiency on the pyridinium crosslinks of mature collagen in the rat skeleton and cardiovascular system.

The 3-hydroxypyridinium crosslinks of collagen were quantified in tissues of the skeleton and cardiovascular system of normal and copper-deficient rats. The copper-deficient rats used in this study displayed retarded growth, cardiac hypertrophy, anemia, and lowered liver copper concentrations. Quantification of the crosslinks by high performance liquid chromatography indicated that there were lower concentrations of collagen crosslinks in the hearts of copper-deficient animals, a finding that was manifest in both right and left ventricles. This was in contrast to the collagen of the aorta where no alteration in crosslink concentration was observed. The femoral diaphysis of copper-deficient rats also had lower amounts of collagen crosslinks than copper-supplemented animals, whereas crosslinking in the tibial diaphysis and articular cartilage was relatively unaffected by copper deficiency. These results are discussed with reference to the cardiac and skeletal abnormalities that occur in copper-deficient animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Ninety-ninety intraosseous wiring for internal fixation of the digital skeleton.

Ninety-ninety intraosseous wiring has been used in more than 150 cases over the last 4 years to obtain skeletal stability. This technique has been effective for the internal fixation of replanted parts, arthrodeses, transverse fractures, and elective free-tissue transfers. All osteotomies and fractures healed promptly, usually within 6 weeks. There have been no instances of nonunion, malunion, or implant failure. Only one wire had to be removed due to its prominence. Ninety-ninety intraosseous wiring is an expeditious, straightforward, and very stable method to secure rigid internal fixation and allow early active motion of the digital skeleton.

Amputation, Traumatic↗
PubMed1994

Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a malaria sporozoite vaccine administered with monophosphoryl lipid A, cell wall skeleton of mycobacteria, and squalane as adjuvant.

A Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) recombinant fusion protein, R32NS1(81), formulated with monophosphoryl lipid A, cell wall skeleton of mycobacteria, and squalane (Detox) was administered to 12 volunteers. One volunteer had malaise and self-limited painful induration at the injection site after the second dose and declined further immunization. The other 11 volunteers tolerated the three doses of 1,230 micrograms of vaccine, but most complained of sore arms; in five cases the pain or malaise was severe enough to interfere with work or sleep. Two weeks after the third dose of vaccine, four of the 11 immunized volunteers had > or = 14 micrograms/ml of antibodies to the repeat region of the PfCSP in their serum. Two of these four volunteers did not develop P. falciparum parasitemia when challenged by the bite of five mosquitoes carrying P. falciparum sporozoites. The seven volunteers with lower levels of antibodies and 11 of 11 controls developed parasitemia. These data are consistent with other studies, and indicate that vaccine-induced antibodies against the repeat region of PfCSP can prevent effective sporozoite infection of hepatocytes in humans. The challenge is to improve the immunogenicity of PfCSP-based vaccines, and to develop methods for including PfCSP peptides as components of multitarget malaria vaccines.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1998

[Anatomical names of foramina and canales in skeleton].

Latin anatomical names of Foramina and Canales in skeleton were analyzed and compared with Japanese anatomical names for better understanding of the structures of the human body and for possible revision in the future. The conclusions were as follows: 1. In general, short tunnels were called Foramina (singular: Foramen), and long tunnels Canales (singular: Canalis). 2. One end of Canalis was sometimes called Foramen. In this case, Canalis and Foramen were usually modified by the same words. 3. Each name of Foramina contained the word which means form, state, absolute size, region of existence, one of the contents or function of Foramina. 4. Each name of Canales contained the word which means region of existence, one of the contents or function of Canales. 5. Some names of Foramina and Canales that were supposed to mean the region of existence meant one of the contents of the structures. 6. As for Latin anatomical names, the relation between words were relatively clear by the proper use of noun, adjective, nominative, and genitive. 7. Since different Chinese characters were sometimes pronounced similarly in Japanese anatomical names, different structures might be confused. 8. It seemed that some Japanese anatomical names needed partial correction.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1999

[Anatomical names of fossae and foveae in skeleton].

Latin anatomical names of Fossae and Foveae in the skeleton were analyzed and compared with Japanese anatomical names for better understanding of the structures of the human body and for possible revision in the future. The conclusions were as follows: 1. In general, round excavations were called Foveae (singular : Fovea), and nonround excavations were called Fossae (singular : Fossa). Some shallow excavations for articulation and some shallow excavations with the names which indicate their contents were called Foveae even though they were not round. 2. Each name of Fossae contained the word which indicates form, location or content of Fossa, the bone (or osseous structure) which articulates with Fossa, or the muscle which is attached to Fossa. 3. Each name of Foveae contained the word which indicates location, content or articulation of Fovea, the bone (or osseous structure) which articulates with Fovea, or the muscle (or muscular trochlea) which is attached to Fovea. 4. The Japanese name which corresponds to Fossa canina should be changed from Kenshi (canine tooth) = ka (fossa) to Kenshikin (canine muscle) = ka or Koukakukyokin (levator anguli oris muscle) = ka. 5. The Japanese name which corresponds to Fossa pterygopalatina should be changed from Yoku (wing) = kougai (palate) = ka (fossa) to Yokutotsu (pterygoid process) = kougaikotsu (palatine bone) = ka.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1984

Potentiation of tumoricidal properties of murine macrophages by Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (N-CWS).

Intraperitoneal injection of squalene-treated cell wall skeleton of Nocardia rubra (N-CWS) caused increase in number of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC). Adherent macrophages obtained from N-CWS-treated PEC suppressed growth of methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma (Meth-A), when injected intradermally with the tumor cells into BALB/c mice. The macrophages showed strong cytotoxicity against Meth-A cells in vitro. When treated with 10 micrograms/ml of N-CWS in vitro, proteose peptone-induced macrophages acquired tumoricidal property but resident macrophages showed no cytotoxicity after the treatment. In the supernatant of spleen cells cultured for 72 hours in the presence of N-CWS (10 micrograms/ml), the presence of (a) factor(s) with macrophage activating effect was observed. This factor, shown to be identical to macrophage activating factor (MAF) in molecular weight, showed synergy with N-CWS in potentiating macrophage cytotoxicity against tumor cells.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1989

Biosynthetic origin of the carbon skeleton and oxygen atoms of the LL-F28249 alpha, a potent antiparasitic macrolide.

The biosynthesis of LL-F28249 alpha in a culture of Streptomyces cyaneogriseus has been studied using 13C, 14C and 18O labeled precursors. A complete 13C NMR spectrum of F28249 alpha has been assigned. Incorporation studies using 13C labeled precursors indicate that the carbon skeleton of F28249 alpha is derived from seven acetate, six propionate and one 2-methylpropionate units. The origin of the oxygen atoms of F28249 alpha has been examined by feeding [1-13C,18O2]acetate, [1-13C,18O2]propionate, [2-13C]acetate/18O2 and 18O2 separately to the fermentation culture and analyzing the resulting labeled LL-F28249 alpha samples by 13C NMR, electron impact MS and chemical ionization MS. Out of a total of eight oxygen atoms in LL-F28249 alpha, four oxygen atoms are derived from acetate, three from propionate and one from molecular oxygen.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1994

Albaflavenone, a sesquiterpene ketone with a zizaene skeleton produced by a streptomycete with a new rope morphology.

A novel antibiotic alpha,beta-unsaturated sesquiterpene ketone, albaflavenone with a zizaene skeleton was isolated from a morphologically novel, highly odorous Streptomyces species which was identified with the species group S. albidoflavus, cluster 1. The new compound, partly responsible for the odour, was assigned the structure of 2R',6,7,7-tetramethyl-1S',8R'- tricyclo-[6.2.1.0(1,5)]undec-5-en-4-one based on spectroscopic studies including 2D NMR (COSY, HETCOR, ROESY, NOE-difference) experiments.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1997

SYN-1012: a new beta-lactamase inhibitor of penem skeleton.

A new beta-lactamase inhibitor, SYN-1012, with a penem skeleton was synthesized and its biological activity compared with clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam and BRL-42715. The beta-lactamase inhibitory activity of SYN-1012 was comparable to BRL-42715. Clavulanate and penam sulphones (sulbactam and tazobactam) were more active against TEM-1 and OXA-1, but were less active against TEM-3 and cephalosporinase (Case) than SYN-1012. In combination with piperacillin, SYN-1012 exhibited comparable or slightly lower synergistic effects than BRL-42715 against all the Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates tested with only exception of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The separate combinations of SYN-1012 and BRL-42715 with ceftazidime and cefotaxime provided comparable results against Gram-negatives, but not against Gram-positive isolates. Tazobactam was inferior to SYN-1012 in all cases. In comparison to tazobactam, SYN-1012 and BRL-42715 were relatively unstable in human and mouse plasma, and in mouse liver and kidney homogenates. Serum level of SYN-1012 and BRL-42715 after an intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg in rabbit was undetectable after 1 hour.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Studies on the biosynthesis of epothilones: the biosynthetic origin of the carbon skeleton.

The biosynthetic origin of the epothilone skeleton was studied by the incorporation of 13C and radioactively labeled precursors by Sorangium cellulosum So ce90. The carbon atoms are derived from acetate, propionate, the methyl group of S-adenosyl-methionine, and cysteine which also introduces the sulfur and nitrogen atoms. Epothilone biosynthesis starts with the formation of the thiazole part from acetate and cysteine. The incorporation of acetate or propionate units results in the formation of epothilones A and B, respectively. To introduce the epoxide function of epothilones A and B molecular oxygen is used.

Carbon↗
PubMed1997

A case of spondylosis deformans in the defleshed skeleton of a wild coyote and its significance to osteopathologic interpretation.

The skeleton of a wild coyote (Canis latrans), collected in Alturas, California (USA), in 1940 and reported to have died of a blowfly infection, was analyzed. The axial components, primarily a series of fused and deformed vertebrae, had classic osteological indications of spondylosis deformans, a trauma-induced disorder. Severe crippling due to a crushing-type strain was identified as the primary pathological condition to which the coyote succumbed, with death hastened by vertebral degeneration and the complicating infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of anomalies in the appendicular skeleton of a fossorial rodent population.

The prevalence of macroscopic bone anomalies in the appendicular skeleton of wild rodents and, particularly, fossorial species is not well known. We examined 8,257 bones corresponding to 564 collection specimens (249 males and 315 females) of a fossorial form of water vole (Arvicola terrestris monticola). Animals were obtained monthly from July 1983 to December 1984 in the Aran Valley (Pyrenees). Most macroscopic anomalies were healed fractures or exostoses. The prevalence of anomalies was not significantly different between males and females but was clearly higher in adults than in juveniles and subadults. The frequency of alterations in the thoracic limb long bones was significantly higher than that in the pelvic counterparts. Aggressive intraspecific interactions and biomechanical factors related to burrowing may be associated with these differences. In females, remodeling of the innominate shape because of pregnancy and parturition could enhance fractures and exostoses in this structure.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

[Relationship between calcium salt content in the trunk skeleton and the extremities (calcaneus measurement) (author's transl)].

No statistically significant correlation could be found in a comparative investigation regarding the mineral salt content of the calcaneus and the first lumbar vertebral body in the same test person. Conclusions based on localized individual measurements of the mineral salt content of the calcaneus for the respective vertebral body are, in our opinion not possible with the desired exactness. For orthopedic surgeons in the private practice, only the interpreation of a x-ray of the vertebral column can be used in addition to clinical and laboratory findings to diagnose the onset of generalized osteoporosis. In order to keep the source of error as low as possible in the attempt to diagnose osteoporosis from an x-ray, constant, reproduceable conditions for taking the x-ray (same film,same lighting, same film development and same x-ray focus on the same part of the skeleton) must be used for observing the course of the disease.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1999

Analysis of the craniofacial skeleton in cleft children with otitis media with effusion.

Various aspects have been proposed as the cause of otitis media with effusion (OME) in cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) populations (i.e. abnormal anatomic relation of Eustachian tube (ET) musculature and soft palate; the lack of intact palatal partition; reduction of nasal patency or chronic rhinitis; timing and type of surgery). However, the role of deviated craniofacial skeleton (CFS) in CL/P has been neglected, although the role of the craniofacial development on poor ET function has been advocated in non-cleft children. In this study, we evaluated clinical and cephalometric data of 37 Japanese children with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCLP, 25) or isolated cleft palate (ICP, 12) and compared them to 40 non-cleft children, who were proportionally matched for age and sex. Data showed that OME was more often in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate-UCLP (76%) and those with isolated cleft palate-ICP (67%) than non-clefts (10.00%). In addition to a number of skeletal abnormalities (i.e. short dimensions related to the posterior cranial base and backward and upward position of the maxilla) detected in CL/P cases, mastoid depth and height were also shorter in cleft cases than normal subjects. On the other hand, a small tendency to recurrent upper airway infection (RUAI) was observed in cleft cases with OME. Further, it was found that the following differences in the mastoid-middle ear-Eustachian tube (M-ME-ET) system were associated with a tendency to OME in UCLP cases: more horizontal ET in relation to the posterior cranial base; short bony ET; short height and antero-posterior depth of the mastoid air cell system.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1976

[Development of the skeleton in the sheep and the goat. IV. Osteogenesis of the cranium].

1. The osteogenesis of the cranium was studied on a precisely dated embryological and postnatal material from merino-sheep and goats (crossbreed). 2. The order and duration of the appearance of ossification centers were determined (see Fig. 6). 3. It was noticed that, in small ruminants, the beginning of cranial ossification indifferent to other parts of the skeleton is not staged in time. Sexual dimorphism was only manifested by larger proportions of the male fetuses. An exception was noted only in os interparietale, which in male fetuses appeared 4 to 5 days later in male fetuses. 4. The cranial bones of small ruminants, showed a high degree of ossification at birth.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anomalies of craniofacial skeleton and teeth in cleidocranial dysplasia.

Mutations involving the transcription factor CBFA1 cause cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) in man. Recently, a mouse model of CCD has been generated (Cbfal +/-) [Komori et al., 1997], and disturbances of osteoclast differentiation have been documented. It has been shown that these animals exhibit hypoplastic clavicles and nasal bones, and retarded ossification of parietal, interparietal, and supraoccipital bones. Humans with CCD show all these features, including severely retarded ossification of the cranial base, strongly suggesting that both intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification are affected. In addition, CCD patients have multiple supernumerary teeth and delayed tooth eruption. The present report presents 3D reconstructions of computerised tomography (CT) scans of the craniofacial region of a CCD boy examined at both 1 and 7 years of age. The anomalies in craniofacial skeleton and teeth are analysed and compared to the findings of our previous clinical studies and to the findings in the animal model. Based on the available information, we suggest that osteoblast, osteoclast, and dentinoclast differentiation may be disturbed in CCD.

Child↗