Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Serial Learning”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,369 records · Page 76Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Does retention of order require verbal labelling?

Older and younger adults attended to lists of either pictures or words presented one at a time. At the end of each list, they attempted to recall the serial position of each member of the list. There was a pronounced effect of primacy. No recency was observed, however, except when the very last item was tested first. The usual pictorial superiority effect was abolished when pictures were drawn from a conceptually homogenous set. It was reinstated when pictures were conceptually distinctive. Number of errors on pictures was highly correlated with the judged similarity of the items in a list. The younger subjects' performance uniformly exceeded that of the older ones; but chronological age failed to interact with any experimental variable. The results imply that pictures need not be verbally labelled in order for their serial positions to be retained.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Do you mind standing?: cognitive changes in orthostasis.

This initial study examines cognitive function in individuals with asymptomatic orthostatic hypotension. Cerebral hypoperfusion accompanying repeated episodes of orthostatic hypotension may eventually produce some cerebral structural deterioration which, depending on foci, could compromise cognitive function. Subjects (aged 55 to 74 years) were relatively healthy women and men, the majority of whom were being treated for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Blood pressure (BP) and pulse were measured under supine and upright posture. The difference between BP and pulse under supine and standing conditions indexed orthostatic hypotension. About 1 hr after evaluation of orthostatic hypotension, cognitive testing was performed with individuals comfortably seated. Results showed that, irrespective of possible confounders, including depression, decreased systolic BP in response to upright posture predicted slower reaction times and compromised serial list learning, although sparing immediate and working memory. Orthostatic hypotension, measurable in more than 4% of the elderly, is a hitherto unexplored source of cognitive decline.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Inhibition and executive functioning in Type A and ADHD boys.

The present study was aimed at clarifying the standing of Type A behavior, as measured by behavioral observations, relative to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), using measures of inhibitory control and executive functioning. The study sample included 20 boys exhibiting Type A behavior, 21 boys exhibiting Type B behavior and 14 boys diagnosed with ADHD, ranging in age from 7 to 12 years. The results of the present study showed that the Type A children differed from Type B children on two time-related variables, response latency and reaction time, in accordance with the view of Type As as time-urgent and impatient. Furthermore, in comparisons with the ADHD group, the Type A boys were found to be superior on several performance tasks, such as Go/no-go omissions, time reproduction, story recall and memory for sequences of hand movements, although similarities between Type A and ADHD boys were evidenced in terms of response latency and reaction time. In other words, although Type A boys were similar to ADHD boys in terms of overt displays of time-urgency and impatience, Type As do not display deficits with regard to executive functioning, of the kind often found when ADHD children are compared with normal controls. It may thereby be concluded that Type A behavior and hyperactivity/ADHD appear to be well differentiated except with regard to what may be interpreted as impatience. Speculations concerning differing origins of overtly similar characteristics of Type A behavior and ADHD should be considered in future research.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Encoding and output order processes in short-term order recall of distinctive items.

Adults recalled the order of the letters in one of two four-letter segments following a distractor task. They knew in advance the identity of the letters in each segment. A letter was made distinctive by replacing it with a red dash. This unusual form of distinctiveness generally had negative effects on recall of both the segment containing the missing letter and the absent letter within the segment. Encoding and output processes were manipulated by varying precue information and recall order instructions, respectively. Informing participants in advance whether or not a trial would contain a distinctive (i.e., missing) letter depressed recall. Constraining output order eliminated the disadvantage for the absent letter. The results are discussed in terms of encoding and output order processes in short-term recall of order information.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lexicality and phonological similarity: a challenge for the retrieval-based account of serial recall?

The retrieval-based account of serial recall (Saint-Aubin & Poirier, 2000) attributes lexicality, phonological similarity, and articulatory suppression effects to a process where long-term representations are used to reconstruct degraded phonological traces. Two experiments tested this assumption by manipulating these factors in the recall of four- and five-item lists of words and non-words. Lexicality enhanced item recall (IR), but only affected position accuracy (PA) for five-item lists under suppression. Phonological similarity influenced both words and non-words, and produced impaired PA in silent and suppressed conditions. Consistent with the retrieval-based account, words and non-words of high word-likeness appear subject to redintegration. However, some findings, like suppression not reducing the phonological similarity impairment in suppressed conditions, present challenges for the retrieval-based account and other models of serial recall.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The time course of response suppression: no evidence for a gradual release from inhibition.

Most models of serial recall postulate that recalled items are suppressed and thus temporarily rendered unavailable. Response suppression can explain several results, for example the small number of erroneous repetitions and people's reluctance to report repeated items. Although it is clear that response suppression is not permanent (thus permitting renewed recall of an item on the next trial), nothing is known about its time course. We report two experiments that measured the time course of response suppression with a multiple cued-retrieval response-deadline method. Emphasis was on the extent of repetition inhibition for lists that contained a repeated item. Regardless of whether presentation was rapid (Experiment 1; 150 ms/item) or slow (Experiment 2; 500 ms/item), (a) the standard pattern of repetition inhibition and erroneous repetitions occurred and (b) repetition inhibition remained constant across increasing retrieval time. This suggests that the release from response suppression is a discrete, list-wide effect rather than a continuous, gradual wearing off. The latter conclusion is consistent with the operation of the SOB model (Farrell & Lewandowsky, 2002) but not with models that postulate complete suppression with gradual wearing off.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serial recall and presentation schedule: a micro-analysis of local distinctiveness.

According to temporal distinctiveness theories, items that are temporally isolated from their neighbours during presentation are more distinct and thus are recalled better. Event-based theories, which deny that elapsed time plays a role at encoding, explain isolation effects by assuming that temporal isolation provides extra time for rehearsal or consolidation of encoding. The two classes of theories can be differentiated by examining the symmetry of isolation effects: Event-based accounts predict that performance should be affected only by pauses following item presentation (because they allow time for rehearsal or consolidation), whereas distinctiveness predicts that items should also benefit from preceding pauses. The first experiment manipulated inter-item intervals and showed an effect of intervals following but not preceding presentation, in line with event-based accounts. The second experiment showed that the effect of following interval was abolished by articulatory suppression. The data are consistent with event-based theories but can be handled by time-based distinctiveness models if they allow for additional encoding during inter-item pauses.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serial position curves in short-term memory: functional equivalence across modalities.

Four experiments investigated item and order memory for sequences of seen unfamiliar faces and heard nonwords. Experiments 1 and 3 found bowed serial position curves using the serial reconstruction test of order with faces and nonwords, respectively. Experiments 2 and 4 found limited recency, no primacy, and above chance performance on all items using a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) test of item recognition, again with faces and nonwords. These results suggest that the different serial position curves typically found using traditional paradigms for exploring visual and verbal short-term memory are due to differences in the methods used rather than modality-specific mechanisms.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transposition asymmetry in immediate serial recall.

When participants confuse the position of items in immediate serial recall, they tend to recall transposed items too early rather than too late. This asymmetry of transposition errors was observed in four experiments. It increased as a function of list length, but was independent of report order, output position, cueing condition, and recall mode. The transposition asymmetry is consistent with error patterns in free recall and in regular speech production where transpositions are usually forward-looking. The asymmetry of transposition errors is discussed in terms of models of serial memory.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Is spoken duration a sufficient explanation of the word length effect?

The word length effect is one of the cornerstones of trace decay plus rehearsal models (TDR) of memory. Words of long spoken duration take longer to rehearse than words of short spoken duration and as such suffer more decay and are thus less well recalled. The current experiment manipulates both syllable length and spoken duration within words of fixed syllable length in an aim to test the assumptions of the TDR model. Our procedures produced robust effects of both syllable length and spoken duration in four measures of the time it takes to pronounce the different types of words. Serial recall for the same materials produced robust syllable effects, but no duration effects.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An item/order trade-off explanation of word length and generation effects.

The item-order hypothesis suggests that under certain conditions increased item processing can lead to deficits in order processing, and that this produces a dissociation in performance between item and order tasks. The generation effect is one such example. The word length effect is seen as another instance where this trade-off might be observed. The following experiments compare word length and generation effects under serial recall and single item recognition conditions. Short words are better recalled than long words on the serial recall task but long words were better recognised than short words. The results are consistent with the item-order approach and support a novel explanation for the word length effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Primacy and recency in nonword repetition.

An increasing body of evidence suggests that nonword repetition is related to immediate serial memory (e.g., Baddeley, Gathercole, & Papagno, 1998; Gathercole & Baddeley, 1993). One possible account of this relationship is that a nonword is processed like a list when it is first encountered. If this is the case, it should be possible to detect serial position effects in repetition of single nonwords. Three experiments tested this prediction. Experiment 1 examined whether there would be syllable serial position primacy and recency effects in repetition of polysyllabic nonwords, and obtained both primacy and recency effects. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that these effects were not due to the controlled duration of the nonwords or the requirements of concurrent articulation or the procedure by which nonwords were created.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Overwriting of phonemic features in serial recall.

We tested two explanations of the phonological similarity effect in verbal short-term memory: The confusion hypothesis assumes that serial positions of similar items are confused. The overwriting hypothesis states that similar items share feature representations, which are overwritten. Participants memorised a phonologically dissimilar list of CVC-trigrams (Experiment 1) or words (Experiment 2 and 3) for serial recall. In the retention interval they read aloud other items. The material of the distractor task jointly overlapped one item of the memory list. The recall of this item was impaired, and the effect was not based on intrusions from the distractor task alone. The results provide evidence for feature overwriting as one potential mechanism contributing to the phonological similarity effect.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fill-in and infill errors in order memory.

Many current models of memory are specified with enough detail to make predictions about patterns of errors in memory tasks. However, there are often not enough empirical data available to test these predictions. We report two experiments that examine the relative frequency of fill-in and infill errors. In immediate serial recall tasks, subjects sometimes incorrectly recall item N too soon, placing it in position N-1. The error of interest is which item is recalled after this initial mistake. A fill-in error is the tendency to recall item N-1 next, whereas an infill error is the tendency to recall item N+1 next. Both experiments reveal more fill-in than infill errors, not only overall but at each possible error location throughout the list. The overall ratio is approximately 2:1. We conclude that none of the currently existing models adequately accounts for fill-in and infill errors.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Visual distraction and visuo-spatial memory: a sandwich effect.

The functional characteristics of visuo-spatial serial memory and its sensitivity to irrelevant visual information are examined in the present study, through the investigation of the sandwich effect (e.g., Hitch, 1975). The memory task was one of serial recall for the position of a sequence of seven spatially and temporally separated dots. The presence of irrelevant dots interpolated with to-be-remembered dots affected performance over most serial positions (Experiment 1) but that effect was significantly reduced when the interpolated dots were distinct from the to-be-remembered dots by colour and shape (Experiment 2). Parallels are made between verbal and spatial serial memory, and the reduction of the sandwich effect is discussed in terms of the contribution of perceptual organisation and attentional factors in short-term memory.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cognitive performance is associated with macronutrient intake in healthy young and middle-aged adults.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine whether dietary intakes of macronutrients are associated with neuropsychological performance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD: Study participants were 3960 adults aged 20-59 years, who completed three neuropsychological tests and a 24-hour dietary recall as a part of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Poor performance was defined as the test score below gender-specific 15th percentile. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: While holding the energy percentages from different macronutrients, additional 100 kcal intake of energy was associated with a reduced odds of poor performance on serial digital learning test (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.96, 0.99) and symbol digital substitution test (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.96, 0.99). Compared with equivalent energy from carbohydrates, each 5% of energy from poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) or total fat was associated with a reduced OR of poor performance on simple reaction time test (PUFA: OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.63-0.95 and total fat: OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.87, 0.99). Poor global cognition was associated with an additional intake of 100 mg cholesterol (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.05, 1.23). These associations were more salient in men. CONCLUSION: Habitual intake of macronutrients is weakly but significantly associated with cognitive functioning. These relationships are more evident in men.

Adult↗