SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Science”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,369 records · Page 76Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Law's knowledge: science for justice in legal settings.

Legal developments following Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc indicate a growing need to reevaluate the decision's fundamental assumptions about law, science, and their interactions.I argue that in Daubert and two successor cases, the Supreme Court misconceived both the nature of scientific practice and its links to legal fact-finding. The decisions endorsed a separatist model of law and science, pre-supposing a sharper boundary between the institutions than exists or should exist. A better approach is to recognize that law and science are both knowledge-generating institutions, but that fact-making serves different functions in these two settings. The important question for the law is not how judges can best do justice to science, but rather how courts can better render justice under conditions of uncertainty and ignorance.

Drug Industry↗

PubMed1980

Work, ideology, and science: the case of medicine.

This article discusses the nature of work, ideology, and science in Western capitalist societies. It analyzes how capitalist or bourgeois ideology reproduces capitalist dominance in the spheres of production (Section I), politics (Section II), and science and medicine (Section III). Also, this article explains how the working class responds to that capitalist dominance through a continuous process of class struggle. Sections I, II, and III show how class struggle affects bourgeois dominance in the processes of production, politics, and science and medicine, respectively. Special focus in Section III is on the analysis of (a) how bourgeois dominance appears in science and medicine, (b) how bourgeois ideology appears and is reproduced in medical knowledge, and (c) how class struggle determines the nature of scientific and medical knowledge. In this section, an alternative mode of production of scientific and medical knowledge, different from the prevalent bourgeois one, is presented and discussed. In all three sections, medicine and medical knowledge are chosen as the primary points of reference.

Democracy↗

PubMed1999

Behavioral science in diabetes. Contributions and opportunities.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the current status of behavioral research and practice in diabetes and to identify promising future directions. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We review behavioral science contributions to diabetes in self-management and patient empowerment, interventions with children and adolescents, and special problems including blood glucose awareness training and complications such as depression. We also identify emerging areas in which behavioral science stands to make significant contributions, including quality of life, worksite and community programs, interventions using new information technologies, and translation research evaluating practical programs in representative settings. We then discuss the gap between the generally encouraging research on behavioral contributions to diabetes and the infrequent incorporation of such contributions in practice. Suggestions are made for how to close this gap, including ways to increase understanding of behavioral issues, opportunities for funding of key research and implementation questions, and how behavioral science principles can become more integrated into diabetes organizations and care. CONCLUSIONS: Changes are required on the part of behavioral scientists in how they organize and present their research and on the part of potential users of this knowledge, including other health professions, organizations, and funding agencies. Integrating behavioral science advances with other promising genetic, medical, nutritional, technology, health care, and policy opportunities promises not only to broaden our understanding of diabetes but also to improve patient care, quality of life, and public health for persons with diabetes.

Behavioral Sciences↗

PubMed2003

Sex differences in self-efficacy beliefs of elementary science teachers.

The Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Inventory developed by Riggs and Enoch was administered to 88 men and 112 women, elementary science teachers in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Significant mean sex differences (t=4.55, p<.01) were observed on the Personal subscale but not on the General subscale. This result has major implications for education planners and administrators employing female teachers whose cultural and educational experiences may not have prepared them as well as their male peers for teaching science. It is concluded that female teachers need support to change their beliefs about self-efficacy regarding teaching science. The discussion also suggests possible directions for research.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Perception of students in the south of Brazil of status of psychology as a science.

73 university students (M age=20.5 yr., SD=4.8; range 17-44 yr.) from the southern state of Paraná took the Psychology as Science scale to assess whether they view psychology as a rigorous science. Analysis showed the students considered psychology to be a science, agreed study of psychology should be part of a university curriculum, not many believed that psychological research may contribute to the solution of psychological problems, and few believed obtaining a Bachelors of Science degree in Psychology was useful in obtaining employment. Data were compared with a previous study conducted on a northeastern sample.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Psychoanalysis, science and clinical practice.

The question of the relationship between psychoanalysis and science, and the place of psychoanalysis in clinical practice is reviewed. A commonly held view that the central question is whether or not psychoanalysis is scientific is challenged. It is argued instead that psychoanalysis, science and clinical practice are epistemologically independent fields and attempts to subsume one within the other are unproductive. Psychoanalysis may have as much to say concerning the epistemological basis of science as science has to say concerning the epistemological basis of psychoanalysis. Only a proper appreciation of this enables the question of the relationship between psychoanalysis and clinical practice to be adequately examined.

Australia↗

PubMed1994

Clinical practice beyond science: debunking the scientific myth.

The theme of the RANZCP 28th Conference questioned the science of clinical practice. This question is explored in the light of prevailing paradigms of 20th century psychiatry and recent claims by scientism, especially biologism, that assumes an organic causation for all abnormal behaviour. It is argued that a paradigm of objective science is necessary to understanding many aspects of mental illness, but not sufficient to explain certain essential phenomena, such as altered states of consciousness and empathy, encounted daily in clinical practice. Discarding these phenomena in the name of "science" runs the risk of clinical practice becoming "mindless". The "reconquest of the subjective" is offered as a way to extend clinical practice beyond objective science.

Cultural Characteristics↗

PubMed2006

[Democracy and science advice: the case of environmental health risks].

Science advice, in the context of environmental health, is an activity consisting in bringing together and evaluating available scientific data at a given moment on a particular question or concern regarding the hazardous nature of an agent or substance--whether it be of a physical, chemical or microbiological nature. Science advice also relates to assessing health risks linked to the quality of the environment, in vue of rendering this information useful to those in charge of decision making and risk management. Naturally, many groups are interested by a potential hazard or risk, and they all would like to effectively intervene over the course of the process in order to influence the decision or measure taken. In this article, the author recalls that risk is an entity which is both scientific and political by nature. Hence, this demand is well founded. Nevertheless, he proposes and explicates a series of different steps, whether concurrent or successive, throughout the entire process of science advice in support of decision-making on matters related to environmental risk. He justifies why hazard and risk assessment, followed by risk analysis, requisites a clear delineation of the roles of the various actors so that their own responsibilities could be clearly attributed. The "procedural" approach of science advice, which is more and more frequently implemented within international expert groups in the international arena, satisfactorily achieves the target of objectivity, transparency and accountability.

Decision Making↗

PubMed1996

The most select and the most democratic: a century of science in the Royal Society of Canada.

This paper is a history of the Science Academy of the Royal Society of Canada, from its foundation in 1882 until the early 1990s. The RSC has always had an honorific role, but it has sought a more substantive one in scientific publication (a role that it has largely lost to the National Research Council and to other scientific societies and journals), in educating the public, in reperesenting Canada internationally, and in undertaking scientific inquiries of public import, for example in assessing the risks associated with nuclear winter, or in the Canadian Global Change Program. Often, Fellows of the RSC have individually achieved more in science than the Society has achieved institutionally but as this narrative shows, the dynamic between science, government, the RSC, and the Canadian public, has been important in Canadian science and in Canadian history.

Academies and Institutes↗

PubMed2000

Medical students' attitudes towards behavioral sciences.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to find the medical students' attitude to Behavioral Science after completing the course. METHOD: Second and third year Chiang Mai medical students were asked to complete a 25-item questionnaire regarding their attitude to Behavioral Science at the end of their final examination. RESULTS: Both mean scores of attitude were quite high. There was no difference in mean scores for both years, but some items were answered differently. CONCLUSION: Even though Behavioral Science was regarded as a crucial matter for medical application and the results were satisfactory, many factors involving this subject, such as the teaching system could be changed. The author suggested a possible way to make Behavioral Science more acceptable and understandable.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Reductionism in the pursuit of nursing science: (in)congruent with nursing's core values?

Within nursing scholarship a critique has developed around the philosophy and approaches of traditional science. The central theme of this critique is that the approaches of traditional science are antithetical to nursing's commitment to a humanistic philosophy, as reflected in the premise that reductionism is incongruent with nursing's core values. Several nurse scholars, believing that nursing's humanistic philosophy should guide the research efforts of the discipline, have advocated abandonment of the reductionistic approaches of traditional science. The authors contend that adoption of such a position will have serious consequences for knowledge development in nursing and subsequently will be detrimental to the advancement of nursing practice and the discipline of nursing. They refute the premise that reductionism is incongruent with nursing's core values, argue for reductionism in nursing science, and conclude that without the pursuit of epistemological holism, the actualization of nursing's core values is in jeopardy.

Humans↗

PubMed2001

A rural virtual health sciences library project: research findings with implications for next generation library services.

PURPOSE: The Shared Hospital Electronic Library of Southern Indiana (SHELSI) research project was designed to determine whether access to a virtual health sciences library and training in its use would support medical decision making in rural southern Indiana and achieve the same level of impact seen by targeted information services provided by health sciences librarians in urban hospitals. METHODS: Based on the results of a needs assessment, a virtual medical library was created; various levels of training were provided. Virtual library users were asked to complete a Likert-type survey, which included questions on intent of use and impact of use. At the conclusion of the project period, structured interviews were conducted. RESULTS: Impact of the virtual health sciences library showed a strong correlation with the impact of information provided by health sciences librarians. Both interventions resulted in avoidance of adverse health events. Data collected from the structured interviews confirmed the perceived value of the virtual library. CONCLUSION: While librarians continue to hold a strong position in supporting information access for health care providers, their roles in the information age must begin to move away from providing information toward selecting and organizing knowledge resources and instruction in their use.

Computer User Training↗

PubMed2001

[Science and technology for the new millenium].

The arrival of the new millennium move us to make a series of reflections about the status of Science and Technology in Venezuela and consequently, in Latin America. It seems that we have not understood yet, that having strong Science and Technology put us in a more advantageous position to cope with the problems related to our underdevelopment. Decisive and expeditious actions are required in Venezuela and Latin America to reduce the scientific and technological gap between developed and underdeveloped countries. These actions can be portrayed in two possible scenarios. The first one, dealing with scientific funding of basic and applied research focused on areas of critical need. Central, regional and local governments must share responsibilities for scientific development and hence, to provide appropriate funding for scientific research. The financing of personnel and the acquisition of equipment and materials for qualified scientists and research centers should be guaranteed. The second scenario deals with universities and superior education institutions which should match their curricula to contemporaneous knowledge, and to assume their role as science promoters through a creditable scientific leadership. Also, they must provide affordable opportunities for teachers and scientists to catch up with the continuing and progressive advance of science, through the establishment of inter-institutional agreements in Venezuela and abroad which would allow Venezuelan scientists to participate in joint research ventures, and therefore, to be in touch with knowledge and technologies not available in our countries.

Developing Countries↗

PubMed1995

[Historical sketch of modern pharmaceutical science and technology (Part 4). Post World War II 50 years].

A short history of the pharmaceutical science and technology, postwar 50 years is divided into nine sections for the purpose of discussion. 1. Japan's postwar rehabilitation, Japanese pharmaceutical industries and newly developed pharmaceutical sciences and technologies. In 1945, the Japanese pharmaceutical industry was reconstructed. Production of penicillin was carried out with the strong support of the U.S. Occupation Forces. New sciences in pharmacy (biochemistry, biopharmacy, pharmacology, microbiology, physical chemistry, etc.) were introduced in this period. 2. Introduction age of foreign new drugs and technology (1951 to 1960s). Japan gained independence in 1951. Japanese pharmaceutical companies imported many new drugs and new pharmaceutical technologies from the U.S.A. and European countries in this period. Then, these companies were reconstruction rapidly. However, consequently Japanese pharmaceutical companies were formed as an imitation industry. 3. Rapid economic growth period for pharmaceutical companies (1956 to 1970s). In this period, many Japanese pharmaceutical companies grew rapidly at an annual rate of 15-20% over a period of 15 years, especially with regard to the production of active vitamin B1 analog drugs and some OTC (public health drugs). Some major companies made large profits, which were used to construct research facilities. 4. Problems for the harmful effects of medicines and its ethical responsibility. In the 1970s, many public toxic and harmful effects of medicines were caused, especially SMON's disease. In this time, many pharmaceutical companies changed to its security got development of ethical drugs. 5. Self development of new drugs and administration of pharmaceutical rules (1970s). During the 1970s, many pharmaceutical laws (GLP, GCP, GMP, GPMSP etc.) were enacted by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. In 1976, the Japanese Pharmaceutical Affairs Law was revised, which set forth standards regarding the efficacy and safety of ethical drugs and re-evaluation of drugs. Many facilities were built for the purpose of ensuring efficacy and safety, as shwon in Table 1. 6. Problems of Intellectual Property and followed the revisionist line of research and development for new ethical drugs. In 1976, Japanese pharmaceutical companies ceased to be an imitation industry, and increased research for the development of new drugs. 7. Pharmaceutical science and technology innovation (After 1985). Many of the pharmaceutical innovations during this period were as follows: 7.1) Technology innovation for evaluation of drug efficacy; 7.2) 1st to 3rd medical diagnostic technology innovations; 7.3) medical analytical methods and spectrometry technologies; 7.4) Computer-aided drug-design technology and drug information technology innovation; and 7.5) Drug delivery system and treatment drugs. 8. Recent research and development of new ethical drugs in Japan (1970 to 1995). Cephalosporine type beta-lactams (cefazolin, cefametazole, furomoxef, cefdinir), new quinolones (norfloxcin, ofloxacin, tosfloxcin), H1-Blockers (famotidine), Ca-antagonists (diltiazem, nicardipine), and other new drugs (pravastatine, taclolimus, leuprine) etc. came onto the market. 9. International Harmonization Age and Review toward 21 century. The rapid development and globalization of the pharmaceutical market has promoted international harmonization and rationalization of pharmaceutical regulatory affairs. In 1990, the Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association published a report toward 21 century, which described practical plans.

Biotechnology↗

PubMed1994

[Ludwik Fleck and the history of sciences today].

In the 1920's and 30's the physician and epistemologist Ludwik Fleck developed a highly original ideas on science. These ideas were rooted in Fleck's own experience as bacteriologist and immunologist and, on the other hand, in the practice-based thought of the Polish School of Philosophy of Medicine. Fleck affirmed that 'scientific facts' are constructed by groups of scientists, in his terms, by "thought collectives". Each thought collective elaborates a "thought style" which contains norms, concepts and practices of that collective. Newcomers to a professional community are socialized into its specific thought style and develop an unique way of viewing the world. Scientific facts produced by a given thought collective are therefore shaped by that collective's thought style, and are incommensurable with facts produced by other thought collectives. The incommensurability of scientific facts and its consequence, the need to 'translate' these facts into the style of different thought collectives in an inter-community use are, Fleck proposed, an important source of innovations in science and in society. Fleck ideas were rediscovered in the 1960's and 70's, first by Thomas Kuhn, who in the introduction to his book, The structure of scientific revolutions, acknowledges his ties with Fleck's thought, then by sociologists of science. Beyond their direct influence, Fleck's epistemology has many affinities with new trends in science studies, focused on the scientists' practices, and interested in their material, discursive and social techniques.

History, 20th Century↗

PubMed1997

[Historian and physician as researchers of the history of medical sciences].

It can be observed that recently the historiography of medical sciences has anew searched for its own identity and its place among other medical and historical sciences. On the one hand, the researchers in this field are not physicians exclusively any longer but more and more frequently the representatives of other medical professions and professional historians, as well. On the other hand, the major direction of interest to the history of medical sciences, i.e. cultivating the traditions of medical professions and molding the attitudes of environments related with them is not sufficient in the long run. The variety of extra source knowledge, shared in the community of researches, diverse research approaches, hierarchy of problems worth studying and, finally scientific traditions individual research groups derive from have produced a significant ferment in the medical environments. At last disputes have been held, although quite often unofficially during various scientific meetings, on professional qualification of a historian of medical sciences and sometimes on the scope of his or her discipline. The author analyzes in detail the divergence in the features of individual study approaches for both groups and their consequences. The author's standpoint is that it is necessary to be aware of the diverse study approaches and hierarchy of problem eligible for studying to break the distinction and create interdisciplinary units. This will allow an interparadigmatic dialog, a professional division of work and search for the area of common interest, while retaining methodological autonomic features.

Historiography↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[A contribution to the formal discrimination between the concepts of science and ideology].

The focus of XXth. Century epistemological concern is the foundation of Social Sciencies, understood as "Sciences endowed with ambiguity" in a double meaning: the possibility of producing their own theoretical object, and the fluctuation between what is ontologically (scientifically) produced and the "ontically" given ideology. At closer range, the problem is to be set in terms of the relationship between Science and Ideology. In order to better understand the foundation of Social Sciences, two levels are to be analyzed: a) negative-critical: the given "ontical" Ideology is lead to crisis, thus paving the way to replacement by Scientific Theory; b) positive-constructive: the actual production of the formal object (ontologic) or, as it were, the transformation of objects made "opaque" by Ideology, into "transparent" ones. In other words, Ideology sets a frame, fencing in the production of concepts and becoming thus the main "epistemological obstacle", in the way of scientific production. Still other epistemological obstacles are slowing down or jeopardizing the construction of Social Sciences, such as: a) intellectualism, contending the entire explanation of phenomena is to be found within the theoretical discourse and its deductive development; and b) naturalism, asserting the same but in reference to its inductive discurse. Only by means of critical examination of epistemological obstacles, and by leading to crisis the "ontically" given Ideologies, the possibility of scientific production is open.

Psychoanalytic Interpretation↗

PubMed2002

Nursing as science: a critical question.

Nursing is a profound human activity generally influenced by two dynamics--the relationship between patient and nurse and the scientific paradigm. Often overlooked, however, are the incongruities that arise between these two dynamics. The patient-nurse relationship encompasses sameness, closeness, and connection, whereas science requires distance, detachment, and differentiation to fulfil the demands of objectivity. The patient-nurse relationship is both profound and intangible, whereas science attends only to that which can be observed and measured. The authors explore these dynamics and the incongruities between them. They consider the demands made by science on the patient-nurse relationship and, conversely, the place of the patient-nurse relationship in the development of nursing as science. These issues are critical to the advancement and practice of nursing.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗