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PubMed1998

Dental fear among university students: implications for pharmacological research.

University students are often subjects in randomized clinical trials involving anxiolytic and analgesic medications used during clinical dental and medical procedures. The purpose of this study was to describe a typical university student population available for research by using data from a mail survey. Subjects were 350 students chosen randomly from all enrolled, full-time, traditional students on the main campus at the University of Washington in Seattle, WA. The aim was to determine the extent and nature of dental anxiety in this population. In addition, the relationships between subject willingness to receive dental injections and general and mental health and medical avoidance and medical fears were examined. The Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) was used to measure dental anxiety. Dental anxiety was prevalent in this population; 19% of students reported high rates of dental fear. Thirteen percent of students had never had a dental injection. Students with no experience with dental injections were more reluctant than those with experience to receive an injection if one were needed. DAS scores were correlated with injection reluctance. Students who were reluctant to go ahead with a dental injection also reported poorer general and mental health than those who were less reluctant. These students also reported higher medical avoidance and medical anxiety scores. University students provide a rich source of potential subjects for clinical research. The student population, like the community at large, contains people with high levels of dental and medical fear.

Anesthesia, Dental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sexual behavior, knowledge and attitudes to AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases of students at the University of Benin (Togo)].

Many studies have shown that in Africa, particularly in Togo, the 20- to 29-year-old age group is the age group most frequently affected by AIDS. This age group accounts for 84% of the students of the University of Benin. We studied students, most of the age group thought to be most at risk, investigating sexual behavior, knowledge and attitudes to AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The level of knowledge about the problems of AIDS and STDs was similar for both sexes and for all ages and levels of education of the students. Students had a reasonable knowledge of AIDS, particularly concerning the transmission of HIV (88.6% of students aware), risk behavior (80.8%), AIDS treatment (57.0%) and more general information about HIV (49.4%). They were poorly informed about the transmission (42.9%) and complications (0.69%) of other STDs. Most students had positive attitudes towards HIV issues, particularly the use of preventive measures (3.41 in 5) and the acceptance of infected individuals (3.98 in 5). However, few had seriously considered that AIDS and STDs might impact on their own sex lives (1. 84 in 5) and some were even fatalistic concerning HIV infection. The students were highly sexually active, having intercourse a mean of 31 times per year. Their sexual behavior depended on age and sex. The 15- to 19-year-olds preferred occasional partners. They had sexual intercourse 1 to 3 times per month and used condoms 10 to 20% of the time. The 20- to 29-year-olds had multiple partners. They had sexual intercourse 3 to 5 times per month and used condoms more than 30% of the time. Students over the age of 30 had many partners in addition to their regular partner. They had sexual intercourse 5 to 10 times per month and used condoms 0 to 20% of the time. Significantly more women than men had high-risk sexual behavior (40. 5% of men claimed to regularly use condoms, versus only 22.7% of the women and 11.9% of the women accepted anal penetration versus only 8. 4% of men). The general assumption is that students, who have a high level of education, should be well informed concerning AIDS and STDs and should therefore have positive attitudes and responsible sexual behavior. This study demonstrates that the assumption bears no resemblance to reality. The students were aware of the way in which HIV is transmitted and of what construes risky behavior, but there was nonetheless a high frequency of high-risk behavior (e.g. multiple sexual partners, anal and oral sex, homosexuality, intravenous drug use). The behavior of the students was not significantly different from that of young people living on the streets of Lomé. There were significant relationships between knowledge and attitudes and between some types of sexual behavior and knowledge. However, there was no correlation between attitudes and behavior. The education of young people should focus on both the prevention of AIDS and STDs and on facing up to these diseases.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Dental students' sexual harassment experiences and attitudes.

The objective of this study was to describe the sexual harassment experiences and attitudes of students at the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry. A twenty-six-item questionnaire was developed and administered to 170 dental students in years one through four of the curriculum. Five questions explored students' personal experiences with sexual harassment--whether they had been harassed or had observed harassment; twenty-one questions addressed students' attitudes about sexual harassment. Computations of mean differences in Likert-type scale responses for the twenty-one attitude items were completed using independent t-tests for the following variables: gender, whether respondents had been sexually harassed or had observed harassment of others, and years in dental education. Almost 15 percent of the students reported being sexually harassed at least once in dental college. Females were sexually harassed more often than males (p < .01), and second, third, and fourth year students more often than first year students (p < .05). Additionally, 30 percent of the students reported witnessing sexual harassment in the college. Harassers included faculty (88 percent), dental students (8 percent), and others (4 percent). Differences (p < .05) in sexual harassment attitudes were found when responses were analyzed by gender, by whether students had been sexually harassed, by whether they had witnessed harassment, and by years in dental education. The data show that sexual harassment occurs in the college. Dental faculty and students could benefit from programs to educate them about sexual harassment, how to prevent it from occurring, and how to respond if they are sexually harassed.

Attitude↗
PubMed2001

Medical cost and illness pattern among Ramathibodi medical students.

BACKGROUND: In Thailand, health care expenditure has increased more than three times from the 1982 to 1992. Health care of medical students does not reflect the actual costs because of the strong personal relationship between doctors and patients (ie. medical students). Many items are waived in the patient's favour. The objectives of study in medical students were analysed in unit cost, cost recovery, illness pattern and health service uses. METHOD: From May 1997 to April 1998 the prescription cost and illness pattern were retrospectively studied and analysed. There were 1,063 out-patient visits and 8 in-patient cases from 416 medical student case records of Ramathibodi Hospital. The annual subscription for medical student is 700 baht per person per year, but the actual medical costs are higher 53,213 baht, excluding investment, materials and labour cost. The most common illness was upper respiratory tract infection. The average cost per prescription was 163 baht (range 6-1391 baht) and the sixth year students spent more than the fourth and fifth years. Frequency of consultation was more in the fourth than the fifth and sixth year students and total medical students (namely 4.01, 1.66, 1.92, 2.55 times/student/year respectively). The consultation was done in the emergency room (72.0%) more often than in the health clinic (1.9%). CONCLUSION: Medical students should attend special clinics regularly, except in an emergency, to get continual medicare and save medical costs. Determining the maximum medical cost per student per year is a strategy of saving cost. To promote understanding and allay anxiety, medical students should have the benefit of health promotion, prevention and orientation as they are in continual contact with all forms of contagious diseases. If this preventive measure is effective, the incidence of illness should be lower and the cost reduced.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Did the nutrition of Slovak medical students change? A comparison after 15 years.

OBJECTIVE: Authors aimed at positive and negative changes evaluation in nutrition and nutritional status of university-medical students comparing the situation in years 1984 and 1999. They were trying to determine, how was the nutrition of current medical students influenced by food consumption changes in the Slovak population and price liberalization of the food-stuffs as well. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seven day reports from the year 1984 (199 students) and from the year 1999 (228 students) were processed using Food Research Institute, Food Composition Database and Programme. The quantity and quality of consumed food-stuffs and beverages were evaluated as well as energy and biologic value of students nutrition. Nutritional status of students was assessed by BMI (body mass index--kg/m2). Men and women (years 1999 vs. 1984) were separately evaluated by standard statistical methods. RESULTS: Lower energy, fat, cholesterol, animal protein and salt intake were observed in students in the year 1999; on the contrary, carbohydrates, sucrose, fibre, magnesium, vitamins C and E intake increased in comparison with the year 1984. The differences were mostly significant in women. Big changes in food consumption (1999 vs. 1984) were observed. Current students eat less meat (less pork, beef, fish, but more poultry), eggs and potatoes and women also less milk and dairy products than in the year 1984. On the contrary, the consumption of vegetable, fruits, legumes and non-alcoholic beverages increased. Alcohol intake decreased significantly. Students eat the most on Sunday, the least on Friday; women eat more rationally. Nutritional status in man was not changed, the percentage of slim women increased (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The food of current students (1999) is more varied, with the balanced content of plant and animal sources and with lower energy density than in the year 1984. Negative consequences of price liberalization in medical student nutrition are lower in comparison with Slovak global nutritional trends and they reflect the higher health awareness, eventually better socio-economic family background.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Use of psychoactive substances among Zagreb University medical students: follow-up study.

AIM: To estimate the exposure of Zagreb University medical students to psychoactive substances in 2000 and compare it with data collected in 1989. METHODS: Students were surveyed in 2000 (n=775) and 1989 (n=986) by means of a self-reporting questionnaire. The 2000 survey also included 136 non-medical students. General demographic data and data on experience with psychoactive substances were collected, analyzed, and presented as percentages with 95% CI. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of contact with illicit drugs (mostly marijuana) among medical students in 2000 was 35% vs 14% in 1989. Repeated use was reported by 3.9% students, and 6% confirmed the experience of simultaneous use of alcohol and drugs. The lifetime prevalence of contact with psychoactive medications (mostly benzodiazepines) was 33% in 2000 vs 15% in 1989. Medications were largely used without medical supervision, with 3.5% of the students explicitly stating non-medical reasons for consumption. The prevalence of smokers was 29% in 2000, compared with 31% in 1989, and prevalence of regular alcohol consumers (on monthly, weekly, or daily basis) was 50% vs 52% in 1989. Experience with all types of substances was more present among senior students, and less among medical students than their "non-medical" peers. Regular alcohol use was associated with the experience of illicit drugs use. In 2000, 40% of medical students and 53% of "non-medical" students voted for legalization of marijuana. CONCLUSIONS: Experience with psychoactive substances is common among Zagreb medical students. Experiences with illicit drugs and psychoactive medications have substantially increased over the past decade.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2000

[What do dental students at the University of Stellenbosch know of the education and functions of oral hygienists?].

The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge of dental students regarding the requirements for the course in oral hygiene at the University of Stellenbosch, the functions of oral hygienists and how they rate the necessity of the profession compared with other health care providers. Students in their second, third, fourth and fifth years of study were asked to complete a questionnaire. Although obvious gaps existed in the knowledge of a notable number of students, the majority of students in all the years showed good insight into the requirements for and contents of the course and functions of an oral hygienist. The number of second- and third-year students who gave the correct answers were consistently fewer than the senior students, indicating that when dental students come into contact with oral hygiene students in their clinical years their knowledge of the course and the profession improves. The void in the knowledge of dental students which most certainly needs correction is the limited concept some of them have about the training oral hygienists receive in periodontics (especially the preclinical students), orthodontics, medicines, legal aspects concerning dentistry, first aid and diagnostic radiology. Regarding the functions of oral hygienists, their importance was regarded by many students as comparable with that of occupational therapists, radiographers, nurses, dieticians and dental therapists, notably higher than that of dental assistants and slightly less important than that of physio-therapists.

Attitude↗
PubMed2003

Can we identify medical students at admission who will enter primary care residencies?

We sought to estimate the predictive value of admissions interviewers' impressions about student interest in primary care at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine (UKCOM). We counted the number of UKCOM students considered by the admissions interviewers to be interested in primary care careers prior to matriculation. We then compared the interviewers' impressions with the same students' choices of residency programs at graduation. Analyses were restricted to students who entered UKCOM in 1995, 1996, and 1997, and graduated on time in 1999, 2000, and 2001. Each student completed two admissions interviews. Over the three-year study period, both admissions interviewers agreed that 107 (45%) of 237 graduating students demonstrated a clear preference at matriculation for entering a primary care career. Of these 107 graduates, 69 (64%) entered a primary care field. Of the 69 students labeled as not inclined toward primary care, 26 (39%) did enter a primary care field. Of the 61 students about whom the interviewers had split opinions, 30 (49%) entered a primary care field. All total, 125 (53%) of the 237 graduates entered a primary care field. Agreement by both interviewers on students' predilections toward (or away) from primary care were correct 64% of the time. A major limitation in our analysis was lack of information on how many primary carebound students would ultimately pursue subspecialty fellowships. We conclude that interviewers can help select medical students interested in primary care, that their performance might be improved by more meticulous application of known predictive factors, and that their performance could be more accurately measured if data on ultimate practice type at the end of all training were available.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

Attitudes of physical therapist students toward physical therapist assistants before and after full-time clinical internships.

Development of attitudes of physical therapists (PTs) toward physical therapist assistants (PTAs) begins during their professional education, and attitudes are influenced further by clinical experiences. The purpose of this study was to understand attitudes of student PTs toward PTAs. We surveyed 66 clinical intern students enrolled in an entry-level master of physical therapy program. PT students received the same survey before and after their full-time clinical internship. Eleven Likert scale items were used to assess students' attitudes toward PTAs in the areas of competence, financial remuneration, and job security. One item was designed to determine whether PT students' level of contact with PTAs influenced attitudes. A random sample of 13 (20.9%) students who returned surveys were asked to participate in a telephone interview designed to enrich the quantitative data. After item analysis, five of the scale items were eliminated from the analyses due to poor internal consistency. Cronbach's alpha of the remaining six scale items was 0.75. Survey results reveal that PT students maintain an overall positive attitude toward PTAs before and after full-time clinical internship. Qualitative interview data support this finding. Students' attitudes in specific areas of PTA competence were negative and positive, however. The negative attitude may have been based on the students' beliefs that PTAs are not competent to perform physical therapy in situations that are changing or unpredictable. Positive attitudes may have been reflective of the students' beliefs that PTAs are competent to implement established plans of care. Student ranking of four professional issues showed a significant difference before and after full-time clinical internships.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol drinking behaviors among Turkish high school students.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, behavioral patterns and correlates of regular alcohol drinking in high school students. This cross-sectional study involved the completion of a modified version of "Health Behavior in School Age Children" (HBSC 1997/1998) questionnaire by 4,153 grade 9-11 students from 26 randomly selected high schools in Istanbul. Chi-square test, Spearman correlation test and forward stepwise multiple logistic regression model were used for statistical analyses as appropriate. Overall, 61% of students were experimental drinkers, and 46% of the students were current drinkers. There was a significant difference between female and male students with respect to reporting current alcohol drinking at grade 9 and 11 (p > 0.05 for each comparison). Regular drinking was reported by 6% of students. Male students were more likely than female students to report regular drinking at each grade (p < 0.01 for each comparison). Nineteen percent of the students reported that they had been really drunk at least once during their lifetime. Malestudents were more likely than female students to report an occasion of drunkenness at each grade (p < 0.05 for each comparison). All types of drinking behavior rates tended to increase across grades for both genders (p < 0.05 for each comparison). In logistic regression analysis the following were all independently associated with regular drinking: being in grade 11, smoking cigarettes currently, lifetime drug use, bullying others, being sexually active, playing computer games > or = 4 h/week, exercising < or = 1 h/week, spending > or = four evenings with friends, at ease in talking to same gender friends, tiredness in the morning, perceived as good-looking/beautiful, higher educational level of the mother and perceived poor academic achievement. The results of this study showed that alcohol consumption is prevalent among high school students. There is therefore a need for school-based alcohol prevention programs which also deal with family and peer influences on drinking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Cultural adaptability of dental hygiene students in the United States: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: Dental hygiene students should prepare to competently provide services to culturally diverse patients; therefore, this study was conducted as a baseline to determine the cross-cultural adaptability of dental hygiene students. METHODS: The sample consisted of 188 dental hygiene students attending four culturally diverse dental hygiene programs (N = 108) and four non-culturally diverse dental hygiene programs (N = 80). The culturally diverse programs randomly selected were located in the southwest, southeast and mid-Atlantic regions of the U.S., and the non-diverse programs were located in the northwest, northcentral, central, and southern regions of the U.S. Any dental hygiene program with students representing four of the five ethnic categories (Caucasian, African American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Asian/Pacific Islander) with a culturally diverse student enrollment of 40% or greater, was considered a culturally diverse program; any dental hygiene program enrolling students from only one ethnic category was considered a non-culturally diverse program. Participating students completed the Cross-Cultural Adaptability Inventory (CCAI), a 50 item instrument that measures and individual's cultural adaptability and its four research dimensions; emotional resilience, flexibility/openness, perpetual acuity, and personal autonomy. The instrument does not target one particular cultural, rather it is culture general, meaning the inventory is proficient in assessing all cultures. RESULTS: The unpaired t-test revealed a statistically significant difference, at the 0.05 level, in the overall, emotional resilience, flexibility/openness, and perceptual acuity between the two dental hygiene groups. Data analyses revealed the overall score of the dental hygiene students was lower than the CCAI norm group, which consisted of individuals with cross-cultural experience. The culturally diverse group scored higher than the non-diverse group in emotional resilience but scored lower than the non-diverse group in flexibility/openness and perpetual acuity. There was no statistically significant difference between the culturally diverse and non-culturally diverse groups in the dimension of personal autonomy. CONCLUSION: Results of the study led to the conclusion that dental hygiene students attending culturally diverse and non-culturally diverse programs possess some qualities such as personal autonomy and self-identity needed for cultural adaptability. The overall CCAI scores were lower than the CCAI norm group suggesting students need cross-cultural education and training. For this reason, it is important that dental hygiene curricula incorporate cross-cultural educational strategies and peer and patient cross-cultural encounters to enable students to develop competency in providing cross-cultural health care.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

[Assessment of the quality of edible fats consumed by selected groups of students in Cracow].

UNLABELLED: The aim of the study was to assess the quality of edible fats consumed by selected students from Kraków, Poland. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The first group were students of year 4 of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, who during their course of study acquire knowledge of the most recent research concerning health risks and advantages of several types of fats. The second group were students of year 4 of the Philological Faculty of the Jagiellonian University (Institute of English Philology), whose course of study does not included these issues. The sample of group numbered 203 students (148 students of pharmacy, 55 students of English) and included both genders (156 women and 47 men). All students answered questions of original questionnaire containing questions on the quality and quantity of edible fats consumed, as well as criteria determining the selection of particular products. Respondents were also asked about their knowledge concerning the harmful effects of trans isomers of fatty acids on the human body. The study showed that among the students in Kraków butter prevails as bread spread, oils are dominant in frying, and olive oil prevails in salad making. The selection of the fat was correlated with gender, since men tended to select butter more frequently than women, both as bread spread and for frying. The knowledge concerning trans isomers of the unsaturated fatty acids was found to depend on the students' course of study. 68% of students of pharmacy were aware of the harmful effect of these isomers on the human body, while none of the students of English came across this problem.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Self assessment of health and psychical fitness among medical students of the CMUJ in Cracow].

The examination embraced 213 students (129 women--60.6% and 84% men--39.4%) of the fourth year of Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Cracow. The standardized questionnaire estimating social conditions, lifestyle and health status of examined students was used in our examination. The differences between male and female students were evaluated with the use chi 2 test. 54% of examined persons descended from big cities, 31% from small towns and 15.4% from the countryside. 95.6% of students were single and 4.4% married. During the studies they lived mainly in family houses (35%), in student houses (32%) or they rented a flat (23%). 36.1% of students estimated their health status as very good, 50% as good, 13.1% as not very good and 0.8% as bad. During the medical review it was stated that among chronic diseases allergies (20.2% of male students and 25.6% of female students) were on the first position as far as the frequency was concerned. Chronic bronchitis (11.9% and 8.5% respectively) and eye diseases (9.5% and 14.7%) were on the second and third position. There were not statistically important differences between male and female students in above mentioned problems. On the other hand female students more frequently complained of headaches, feeling nervous or irritable. They were also less self confident. The presented results are a part of Polish examination that estimates health status, social conditions and lifestyle of students of medicine in our country.

Female↗
PubMed2004

The pathway to dentistry for minority students: from their perspective.

The small number of minorities in the field of dentistry is a serious concern. While the United States as a whole has become more diverse with minorities making up 25 percent of the total U.S. population, only a handful (14 percent) are currently practicing dentistry, and only 11 percent entering dental schools are underrepresented minorities. Pipeline, Profession, & Practice: Community-Based Dental Education is a national foundation-sponsored program designed to address this issue in dental education. To understand the reasons why dentistry attracts so few underrepresented minority (URM) students, we conducted focus groups and in-depth interviews to determine the challenges facing minority students when they apply to and attend dental school. Ten focus groups were conducted with a total of ninety-two minority students (fourteen undergraduate students and seventy-eight students currently enrolled in dental schools) at six universities in four geographic regions. In addition, four in-depth interviews were held with faculty advisors who teach, mentor, and recruit minority students. The major findings of the study are as follows: 1) early and frequent exposure to dentistry and dentists in practice is essential for minority students to consider this profession; 2) while many dental schools have earnestly tried to recruit minority applicants, most URM students find out about dental programs by a family member or friend and not as a result of an intentional recruiting effort; and 3) hearing directly from minority students could be a solid first step in understanding the dental school experience from a different vantage point. This study has important implications for the methods dental schools use to both recruit minority students and foster a learning environment that is sensitive to students from diverse backgrounds.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Medical student, physician, and public perceptions of health care disparities.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates first- and fourth-year medical students' perceptions about health care disparities and compares their perceptions with those of physicians and the public. METHODS: We conducted an analysis of a national survey of medical students that included questions addressing unfair treatment of patients in the health care system based on insurance status, money, English language ability, and race/ethnicity. Results were compared with previously collected data from surveys of physicians and the public. The study also analyzed students' opinions about workforce diversity and cultural competence curricula. RESULTS: Medical students were generally more likely than physicians and the public to perceive unfair treatment of patients. First-year medical students were more likely than fourth-year students, and fourth-year students more likely than physicians, to perceive unfair treatment. Minority medical students and physicians were generally more likely than their white counterparts to perceive unfair treatment. The majority of medical students desired more exposure to disparity issues and endorsed medical workforce diversity. CONCLUSIONS: Perceptions of unfair treatment in the health care system differ among medical students, physicians, and the public, as well as among racial/ethnic groups. Minority students and physicians are more likely to perceive greater levels of unfairness. Our results suggest that perceptions of unfair treatment may decline during the process of acculturation to the medical profession. Interventions to reduce health care disparities must address the process of medical education and training.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Do repeated clinical competency ratings stereotype students?

A stereotype is a generalization that protects itself from critique by limiting or distorting new information. The potential for stereotyping exists where faculty members repeatedly rate students' clinical competency. Stereotyping is difficult to study because of methodological problems. If, for example, a student's score remains low over repeated ratings, it may be because the faculty member has pegged the student as a poor performer or because the student is in fact a consistently low performer. An existing dataset of clinical competency ratings for almost 300 students was divided so that ratings given by faculty members who had evaluated students previously could be compared to ratings of the same students by faculty members who had not previously evaluated these students. This study supports the following conclusions: 1) repeating faculty members use both current information and carryover information from previous rating periods; 2) the amount of information carried over increases from quarter to quarter; and 3) faculty evaluators who use more carryover information are more accurate in predicting students' graduation competency level than are faculty members on their initial ratings of students. In conclusion, there is no evidence in this study that repeated clinical competency ratings promote stereotyping of students by faculty members.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2004

Respiratory findings in art students.

Art students are exposed to many noxious agents during their training. We studied respiratory findings in a cohort of the 117 art students in order to investigate the potential effects of these toxic agents in the art student's environment. A group of 88 medical students matched for age, sex and smoking, not exposed to known environmental pollutants were studied as controls for respiratory symptoms. Respiratory symptoms acute and chronic were evaluated by modifying the British Medical Research Council questionnaire. Lung function studies were performed with a spirometer (Jaeger, Germany) measuring maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves. Significantly higher prevalences of most of the chronic respiratory symptoms were recorded in art compared to medical students (p < 0.05). Art students who were smokers had significantly higher prevalences of many of the chronic respiratory symptoms than nonsmoking art students. High prevalences of acute symptoms related to the study environment were recorded for art students. Odds ratios in male art students were significant for chronic cough, chronic phlegm and chronic bronchitis for the risk factors of exposure and smoking. Significantly decreased lung function was recorded for FVC, FEF50 and FEF25 in male and FVC, and FEF25 in female art students. Smokers and nonsmokers had similar reductions of lung function. Our data indicate that art students may be at risk of developing chronic respiratory symptoms and lung function changes as a result of their exposure and their smoking habits.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Sexual harassment of medical students during their period of work placement].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence, type and consequences of sexual harassment of medical students at the Radboud University in Nijmegen, the Netherlands, during their period of work placement, as well as the students' need for care thereafter. DESIGN: Questionnaire. METHOD: During the period from 1 July to 31 December 2003, 5th and 6th year medical students were asked about their experiences with sexual harassment by means of a questionnaire. Sexual harassment was defined as unwelcome, sexually-coloured attention. RESULTS: Of the 183 questionnaires distributed, 113 (62%) were returned. 15 (20%) of the 75 female students and none of the 38 male students had experienced sexual harassment. The offenders included 9 patients and 6 doctors (54 men and 1 woman). In 7 of the 15 cases the harassment consisted of combinations of unwanted behaviour and unwanted sexually-coloured remarks. 9 of the 15 students had discussed their experiences with their peers, 7 with a supervisor and 3 with nobody. The most important reason to discuss it first in their peer group was that, despite the fact that the students were convinced that the offender's behaviour was unacceptable, they still doubted their own judgement. 5 students felt inhibited in their contacts with patients after the incident. 8 of the 15 offenders were not confronted with their behaviour. 6 of the 15 students were not satisfied with the way their case was handled. CONCLUSION: The problem of sexual harassment of medical students during their period of work placement should not be underestimated. It has a negative impact on the personal and professional conduct of future doctors. This subject should be part of the training of both medical students and their supervisors.

Adult↗