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PubMed2002

Regional differences of the human sleep electroencephalogram in response to selective slow-wave sleep deprivation.

The purpose of this study was to assess the topographic changes in sleep recuperative processes in response to selective slow-wave sleep (SWS) deprivation. SWS was suppressed on two consecutive nights by means of acoustic stimulation. The electroencephalogram (EEG) power of baseline, deprivation and recovery nights was analysed in 1 Hz bins. During the SWS deprivation nights, large decreases of EEG power were found at frontopolar, central and parietal derivations encompassing the delta, theta and alpha range, while only slow delta (0.5-2 Hz) was affected at the frontal derivation. Recovery sleep was characterized by a generalized increase of power during non-REM sleep encompassing the delta, theta and alpha bands, with a clear antero-posterior gradient. The coherent behaviour of different EEG bands with traditionally different electrophysiological meanings during non-REM sleep suggests that, in light of the recent advances in sleep neurophysiology, a re-examination of the functional role of EEG rhythms during sleep is needed. The 'resistance' to selective SWS deprivation of the frontal area, together with its larger increase of EEG power during recovery, may be interpreted as a sign of a greater sleep need of the frontal cortical areas, confirming that some aspects of the regulatory processes of human sleep are local in nature and may show use-dependent characteristics.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Circadian variations in cardiovascular parameters during sleep deprivation. A noninvasive study of young healthy men.

Twelve subjects were kept awake for 64 h under conditions of isolation from external time cues. Activity was sedentary and kept as constant as possible over time, as was intake of food and drink. Cardiovascular variables--blood pressure, heart rate, contractility (IJ-amplitude from ballistocardiogram), T-wave amplitude, QRS, PQ and QT intervals--were assessed every 3 h. At the same intervals, urine samples for catecholamine analysis were obtained. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and cosinor techniques. Adrenaline excretion showed a pronounced circadian rhythm. Noradrenaline excretion and IJ amplitude showed much weaker rhythmicity, statistically significant only with the cosinor technique. The remaining variables showed no rhythmicity with either technique. It was concluded that constant conditions (including sleep deprivation) markedly disturb or even obliterate the circadian rhythms of cardiovascular variables and urinary noradrenaline excretion. It was also concluded that most of the amplitude of cardiovascular circadian rhythms measured under habitual sleep/wake conditions must be due to the alternation between sleeping and waking. The present data do not, however, rule out the existence of selfsustained circadian rhythmicity in cardiovascular variables; a design including continuous wakefulness may well have concealed endogenous low-amplitude rhythms.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Region-specific transcriptional changes following the three antidepressant treatments electro convulsive therapy, sleep deprivation and fluoxetine.

The significant proportion of depressed patients that are resistant to monoaminergic drug therapy and the slow onset of therapeutic effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)/serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are two major reasons for the sustained search for new antidepressants. In an attempt to identify common underlying mechanisms for fast- and slow-acting antidepressant modalities, we have examined the transcriptional changes in seven different brain regions of the rat brain induced by three clinically effective antidepressant treatments: electro convulsive therapy (ECT), sleep deprivation (SD), and fluoxetine (FLX), the most commonly used slow-onset antidepressant. Each of these antidepressant treatments was applied with the same regimen known to have clinical efficacy: 2 days of ECT (four sessions per day), 24 h of SD, and 14 days of daily treatment of FLX, respectively. Transcriptional changes were evaluated on RNA extracted from seven different brain regions using the Affymetrix rat genome microarray 230 2.0. The gene chip data were validated using in situ hybridization or autoradiography for selected genes. The major findings of the study are: 1. The transcriptional changes induced by SD, ECT and SSRI display a regionally specific distribution distinct to each treatment. 2. The fast-onset, short-lived antidepressant treatments ECT and SD evoked transcriptional changes primarily in the catecholaminergic system, whereas the slow-onset antidepressant FLX treatment evoked transcriptional changes in the serotonergic system. 3. ECT and SD affect in a similar manner the same brain regions, primarily the locus coeruleus, whereas the effects of FLX were primarily in the dorsal raphe and hypothalamus, suggesting that both different regions and pathways account for fast onset but short lasting effects as compared to slow-onset but long-lasting effects. However, the similarity between effects of ECT and SD is somewhat confounded by the fact that the two treatments appear to regulate a number of transcripts in an opposite manner. 4. Multiple transcripts (e.g. brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (Sgk1)), whose level was reported to be affected by antidepressants or behavioral manipulations, were also found to be regulated by the treatments used in the present study. Several novel findings of transcriptional regulation upon one, two or all three treatments were made, for the latter we highlight homer, erg2, HSP27, the proto oncogene ret, sulfotransferase family 1A (Sult1a1), glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD3), the orphan receptor G protein-coupled receptor 88 (GPR88) and a large number of expressed sequence tags (ESTs). 5. Transcripts encoding proteins involved in synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus were strongly affected by ECT and SD, but not by FLX. The novel transcripts, concomitantly regulated by several antidepressant treatments, may represent novel targets for fast onset, long-duration antidepressants.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Diagnostic value of sleep deprivation as the EEG activation method in diagnosis of epilepsy in developmental age].

The paper presented the significance of EEG activation in diagnosing epilepsy in children and adolescents. EEG records of 108 patients between 3-19 years of age with the occurrence of various types of paroxysmal disorders who were admitted to Chair and Department of Developmental Neurology University of Medical Sciences in Poznań were analysed. Standard EEG was administered to all children twice: the first examination at rest with hyperventilation (HV) and photostimulation (FS) and the second one after total or partial sleep deprivation (DS). At awaking state normal records were stated in 57% of cases, in 15% paroxysmal changes in HV or FS appeared, in the rest of cases (28%) generalised paroxysmal disorders, localised changes, lateralised or diffused were noted. Among EEG activation methods DS occurred to be the most effective after it, 52 patients (48%) were diagnosed for generalised paroxysmal changes, 20% for localised, 3% lateralised and for 6% for diffused changes. Normal EEG were recorded in 22% of examined children and adolescents. The epilepsy were diagnosed in 59 (55%) of patients mostly with generalised seizures (28) partial secondarily generalised (16) and partially complex (11). In 49 (45%) children were diagnosed with other paroxysmal disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Elevated salivary cortisol levels as a result of sleep deprivation in a shift worker.

BACKGROUND: This paper reports a case from a group of 63 shift-workers for whom adaptation to shift-work was evaluated through measurement of salivary cortisol levels. METHODS: Workers' saliva was sampled and cortisol levels measured at intervals of 2 h during morning, evening and night shifts. RESULTS: For one subject among the 63, very high values of cortisol (an approximately 6-fold increase) were observed for the morning (M) shift, but with normal values found for evening (E) and night (N) shifts. Individual mean and peak cortisol values were 48.4 and 67.8 nmol/l against group mean and peak cortisol values of 8.9 and 11.0 nmol/l. Retrospective questioning showed that this subject was healthy and there were no indicators of long-term stress. CONCLUSION: This cortisol rise was deduced to be caused by sleep deprivation as a result of rapidly rotating shift patterns.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

A glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta promoter gene single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with age at onset and response to total sleep deprivation in bipolar depression.

The molecular mechanisms driving the biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus may play a role in mood disorders. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (-50T/C) falling into the effective promoter region (nt -171 to +29) of the gene coding for glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK3-beta) has been linked with different age at onset of bipolar illness. GSK3-beta codes for an enzyme which is a target for the action of lithium and valproic acid, and the inhibition of which causes antidepressant-like behaviors in a preclinical model. We studied the effect of this polymorphism on the acute response to total sleep deprivation of 60 depressed bipolar type I inpatients. Homozygotes for the mutant allele of GSK3-beta promoter (-50T/C) SNP showed a later onset of bipolar illness, and better acute effects of TSD treatment on perceived mood (as rated on VAS). Overall, these observations suggest a protective role for this genotype in respect to bipolar illness. Results warrant interest for the variants of genes pertaining to the molecular clock as possible endophenotypes of bipolar disorder, and for GSK3-beta as a target of a new class of antidepressant drugs, but caution ought to be taken in interpreting these preliminary results and future replication studies must be awaited because of the low frequency of the GSK3-beta*C/C genotype in the studied populations.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Effect of slow-wave sleep deprivation on topographical distribution of spindles.

Spindle activity, visually scored in the 12-15 Hz range over antero-posterior midline derivations, has been assessed in ten normal subjects during a baseline and a recovery sleep after 2 nights of selective slow-wave sleep (SWS) deprivation. The recovery sleep, characterized by a significant increase of stage 4 and SWS as compared to the baseline, revealed that sleep spindles are reduced in the first NREM sleep cycle. The size of this reduction in spindle density progressively decreased in the course of the night, paralleling the depletion of SWS rebound. Topographical distribution of spindle activity showed a global linear increase over consecutive NREM-REM sleep cycles, regarding to the whole antero-posterior midline EEG derivations except the occipital one. It is concluded that the SWS rebound after 2 nights of selective SWS deprivation is associated with a reduction of spindles during stage 2.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Individual differences in subjective and objective alertness during sleep deprivation are stable and unrelated.

This study examines the individual reproducibility of alterations of subjective, objective, and EEG measures of alertness during 27 h of continuous wakefulness and analyzes their interrelationships. Eight subjects were studied twice under similar constant-routine conditions. Scales and performance tasks were administered at hourly intervals to define temporal changes in subjective and objective alertness. The wake EEG was recorded every 2 h, 2 min with eyes open and 2 min with eyes closed. Plasma glucose and melatonin levels were measured to estimate brain glucose utilization and individual circadian phase, respectively. Decrements of subjective alertness and performance deficits were found to be highly reproducible for a given individual. Remarkably, there was no relationship between the impairments of subjective and objective alertness. With increased duration of wakefulness, EEG activity with eyes closed increased in the delta range and decreased in the alpha range, but the magnitudes of these changes were also unrelated. These findings indicate that sleep deprivation has highly reproducible, but independent, effects on brain mechanisms controlling subjective and objective alertness.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Sleep deprivation and injuries in part-time Kentucky farmers: impact of self reported sleep habits and sleep problems on injury risk.

Part-time farmers who hold off-farm jobs may be at risk for injuries because of impaired performance resulting from inadequate sleep. For this study, 1004 part-time male Kentucky farmers completed a telephone interview for the 1994 to 1995 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health-funded Farm Family Health and Hazard Surveillance Project. Questions were included about demographics, sleep habits, and injury occurrence. Twelve percent of the farmers reported an injury requiring medical intervention in the previous year. Farmers reported sleeping an average of 7.6 hours daily. Approximately 6.7% of the sample had three symptoms of sleep apnea. Although hours of sleep were not related to injury incidence, sleep medication use (odds ratio [OR] = 2.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 to 4.40) and presence of three sleep apnea symptoms (OR = 2.48, 95% CI = 1.13 to 5.41) were related to injury incidence. These data support the need for further research to examine sleep habits and promote strategies that reduce the risk for injuries caused by lack of sleep.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Does modafinil enhance cognitive performance in young volunteers who are not sleep-deprived?

In a double-blind, parallel groups study, 60 healthy student volunteers (29 men and 31 women, aged 19-22 years) were randomly allocated to receive placebo, 100 or 200 mg modafinil. Two hours later, in the early evening, they completed an extensive cognitive battery. The 3 groups did not differ in self-ratings of sleepiness or tiredness before the testing session, and there were no treatment-associated changes in these or in mood ratings during the tests. Modafinil was without effect in several tests of reaction time and attention, but the 200-mg group was faster at simple color naming of dots and performed better than placebo in the Rapid Visual Information Processing test of sustained attention. Modafinil was without effect on spatial working memory, but the 100-mg group performed better in the backward part of the digit span test. Modafinil was without effect on verbal short-term memory (story recall), but 100 mg improved digit span forward, and both doses improved pattern recognition, although this was accompanied by a slowing of response latency in the 200-mg group. There were no significant effects of modafinil compared with placebo in tests of long-term memory, executive function, visuospatial and constructional ability, or category fluency. These results suggest that the benefits of modafinil are not clearly dose-related, and those from 100 mg are limited to the span of immediate verbal recall and short-term visual recognition memory, which is insufficient for it to be considered as a cognitive enhancer in non-sleep-deprived individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Long-term changes in open field behaviour following a single social defeat in rats can be reversed by sleep deprivation.

The long-term consequences of a single social defeat on open field behaviour in rats were studied, with special emphasis on the time course of stress-induced changes. Animals were subjected to social defeat by placing them into the territory of an aggressive male conspecific for 1 h. After the defeat session experimental animals were returned to their home cage and their own room, receiving no further cues from the resident. Other animals serving as controls were placed in a clean and empty cage for 1 h. Five-minute open field tests were performed on days 1, 2, 7, 14, and 28 after defeat, with independent groups of rats. Locomotion of the animals was recorded and analyzed with an automated video system. Social defeat resulted in a strong subsequent reduction in open field activity, which lasted till at least 7 days after the conflict. Differences in total travelled distance were no longer significant 2 weeks after the conflict. The latency for moving to the outer ring of the open field arena after the start of the test was still significantly longer 4 weeks after defeat. The stress-induced reduction in open field locomotion could be reversed by 12-h sleep deprivation during the resting phase, an intervention known to have antidepressant effects in humans. Possible relevance of the present findings with respect to human affective disorders is discussed.

Affect↗
PubMed1995

Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation decreases membrane fluidity in the rat brain.

In this study we examined the effects of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) deprivation on synaptosomal and microsomal membrane fluidity by studying 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) fluorescence polarization in control as well as REMS-deprived rats. The flower pot technique was used to perform 24, 48 and 96 h REMS deprivation. Suitable control experiments were carried out to rule out the nonspecific effects. The results showed that DPH fluorescence polarization increased both in the microsome as well as in the synaptosome in REMS-deprived animals, except in the cerebellum, indicating that there was a generalized decrease in membrane fluidity in the rat brain. The alterations in membrane fluidity returned to baseline upon recovery from REMS deprivation. Control experiments suggested that the alterations were primarily caused by REMS deprivation and not due to nonspecific effects. This finding supports REMS deprivation induced other changes reported earlier. This increase in membrane rigidity could be at least one of the possibilities for REMS loss induced alterations in physiological phenomena including membrane bound enzyme activities and receptor densities.

Animals↗