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PubMed1998

Comorbidity of hyperactivity-impulsivity-inattention and conduct problems: risk factors in social, affective, and academic domains.

Children showing a comorbid behavior pattern of hyperactivity-impulsivity-inattention and conduct problems (HIA + CP) were contrasted to children having only an internalizing and externalizing behavior pattern (I + E) and matched controls. Children displaying the HIA + CP behavior pattern were at greater risk on a number of outcome measures in social and academic domains beginning in Grade 3 and continuing into Grade 4. The most marked differences among the three groups were found on peer measures of rejection and friendship and teacher ratings of social skills. On average, almost two-thirds of the HIA + CP group were rejected by their peers compared to one-third of the I + E group and only 12.5% controls. Over 70% of the HIA + CP group had no reciprocated friendships from Grade 3 to Grade 4 compared to less than half of the I + E group and approximately one-fourth of controls. Contrary to much theorizing in the literature, the HIA + CP and I + E groups showed average levels of academic self-concept and did not differ from controls in on measures of social self-concept and academic self-concept and general self-esteem. These findings were interpreted in light of positive illusory biases and the established link between aggressive behavior and egotism. The current article offers partial support for Lynam's (1996) notion of the "fledgling psychopath."

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1981

[Enduring structure of the "depressive personality" in lithium prophylaxis. With special reference to the social partners].

A group of patients with endogenous depressive disorders at the beginning of a lithium treatment (Li group I) is compared with a second group of patients with the same diagnosis, who can be called lithium responders (Li group II). These two groups are compared in regard to their relationship to their relevant social partner, based on the 'self-concept' and 'ideal self-concept' obtained by means of the Giessen test. Li group II shows significant deviations only in scale 4 of the Giessen test, while the partner group II does not differ essentially in its profile from the partner group I. These findings will be used as a working hypothesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Body self-image and homosexuality.

Adult males (N = 56) who differed in sexual orientation and preference were administered a self-report inventory that concerned their memory of the adolescent period of life. Six factors were assessed: Body self-concept, body weight problems, sports activities, parental relationships, interpersonal self-concept, and general self-concept. The results showed that homosexual males reported that they were significantly less adjusted during adolescence than heterosexual males.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Self-esteem in formal care providers and quality of life indexes in users of support facilities for the institutionalized elderly, in Portalegre].

It is a transversal and descriptive study, and the main meaning was to measure the Self-concept of formal caregivers in elderly institutions, and also the life quality of internally users in the same institutions. To the development of the study were selected two of the elderly institutions of Portalegre, Portugal. The population was composed by internally users (N=113) and formal caregivers (N=81) of both elderly institutions, being used respectively the WOHQOL-bref Questionnaire and the Self-concept Inventory (Vaz Serra, 1986). Based on the distribution of the self-concept of formal caregivers by mean point, we verify that 97.67% (n=42) have a high self-concept and 2.33% (n=1) have a low self-concept. We can conclude that generally formal caregivers have a high self-concept. About life quality value, we verify that most of internally users have values above the average point that identify the life quality. That suggests the internally users have a life quality above the medium point.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Reasoning about the self and relationships in maturity: an integrative complexity analysis of individual differences.

This study examined age (35-55 versus 65-85), gender, and self-concept-orientation differences in reasoning about the self, relationships, and morality, on the basis of the theorizing of Gilligan (1982). Participants were interviewed about general relationship issues, a specific relationship, and about the self. Reasoning was scored for integrative complexity (Suedfeld & Tetlock, 1977). Life experience measures and the standard Kohlberg justice reasoning index were obtained. Results showed gender differences in the connectedness of the self-concept for middle-aged, but not older, adults. No age or gender differences in the complexity of relationship reasoning or in justice reasoning were found. Those with more connected self-concepts reasoned in more complex ways about relationships and about the self.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Exercise and diet interventions improve perceptions of self in middle-aged adults.

The effect of a 1-year exercise and diet intervention program on global self-concept, perceptions of the body, physical competence, exercise mastery, social competence, social comfort, and fitness was examined with 208 healthy individuals (191 males, 17 females) aged 39-49 years (mean age 44.9) with elevated risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The relative utility of the skill development versus the self-enhancement model of the self-concept/behaviour relationship was tested. The participants were randomized into four groups: diet (n = 53), diet and exercise (n = 64), exercise (n = 48) and no active intervention (n = 43). Measurements were made by the Harter adult self perception profile (HASPP) and the self-perception in exercise questionnaire (SPEQ). Two-way ANOVA analyses revealed that exercise participation, with or without diet, enhanced self-perceptions of physical mastery and ability, body perception, fitness and social comfort. The unique contribution of diet indicated enhanced body perception. No effect was found of diet or exercise on global self-concept. Exercise participation had a positive effect on perceptions of the self, and the higher the compliance with the exercise program, the stronger were the effects on the self-perceptions. This supported the skill development model of the self-concept/behaviour relationship. As the pretest self-concept scores did not predict exercise compliance, the self-enhancement model of the self-concept/behaviour relationship was not supported.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Determinants of task preferences when performance is indicative of individual characteristics: self-assessment motivation and self-verification motivation].

The present study was conducted to examine determinants of information-gathering behavior with regard to one's own characteristics. Four tasks with different self-congruent and incongruent diagnosticity were presented to subjects. As self-assessment theory predicted, high diagnostic tasks were preferred to low tasks. And as self-verification theory predicted, self-congruent diagnosticity had a stronger effect on task preference than self-incongruent diagnosticity. In addition, subjects who perceived the relevant characteristics important inclined to choose self-assessment behavior more than who did not. Also, subjects who were certain of their self-concept inclined to choose self-verification behavior more than who were not. These results suggest that both self-assessment and self-verification motivations play important roles in information-gathering behavior regarding one's characteristics, and strength of the motivations is determined by the importance of relevant characteristics or the certainty of self-concept.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

4-H Night at the Movies: a program for adolescents and their families.

"4-H Night at the Movies," a program to enhance self-esteem in adolescents, is discussed and evaluated. The program uses commercial videotapes of movies about teenagers to enhance adolescents' interest and understanding of their world, and outlines a discussion group format to supplement the videotape. A pretest-posttest design was used to evaluate the program's effect on adolescent participants' self-esteem utilizing the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale. The findings were that participants significantly increased total Self-Concept, Self-Satisfaction, Family Self, and Social Self over the course of the program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The relationship of developmental variables to maternal behavior.

Developmental differences in self-concept, personality integration, flexibility, empathy, and temperament, and the relationship of these variables to maternal behavior, were investigated using three age groups of first-time mothers. The age groups also were tested for change in self-concept and personality integration from 1 to 3 days postpartum to 8 months postbirth. The longitudinal study included 60 mothers aged 15-19 years, 138 aged 20-29 years, and 90 aged 30-42 years. Self-completed instruments were used to measure the personality variables, and an interviewer-rated instrument measured maternal behavior. Personality integration and flexibility increased significantly and correlated significantly with age indicating that both are developmental constructs. Empathy and temperament traits did not increase with age, although teenage scores were significantly lower in empathy, self-concept, several temperament traits, and maternal behavior. The two older groups' self-concept decreased significantly the first eight months of motherhood. In the teenage group personality integration, empathy, activity level, intensity and threshold to stimulus were significantly correlated with maternal behavior. In the 20-29 year-old group, self-concept, personality integration, flexibility, rhythmicity, adaptability, intensity and mood quality correlated significantly with maternal behavior. In the older group, self-concept, flexibility, approach/withdrawal, adaptability, intensity, and mood quality correlated significantly with maternal behavior.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

The use of self-psychological concepts in a Veterans Affairs PTSD clinic.

The authors describe the advantages of self-psychological concepts in the treatment of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Classical psychoanalytic views of PTSD opened the door to understanding PTSD as a type of "narcissistic neurosis." Although many psychological and psychoanalytically oriented treaters of PTDS acknowledge that the entire personality needs rehabilitation and, thus, a comprehensive approach to the PTSD patient is indicated, most stay close to the primacy of pathological memory. Self psychology, with its specific view on damage and repair of the self and the key importance of the selfobject transference in that process, provides a focus wherein damage to the self comes first and alterations in other psychological systems take on an important but secondary emphasis. The authors outline the central elements of PTSD in combat veterans and review the contributions of psychoanalysis to their treatment. Core concepts from self psychology are detailed, and three vignettes of veterans treated in an outpatient PTSD clinic are offered to illustrate the specific mirroring, idealizing, and twinship selfobject transferences they bring to the treatment situation. Finally, a discussion of each vignette highlights how self psychology's focus on strengthening the damaged self has aided in patients' improvement.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Conscious and unconscious perceptions of self in children of alcoholics.

The conscious and unconscious self-concept was examined in three groups of children: 23 children of alcoholics (COA), 19 children from nonalcoholic but dysfunctional families, and 23 children from normal families without alcoholism or family dysfunction. Self-concept was assessed both objectively, using the Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale, and subjectively, using the Draw-A-Person Test and the Thematic Apperception Test from rating systems designed to tap unconscious dimensions of self. The COAs and normal controls were also compared for behavioral problems with the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist. We found that COAs made more positive self-statements on objective measures of self-concept than children from families without alcoholism, whether or not the families were dysfunctional. Subjective analyses of projective test responses revealed unconscious differences in self-concept among the COAs, though this was not corroborated with objective scores, probably due to the crudeness of the rating instrument in failing to tap these dimensions. Also COAs had significantly more behavior problems, based on parental reports, which contrasts with their objective reports of self. Implications of these findings were discussed.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2005

Mood- and restraint-based antecedents to binge episodes in bulimia nervosa: possible influences of the serotonin system.

BACKGROUND: In bulimic syndromes, binge episodes are thought to be caused by dietary restraint and negative moods. However, as central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine: 5-HT) mechanisms regulate appetite and mood, the 5-HT system could be implicated in diet- and mood-based binge antecedents. METHOD: We used hand-held computers to obtain repeated "online" measurements of eating behaviors, moods, and self-concepts in 21 women with bulimic syndromes, and modeled 5-HT system activity with a measure of platelet [3H]paroxetine-binding density. RESULTS: Mood and self-concept ratings were found to be worse before binge episodes (than at other moments), and cognitive restraint was increased. After binges, mood and self-concept deteriorated further, and thoughts of dieting became more intense. Intriguingly, lower paroxetine-binding density predicted poorer mood and self-concept before a binge, larger post-binge decrements in mood and self-concept, and larger post-binge increases in dietary restraint. CONCLUSIONS: Paroxetine binding thus seemed to reflect processes that impacted upon mood-related antecedents to binge episodes, and consequences implicating mood and dietary restraint.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-assessed and functional health of older women.

This study examines the contributions made by functional health, age self-concept, and attitudes, and demographic variables toward explaining health self-assessments in a sample of older women. The participants in the study were a simple random sample of white females (114) over age sixty years and who were residents in five apartment complexes for the aged in a large Midwestern city. Significant correlations to self-assessment of health were found among measures of functional health, self-concept and attitudes, and demographic variables. Multiple regression analysis using five variables (self-assessment of speed, emotional behavior, age self-concept, body care and movement, and occupation) explained almost 40 percent of variance in self-assessment of health data.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Medical and nursing students: concepts of self and ideal self, typical and ideal work partner.

Forty-three medical students and 78 nursing students each filled out four copies of the Interpersonal Check List. The subjects described self, ideal self as physician or nurse, and typical and ideal work partner. For each questionnaire the two summary scores Dom and Lov were computed. The results indicate a discrepancy between concepts of self and ideal self and the results also point to considerable disagreement between medical students and nursing students about their roles on the physician-nurse team.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The integration of self and significant others.

THIS PAPER is a study of self-conception viewed as an interpersonal construct. A relatively simple but flexible and multilevel design used in the study provides an opportunity to observe the relationship between the usually assumed generalized and global sense of self-conception and the self as perceived when in the presence of significant others. Hypotheses derived from theories of the self were formulated to test the postulated importance of significant others, and particularly the mother figure, in the development, stabilization, and integration of self-conception and, specifically, self-evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Changing conceptions of self and world through the spectrum of HIV disease. Implications for psychotherapy.

Individuals with HIV disease face ongoing and phasic challenges that may generate psychological stress or clinically significant distress. Such distress may in part be understood as a response to challenges to fundamental personal conceptions of self and world. The authors describe models generated from social cognition research and the stress response literature and then apply them to common psychological themes that are salient for persons with HIV disease. Implications for psychotherapeutic assessment and intervention are discussed, and a case report is presented to illustrate the use of this approach with HIV and AIDS patients.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

The association between the body mass index of first-year female university students and their weight-related perceptions and practices, psychological health, physical activity and other physical health indicators.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the weight status of first-year female students (FYFS) and various weight management-related characteristics to identify possible components of a weight management programme for students. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Female residences at a South African university. SUBJECTS: A total of 360 FYFS. RESULTS: Mean (+/-standard deviation (SD)) body mass index (BMI) of the FYFS was 21.8 +/- 2.6 kg m(-2), with 7.2% being underweight, 81.9% normal-weight, 10.0% overweight and 0.8% obese. Underweight, normal-weight and overweight students differed with regard to their perception of their weight (P < 0.001), weight goals (P < 0.001) and previous weight-loss practices (P < 0.001). Mean+/-SD score on the 26-item Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) was 8.5 +/- 9.0 with 8.4% classified as high scorers. Mean+/-SD score on the 34-item Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) was 87.7 +/- 32.2, with 76.1% classified as low, 11.9% as medium and 11.9% as high scorers. The self-concept questionnaire indicated that 36.7% had a high, 43.9% a medium and 19.4% a low self-concept. Higher BMI correlated with a higher BSQ score (P < 0.001), a lower self-concept (P = 0.029) and a higher EAT-26 score (P < 0.001). Smoking was prevalent amongst 13.1% of students, and 51.2% used vitamin and/or mineral supplements. Students who quitted smoking had higher (P = 0.006) BMI (22.7 +/- 2.9 kg m(-2)) than those who never smoked before (21.6 +/- 2.5 kg m(-2)). Normal-weight students were more physically active than underweight or overweight students (P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: The specific weight management-related needs of FYFS include information about supplement use, smoking, realistic weight goals, safe and sound weight-loss methods, weight cycling, body-shape perceptions, eating attitudes and behaviours, self-concept and physical activity. Interventions aimed at correcting these problems should target all students, regardless of their BMI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Generalization and maintenance of treatment gains using self-management procedures with behaviorally disordered adolescents.

Using reversal design (A-B-A-B) we investigated the effectiveness of self-management strategies to reduce disruptive, off-task behavior for three students from a self-contained classroom for behaviorally disordered students. Two were boys (ages 13 yr., 2 mo. and 14 yr., 4 mo.) and one a girl (age 13 yr., 3 mo.). The study investigated the maintenance and generalizability of treatment gains in a regular education setting. Parallel changes of self-concept influenced by the self-management procedures were also measured. Results strongly support that self-management techniques reduce off-task behavior, generalize to regular education settings, and help maintain treatment gains. Also, behavioral self-concept was markedly improved to within normal limits with the implementation of self-management procedures.

Adolescent↗