Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Reference database”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,369 records · Page 76Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

A review of nursing interventions to foster becoming a mother.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the current state of knowledge of nursing interventions that foster the process of becoming a mother. DATA SOURCES: A literature search was conducted using CINAHL and PubMed electronic databases and other key references. STUDY SELECTION: Reports on nursing intervention research published in English that focused on a facet of maternal behavior in the process of becoming a mother during pregnancy or during the first 4 months following birth, or both, were included. Twenty eight reports were found. DATA EXTRACTION: Studies were reviewed, categorized, and analyzed and interventions synthesized to determine the current knowledge base for fostering becoming a mother. Categories included instructions for infant caregiving, building awareness of and responsiveness to infant interactive capabilities, promoting maternal-infant attachment, maternal/social role preparation, and interactive therapeutic nurse-client relationships. DATA SYNTHESIS: Interactive therapeutic nurse-client relationships and maternal/social role preparation had greater impact on variables indicating progress in becoming a mother than formal teaching. Instructions without nurse input were ineffective. CONCLUSIONS: Interactive reciprocal nursing interventions are the most effective in enhancing mother-infant interactions and maternal knowledge about infant care. Evidence is limited on how to foster the mother's feelings about herself in becoming a mother and attachment to her infant.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2004

Evidenced-based use of botanicals, minerals, and vitamins in the prophylactic treatment of migraines.

PURPOSE: To analyze evidence-based information about alternative prophylactic pharmacological migraine treatments utilizing feverfew, butter-bur, magnesium, and riboflavin and to discuss the mechanism of action, dosage recommendations, side effects, and contraindications for each treatment. DATA SOURCES: Data obtained via electronic databases and professional medical references. CONCLUSIONS: Current clinical data support the use of fever-few, butterbur, magnesium, and riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis; however, studies are limited but promising regarding the participants' perceived relief. Studies with rigorous methodologies and larger sample sizes are needed to further support the safe and effective use of these treatments. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: With increased patient access to information regarding alternative migraine treatments, nurse practitioners (NPs) and other health care providers must be knowledgeable about evidence-based data regarding these alternative treatments to appropriately offer safe patient care.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗
PubMed2006

Bipolar disorder: etiology, diagnosis, and management.

PURPOSE: To review the epidemiology and disease characteristics of the bipolar disorder (BD) spectrum, render an accurate and timely diagnosis, and review treatment options through provider and patient collaboration. DATA SOURCES: Comprehensive review of current scientific literature derived from electronic databases and professional medical references. CONCLUSIONS: BD is a multifactorial disease that can interfere with cognition and behavior, causing a severe impact on patients and families. The variable course and often delayed diagnosis of this disorder can cause frustration for the patient and the healthcare provider. Because most undiagnosed patients with BD seek treatment within the primary care setting, it is imperative that clinicians become expert in the recognition of and intervention for this condition. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The primary care provider is in a key position to render early diagnosis and treatment of BD. This disease should always be considered as part of the differential diagnosis for depression or anxiety. Nurse practitioners can be effective providers by using good nursing practices of communication, education, and advocacy for the patient and family. Knowledge of current diagnostic criteria and management is imperative for successful treatment of patients with BD.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1999

Homogeneity of 16S-23S ribosomal intergenic spacer regions of Tropheryma whippelii in Swiss patients with Whipple's disease.

The current genetic strategies used to identify Tropheryma whippelii, the putative agent of Whipple's disease, are based on PCR-mediated amplification of a part of its 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA). Because there is very little intraspecies variation in these molecules, they are not suitable as targets for epidemiologic investigations. However, the intergenic spacer region between the 16S and 23S rDNAs is usually much more variable and has repeatedly been used for epidemiologic purposes. We have therefore amplified the spacer region of T. whippelii directly from clinical specimens from nine independent Swiss patients with Whipple's disease by PCR with primers complementary to the 3' and 5' ends of the 16S and 23S rDNAs, respectively. The amplicons were directly sequenced and the sequences were compared to the T. whippelii reference sequence in GenBank/EMBL (accession no. X99636). Complete sequence homogeneity was found between the samples from our nine patients; the spacer sequence was also identical to the reference sequence. However, the sequences corresponding to the 3' and 5' ends of the 16S and the 23S rDNAs of T. whippelii, respectively, differed from the respective sequences in GenBank/EMBL. The same sequence found in our patients was then found in a sample from the German patient from which the published sequence had been derived. We conclude that the 16S-23S rDNA spacer region seems to be very conserved in T. whippelii and that the respective reference entry in public databases should be revised.

Actinobacteria↗
PubMed2005

Aminoglycoside extended interval dosing in neonates is safe and effective: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To review the evidence from controlled clinical trials of neonates given equal daily aminoglycoside doses as extended interval dosing (dosage interval typically 24 hours in term and 36-48 hours in immature neonates) compared with traditional dosing (dosage interval typically 8-12 hours in term and 12-24 hours in immature neonates). DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials found in electronic databases, trial registers, and references in reviews and selected trials. SETTINGS: The selected trials were blinded and assessed for methodological quality. Each trial's own predefined criteria for treatment failure, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and therapeutic serum drug concentrations were used. SUBJECTS: Controlled trials of neonatal aminoglycoside treatment in which equal aminoglycoside daily doses were given at traditional and extended dosage intervals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum drug concentrations outside the therapeutic range. Treatment failure and toxicity. RESULTS: Sixteen trials involving 823 neonates met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Twelve trials involving 698 neonates were included in the meta-analysis of the pharmacokinetics. Compared with traditional dosing, extended interval dosing was associated with a significantly lower risk of both peak (summary risk ratio 0.50, 95% confidence interval 0.26 to 0.94) and trough (0.36, 0.25 to 0.56) serum drug concentrations outside the therapeutic range. Accurate information on treatment failure was obtained in nine trials involving 555 neonates. One trial reported treatment failure. In this trial two neonates in the traditional dosing group did not respond to treatment within 72 hours. Nephrotoxicity was investigated in 589 neonates in 12 trials and ototoxicity in 210 neonates in four trials, with no significant differences between the two dosing regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Extended interval dosing of aminoglycosides in neonates is safe and effective, with a reduced risk of serum drug concentrations outside the therapeutic range.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed2001

Are cannabinoids an effective and safe treatment option in the management of pain? A qualitative systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To establish whether cannabis is an effective and safe treatment option in the management of pain. DESIGN: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. DATA SOURCES: Electronic databases Medline, Embase, Oxford Pain Database, and Cochrane Library; references from identified papers; hand searches. STUDY SELECTION: Trials of cannabis given by any route of administration (experimental intervention) with any analgesic or placebo (control intervention) in patients with acute, chronic non-malignant, or cancer pain. Outcomes examined were pain intensity scores, pain relief scores, and adverse effects. Validity of trials was assessed independently with the Oxford score. DATA EXTRACTION: Independent data extraction; discrepancies resolved by consensus. DATA SYNTHESIS: 20 randomised controlled trials were identified, 11 of which were excluded. Of the 9 included trials (222 patients), 5 trials related to cancer pain, 2 to chronic non-malignant pain, and 2 to acute postoperative pain. No randomised controlled trials evaluated cannabis; all tested active substances were cannabinoids. Oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 5-20 mg, an oral synthetic nitrogen analogue of THC 1 mg, and intramuscular levonantradol 1.5-3 mg were about as effective as codeine 50-120 mg, and oral benzopyranoperidine 2-4 mg was less effective than codeine 60-120 mg and no better than placebo. Adverse effects, most often psychotropic, were common. CONCLUSION: Cannabinoids are no more effective than codeine in controlling pain and have depressant effects on the central nervous system that limit their use. Their widespread introduction into clinical practice for pain management is therefore undesirable. In acute postoperative pain they should not be used. Before cannabinoids can be considered for treating spasticity and neuropathic pain, further valid randomised controlled studies are needed.

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic↗
PubMed2004

Promoting walking and cycling as an alternative to using cars: systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To assess what interventions are effective in promoting a population shift from using cars towards walking and cycling and to assess the health effects of such interventions. DATA SOURCES: Published and unpublished reports in any language identified from electronic databases, bibliographies, websites, and reference lists. REVIEW METHODS: Systematic search and appraisal to identify experimental or observational studies with a prospective or controlled retrospective design that evaluated any intervention applied to an urban population or area by measuring outcomes in members of the local population. RESULTS: 22 studies met the inclusion criteria. We found some evidence that targeted behaviour change programmes can change the behaviour of motivated subgroups, resulting (in the largest study) in a shift of around 5% of all trips at a population level. Single studies of commuter subsidies and a new railway station also showed positive effects. The balance of best available evidence about publicity campaigns, engineering measures, and other interventions suggests that they have not been effective. Participants in trials of active commuting experienced short term improvements in certain measures of health and fitness, but we found no good evidence on effects on health of any effective intervention at population level. CONCLUSIONS: The best available evidence of effectiveness in promoting a modal shift is for targeted behaviour change programmes, but the social distribution of their effects is unclear and some other types of intervention have yet to be rigorously evaluated.

Automobile Driving↗
PubMed2006

Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging criteria for the early diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in patients with suspected disease. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: 12 electronic databases, citation searches, and reference lists of included studies. Review methods Studies on accuracy of diagnosis that compared magnetic resonance imaging, or diagnostic criteria incorporating such imaging, to a reference standard for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. RESULTS: 29 studies (18 cohort studies, 11 other designs) were included. On average, studies of other designs (mainly diagnostic case-control studies) produced higher estimated diagnostic odds ratios than did cohort studies. Among 15 studies of higher methodological quality (cohort design, clinical follow-up as reference standard), those with longer follow-up produced higher estimates of specificity and lower estimates of sensitivity. Only two such studies followed patients for more than 10 years. Even in the presence of many lesions (> 10 or > 8), magnetic resonance imaging could not accurately rule multiple sclerosis in (likelihood ratio of a positive test result 3.0 and 2.0, respectively). Similarly, the absence of lesions was of limited utility in ruling out a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (likelihood ratio of a negative test result 0.1 and 0.5). CONCLUSIONS: Many evaluations of the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for the early detection of multiple sclerosis have produced inflated estimates of test performance owing to methodological weaknesses. Use of magnetic resonance imaging to confirm multiple sclerosis on the basis of a single attack of neurological dysfunction may lead to over-diagnosis and over-treatment.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2005

Systematic review of multidisciplinary interventions in heart failure.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of multidisciplinary interventions on hospital admission and mortality in heart failure. DESIGN: Systematic review. Thirteen databases were searched and reference lists from included trials and related reviews were checked. Trial authors were contacted if further information was required. SETTING: Randomised controlled trials conducted in both hospital and community settings. PATIENTS: Trials were included if all, or a defined subgroup of patients, had a diagnosis of heart failure. INTERVENTIONS: Multidisciplinary interventions were defined as those in which heart failure management was the responsibility of a multidisciplinary team including medical input plus one or more of the following: specialist nurse, pharmacist, dietician, or social worker. Interventions were separated into four mutually exclusive groups: provision of home visits; home physiological monitoring or televideo link; telephone follow up but no home visits; and hospital or clinic interventions alone. Pharmaceutical and exercise based interventions were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: All cause hospital admission, all cause mortality, and heart failure hospital admission. RESULTS: 74 trials were identified, of which 30 contained relevant data for inclusion in meta-analyses. Multidisciplinary interventions reduced all cause admission (relative risk (RR) 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.79 to 0.95, p = 0.002), although significant heterogeneity was found (p = 0.002). All cause mortality was also reduced (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.92, p = 0.002) as was heart failure admission (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.81, p < 0.001). These results varied little with sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION: Multidisciplinary interventions for heart failure reduce both hospital admission and all cause mortality. The most effective interventions were delivered at least partly in the home.

Cardiac Output, Low↗
PubMed1996

Palliative Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries: late results after 15-20 years.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical, functional state, and complications late (15-20 years) after palliative Mustard operation. DESIGN: Examination and evaluation of all patients presenting in adolescence and adult life after palliative Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries and pulmonary vascular disease. SETTING: Grown-up Congenital Heart Unit specialised in the care of adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease, designated as having "quaternary" status within a tertiary referral centre for cardiac diseases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Database searched for patients referred after palliative Mustard for classic transposition of the great arteries. Ten patients aged 18-31 (mean (SD) 25.9 (5.2)) years with a palliative Mustard operation performed at age 1.7-15 (mean (SD) 9 (4.6)) years were fully evaluated by echocardiography, exercise testing, Holter monitoring, and magnetic resonance imaging or radionuclide ventriculography, or both 15-20 years later. RESULTS: One patient died aged 25 years with biventricular failure (ability index 3/4), haemoptysis, and atrial flutter, eight were well (ability index 2), and one disabled (ability index 3). Arterial oxygen saturation at rest was 85-98% (mean (SD) 93.8 (4)%) decreasing to 59-87% (mean 77 (9.5)%) after limited exercise. Symptomatic arrhythmias occurred in four patients, atrial flutter being the most common, and two had sinus node dysfunction. Significant tricuspid regurgitation occurred in four patients. CONCLUSION: Patients with palliative Mustard operation have a low incidence of symptomatic ventricular dysfunction and despite exercise limitation by hypoxia, continue to live active, near normal lives until their thirties.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

A systematic review of the use of computers in the management of hypertension.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of computers and computer-based clinical decision support systems on the management of hypertension. DESIGN: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. SETTING: Ambulatory hypertension clinics, community-based health centres, and general practices. PARTICIPANTS: 11,962 patients enrolled in seven trials retrieved from a systematic search (electronic databases, contact with authors, reference lists; no restriction on language). MAIN RESULTS: Individual trials report on a diverse population of patients (newly diagnosed or established hypertensive patients), interventions (computers used for case finding, recall and registration, feedback on quality of blood pressure control and prescribing information), and outcomes (administration, physician performance and blood pressure control). Four of five trials reported an improvement in patient administration using a computer. Two of three trials reported an improvement in physician performance using a computer. Two of six trials. reported an improvement in blood pressure control in patients using a computer. However, positive findings in two trials should be regarded cautiously because of the potential effects of cluster randomisation. CONCLUSIONS: It seems that computers have a favourable effect on the uptake and follow up of patients in hypertension management. The effect of computers on physician knowledge, recording of information, and blood pressure control in patients is less conclusive and further studies are required.

Decision Making, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1998

Assessment of bibliographic databases performance in information retrieval for occupational and environmental toxicology.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficiency of the major bibliographic databases by assessing the percentage of references among the total literature available that can be retrieved from each database. We also evaluated the best database combinations to carry out an exhaustive search. METHODS: BIOSIS, EMBASE, MEDLINE, NIOSH-TIC, and TOXLINE were searched on two topics: allergy to latex and asbestos and mesothelioma, in the title, abstract, or keywords (textwords). This search was performed for the years 1994 and 1995. All the records were classified by journal and author's name and were verified for each record whether or not it was indexed in each database. Statistical analysis was performed with chi 2 test. RESULTS: 777 articles in 510 issues were found. The efficiency of each database (percentage of articles recovered) and of combinations varied between 11% and 63% for one database and between 42% and 86% for a combination of two databases. The reasons why these differences exist between databases, and within a database, between two different subjects or two different years are reported. CONCLUSION: Firstly, it is not advisable to assert that a bibliography is complete when only one database is searched. Secondly, the efficiency of the databases may be quite different. Finally, it is suggested that the best way to be as exhaustive as possible is to search two or more databases-for example, in EMBASE and TOXLINE, or to a lesser extent EMBASE and MEDLINE. This seems to be the best compromise solution between time consumed for searching and efficiency.

Asbestos↗
PubMed2005

[Analysis of Spanish scientific production in rare diseases: 1990-2000].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To analyze the Spanish scientific production in a group of rare diseases selected during the period 1990-2000. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Analysis of the following disease groups: congenital anomalies, metabolism inborn errors and primary immunodeficiencies. Bibliometric tools were used to assess and analyze the evolution of research in this area. The MEDLINE database was utilized for references search. RESULTS: Total references recovered for the study were 2978: 82.5% original articles and 17.3% reviews. The number of authors was 14,752 and the mean author/article was 4.9%. Seven types of institutions were coded with hospitals being the most productive with 78% of articles published. The Bradford nucleus was formed by 1,288 articles and 43.2% of the total had been published in 12 journals (2.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite rare diseases research is still scarce, important efforts have been made at a national level focused on the development and strengthening of research in this field. Nevertheless, it is necessary to join efforts in this field to facilitate an appropriate research policy making that may help improve the current status.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Positive pregnancy outcomes in Mexican immigrants: what can we learn?

OBJECTIVE: To provide an integrated review of the literature of potential explanations for better than expected pregnancy outcomes in Mexican immigrants, focusing on socioeconomics, social support, desirability of pregnancy, nutrition, substance use, religion, acculturation, and prenatal care. DATA SOURCES: Computerized searches of MEDLINE and CINAHL databases, as well as reference lists from published articles on low birth weight and prematurity in immigrants and acculturation in immigrants from January 1989 to December 2002. Search terms were Mexican immigrant women, childbearing, and pregnancy outcome, and only English-language articles were reviewed. STUDY SELECTION: Literature was selected from refereed publications in the areas of nursing, medicine, public health, family, and sociology. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted using keywords pertinent to pregnancy outcome in Mexican immigrants. DATA SYNTHESIS: Despite having many of the risk factors for poor pregnancy outcomes, Mexican immigrants have superior birth outcomes when compared to U.S.-born women. Social support, familism, healthy diet, limited use of cigarettes and alcohol, and religion may play a role in improved outcomes. The superior outcomes diminish with the process of acculturation as the individual adapts to her new culture. CONCLUSIONS: Low birth weight and prematurity are public health concerns in the United States. Through further study of the factors that lead to superior birth outcomes among Mexican immigrant women, rates of low birth weight and prematurity in the United States may be reduced.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2003

Factors influencing consumer use of written drug information.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of the use and impact of written drug information (WDI) on consumers, and to review the literature on the factors influencing the use of WDI by consumers. DATA SOURCES: Relevant articles published in English since the late 1970s were identified based on searches of on-line databases, texts, and cited references in published articles. STUDY SELECTION: Articles reporting findings on the origin, use, and impact of WDI were included. Due to limited literature, articles reporting findings on factors influencing the use of written drug as well as disease information were included. DATA EXTRACTION: Due to the lack of design consistency between studies and the comparatively small volume of work, subjective assessment rather than a criteria-based objective review was deemed more appropriate. DATA SYNTHESIS: To date, research on WDI has focused on its use and impact. WDI has the potential to increase patients' knowledge, compliance, and satisfaction. However, there is also the potential for anxiety or premature cessation of therapy due to fear of possible adverse effects. Multiple factors may potentially influence the use of WDI by consumers including those associated with the written information document (readability, presentation), the patient (health literacy, role of caregiver, demographic factors, health locus of control, coping style, health belief model), and the environment (timing of provision, experience). CONCLUSIONS: WDI has the potential to impact consumers positively and negatively. Although not widely investigated, a number of factors can potentially influence the use of WDI by consumers. The findings of this review can form the basis for much needed further research.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Accuracy of clinical pallor in the diagnosis of anaemia in children: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Anaemia is highly prevalent in children of developing countries. It is associated with impaired physical growth and mental development. Palmar pallor is recommended at primary level for diagnosing it, on the basis of few studies. The objective of the study was to systematically assess the accuracy of clinical signs in the diagnosis of anaemia in children. METHODS: A systematic review on the accuracy of clinical signs of anaemia in children. We performed an Internet search in various databases and an additional reference tracking. Studies had to be on performance of clinical signs in the diagnosis of anaemia, using haemoglobin as the gold standard. We calculated pooled diagnostic likelihood ratios (LR's) and odds ratios (DOR's) for each clinical sign at different haemoglobin thresholds. RESULTS: Eleven articles met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were performed in Africa, in children underfive. Chi-square test for proportions and Cochran Q for DOR's and for LR's showed heterogeneity. Type of observer and haemoglobin technique influenced the results. Pooling was done using the random effects model. Pooled DOR at haemoglobin <11 g/dL was 4.3 (95% CI 2.6-7.2) for palmar pallor, 3.7 (2.3-5.9) for conjunctival pallor, and 3.4 (1.8-6.3) for nailbed pallor. DOR's and LR's were slightly better for nailbed pallor at all other haemoglobin thresholds. The accuracy did not vary substantially after excluding outliers. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis did not document a highly accurate clinical sign of anaemia. In view of poor performance of clinical signs, universal iron supplementation may be an adequate control strategy in high prevalence areas. Further well-designed studies are needed in settings other than Africa. They should assess inter-observer variation, performance of combined clinical signs, phenotypic differences, and different degrees of anaemia.

Africa↗
PubMed2005

Discordance in diagnosis of osteoporosis using spine and hip bone densitometry.

BACKGROUND: Diagnostic discordance for osteoporosis is the observation that the T-score of an individual patient varies from one key measurement site to another, falling into two different diagnostic categories identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system. This study was conducted to evaluate the presence and risk factors for this phenomenon in a large sample of Iranian population. METHODS: Demographic data, anthropometric measurements, and risk factors for osteoporosis were derived from a database on 4229 patients referred to a community-based outpatient osteoporosis testing center from 2000 to 2003. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed on L1-L4 lumbar spine and total hip for all cases. Minor discordance was defined as present when the difference between two sites was no more than one WHO diagnostic class. Major discordance was present when one site is osteoporotic and the other is normal. Subjects with incomplete data were excluded. RESULTS: In 4188 participants (3848 female, mean age 53.4 +/- 11.8 years), major discordance, minor discordance, and concordance of T-scores were seen in 2.7%, 38.9% and 58.3%, respectively. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, older age, menopause, obesity, and belated menopause were recognized as risk factors and hormone replacement therapy as a protective factor against T-score discordance. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of T-score discordance may lead to problems in interpretation of the densitometry results for some patients. This phenomenon should be regarded as a real and prevalent finding and physicians should develop a particular strategy approaching to these patients.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

ELXR: a resource for rapid exon-directed sequence analysis.

ELXR (Exon Locator and Extractor for Resequencing) streamlines the process of determining exon/intron boundaries and designing PCR and sequencing primers for high-throughput resequencing of exons. We have pre-computed ELXR primer sets for all exons identified from the human, mouse, and rat mRNA reference sequence (RefSeq) public databases curated by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The resulting exon-flanking PCR primer pairs have been compiled into a system called ELXRdb, which may be searched by keyword, gene name or RefSeq accession number.

Algorithms↗