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PubMed1976

Guide to research on the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration (P-F) Study, 1934-1974.

Research on and with the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustation (P-F) Study and its precursors, 1934-1974, is presented. Investigations with the original versions of the P-F in English and the parallel, standardized versions in Europe, Asia and the Americas are covered. More than 500 articles and books are organized by topic in a Citation Index giving authors and dates. The available references for a given topic can then be readily located. The major topics include basic (construct) research, reliability, validity, and pragmatic applications. These applications pertain to developmental and individual differences, clinical disorders, antisocial behavior, personnel selection, counseling and therapy, educational and school psychology, cultural and socioeconomic differences, and experimental psychodynamics.

Aggression↗

PubMed2006

Day-care surgery for pilonidal sinus.

INTRODUCTION: The surgical approach to symptomatic pilonidal sinus is open to debate. Many techniques have been described and no single technique fulfils all the requirements of an ideal treatment. Ambulatory treatment with minimal morbidity and rapid return to activity is desirable. The aim of this work was to study the feasibility of day-care surgery for excision and primary asymmetric closure of symptomatic pilonidal sinus. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients referred electively over 2 years were assessed in a single-consultant, colorectal clinic and booked for day-care surgery. All patients had excision and primary asymmetric closure under general anaesthesia in the left lateral position. Whenever possible, they were discharged on the same day according to the day-surgery protocol. Patients were subsequently seen in the out-patient clinic for removal of stitches and were followed up further if there was any wound breakdown. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients were operated on electively for pilonidal sinus over the 2 years. Two patients were excluded as the final diagnosis was not pilonidal sinus. At 4 weeks following operation, 43 (88%) had complete healing and 6 (12%) had dehiscence of the wound. Recurrence rate was 8% (4 patients) for follow-up of 12-38 months. There was no admission from the day-surgery unit and no unplanned re-admissions. The cost for day-care pilonidal sinus surgery was estimated to be 672.00 pounds per patient compared with in-patient cost of 2405.00 pounds. CONCLUSIONS: Excision and primary asymmetric closure for pilonidal sinus is safe and feasible as day-care surgery and is associated with potential cost saving.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Health and welfare statistics in Japan.

To abstract the health and welfare status of Japan, the essences of related statistics are referred and introduced. Those who want to know more detail are recommended to get a book "Health and Welfare Statistics in Japan" published by the government.

Female↗

PubMed1996

Theodore Caldwell Janeway (1872-1917): the quest for precision.

The memory of Theodore Caldwell Janeway wafts through the mists of time but faintly. Yet for those few who have read his remarkable book The Clinical Study of Blood-Pressure published in New York in 1904, (see reference 1) he emerges as one of the major clinical scientists in the field of hypertension in the 20th-century. In this monograph he outlines with prescient clarity the limitations of sphygmomanometry and demonstrates the diurnal variability of blood pressure (BP) and the effects of varying stresses on BP. Such was his appreciation of haemodynamics, that had a serendipitous muse been at his side we might speak today of the Janeway rather than of the Korotkoff sounds.

Education, Medical↗

PubMed1988

Mutumwa Nchimi healers and wizardry beliefs in Zambia.

Mutumwa Nchimi practitioners in Zambia today are neotraditional healers who specialize in the diagnosis and curing of illnesses and misfortunes allegedly caused by wizardry (buloshi). Nchimi means 'witch-diviner' and Mutumwa means 'sent (by God)'. Their witch-divining practices are thus placed within the new biblical religious framework. Mutumwa Nchimi healers are contemporary African psychiatrists and psychotherapists who fully accept and work within the framework of the wizardry paradigm as the explanatory mechanism for a whole range of problems and illnesses experienced by a large number of Zambia's urban dwellers. Their success in attracting patients bears witness to the extent to which wizardry still persists as a paradigm for evil. The research data used is comprised of 143 complete tape-recorded cases of Mutumwa Nchimi diagnoses in addition to 1233 summaries of book-recorded cases. Buloshi is mentioned as the cause of illness and misfortune in 58% of the tape-recorded cases and in 55.9% of the book-recorded cases. Wizardry is perceived by Mutumwa Nchimi healers to relate to two dimensions which refer to the activity of witchcraft and of sorcery respectively. The former relates to witch spirits and fibanda ghosts; the latter relates to the use of bwanga magical charms. In addition to the need for prayer and reconciliation, psychotherapy requires the cleansing of one's body and of one's house from buloshi attack. The two dimensions of witchcraft and of sorcery, though distinct, are seen to be essentially related to one another. The dreams of patients, in which unconscious pressures come to the surface, are perceived to confirm the existence and reality of wizardry assault. Wizardry beliefs are placed firmly within the context of social relationships and social change in Zambia and psychosocial analysis is at the centre of the diagnostic process. Wizardry beliefs are seen by Mutumwa Nchimi healers to reflect the problems faced by urban dwellers in particular who, on the one hand, find themselves afflicted by feelings of shame or guilt with respect to failure to observe traditional morality and, on the other hand, by an awareness of suspected rival forces in the competitive urban environment.

Child↗

PubMed1997

Vitamin C and blood pressure--an overview.

BACKGROUND: Laboratory and some epidemiological studies suggest that antioxidants, such as vitamin C, are protective for cardiovascular disease. This protective effect may be mediated through blood pressure (BP). This is the first systematic review of epidemiological studies of vitamin C and BP. METHOD: Published cross-sectional studies, prospective studies and trials in humans were identified that examined the association between vitamin C intake or plasma vitamin C levels and BP. Relevant references were located by MEDLINE search 1966-1996, EMBASE search 1980-1996, by searching personal bibliographies, books and reviews and from citations in located articles. RESULTS: Cross-sectional data were available from 18 populations. Ten of 14 reported an inverse association between plasma vitamin C and BP and three of four reported an inverse association with vitamin C intake. The two non-randomised and four randomised controlled trials were all small. Of the randomised trials one reported a significant decrease in BP, one a non-significant decrease and two were uninterpretable. CONCLUSIONS: We found a consistent cross-sectional association between higher vitamin C intake or status and lower BP, though no study controlled adequately for confounding by other dietary factors. Further cross-sectional studies are required to establish whether an independent association exists. If this is shown to be the case larger and longer term trials will be needed to confirm the association is causal. Potentially the impact on cardiovascular disease of a modest change in mean population vitamin C intake is large.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMed2002

Pharmacological treatment of cocaine dependence: a systematic review.

AIMS: Cocaine dependence is a common and serious condition, associated with severe medical, psychological and social problems, including the spread of infectious diseases. This systematic review assesses critically the efficacy of pharmacotherapy for treating cocaine dependence. METHODS: The literature search strategy included: electronic searches of Cochrane Library holdings, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycLIT, Biological Abstracts and LILACS; scans of reference lists of relevant articles, personal communications, conference abstracts, unpublished trials from the pharmaceutical industry and book chapters on the treatment of cocaine dependence. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) focusing on the use of antidepressants (ADs), carbamazepine (CBZ), dopamine agonists (DAs) and other drugs used in the treatment of cocaine dependence were included. The reviewers extracted data independently, and relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated. Qualitative assessments were carried out using a Cochrane validated checklist. Where possible, analysis was carried out according to 'intention-to-treat' principles. FINDINGS: The search strategy generated 45 different trials. Most studied drugs were ADs (20 studies), DAs and CBZ. Data were very heterogeneous, with dropout rates within the studies between 0 and 84%. A non-significant trend favoring CBZ was found in terms of dropouts (RR 0.88; 95% CI 0.75-1.03) and results from one trial suggest that fluoxetine patients are less likely to drop out. The main efficacy outcome reported in the studies was the presence of cocaine metabolites in the urine. No significant results were found, regardless the type of drug or dose used for all relevant outcomes assessed. CONCLUSIONS: There is no current evidence supporting the clinical use of CBZ, antidepressants, dopamine agonists, disulfiram, mazindol, phenytoin, nimodipine, lithium and NeuRecover-SA in the treatment of cocaine dependence. Larger randomized investigation must be considered, while taking into account that these time-consuming efforts should be reserved for medications showing more relevant and promising evidence. Given the high dropout rate among the test population, clinicians may wish to consider adding psychotherapeutic supportive measures aimed at keeping patients in treatment programs.

Antidepressive Agents↗

PubMed1999

Dementia praecox to schizophrenia: the first 100 years.

The historical roots of dementia praecox and schizophrenia are described in the context of current nosology and continuing controversies surrounding this nosology. Relevant books and journal articles were reviewed. The information was obtained through computer searches and cross-references from previously published papers. If English translations of foreign language articles were available, they were used; if not, the cross-references were consulted. The psychoses have existed as diagnostic categories from ancient times although their names have changed. Initially, these disorders were considered diseases of the brain, a concept that was swept aside in the United States, influenced by European-derived psychodynamic theories. American clinicians and investigators simply accepted these theories, showing little interest in testing their underlying principles. In contrast, a narrower Kraepelinian approach was adopted outside the United States, and attempts were made to refine its nosology. Because current data supports a central nervous system aetiology for schizophrenia, the concept of dementia praecox warrants resurrection. The authors suggest abandoning the term schizophrenia in favour of the more broad and generic term dementia praecox. Replacing 'schizophrenia' with 'dementia praecox' in the 21st century will facilitate further research and help clarify the nosology of various brain disorders currently included in the schizophrenias.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMed2005

[Citation analysis of the Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine from 2001 to 2004].

OBJECTIVE: To study the information absorbency of Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine and its half-citing life, to find out the core journals and characteristics of literature requested by scientists, and to analyze the trend of preventive medicine research. METHODS: The citation analysis was used to analyze the references cited in 766 articles in Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine from 2001-2004. RESULTS: 505 (65.93%) of 766 articles have the 4 708 references, and the self-citation rate was 3.97%. The average number of references per paper was 6.15, and the maximum of references in one paper was 39. Main types of citations were from journals (87.43%) and the books (9.98%). The Price Index was 45.20%, and the self-citation rate was 3.97%. The percent of citations from the high-ranked 22 journals were 26.51%. CONCLUSIONS: The publications in Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine have received more concerns than those from other major journals in medicine. Periodical and English literature were mostly used by the preventive researcher. Moreover, the articles published in the journal were able to keep closely along with the advances of the subject research.

Bibliometrics↗

PubMed2006

[Artery theory of channels].

OBJECTIVE: To probe into the reflection of "artery" phenomenon in human channels. METHODS: Find out the discussion about "artery" from ancient medical books and compare with Chinese ancient philosophy thoughts. RESULTS: In TCM, "artery" has been used as reference in differentiating channels. The circulation system of channels is possibly established on the expectation of "to and fro circulation" in the Chinese philosophy, and the power of channels originates from the qi stored between the kidney, and the pricking blood therapy was used for treatment of many kinds of diseases in ancient times. CONCLUSION: Study on channels should pay attention to this link of "artery".

Arteries↗

PubMed1987

Doctors--who are they?

The title "Doctor" has an interesting and not commonly understood inception, and those entitled to use the accolade Doctor have had an interesting evolution. The title is now used by a plethora of individuals with a variety of skills and levels of achievement. A random survey of the population reveals that the public strongly equates the bearer of the title Doctor as an MD-bearing individual, ie, a physician (94 percent), while only 23 percent of those who utilize the title are truly physicians. This discrepancy leads to confusion in interpretation of persons introduced as Doctor in newspapers, books, and television, and in daily life. Physicians themselves contribute to the problem, as 40 percent refer to themselves as Doctor when asked to describe what they do for a living. Public education is recommended regarding the use of the title Doctor, and a distinction (the actual degree obtained) should be used whenever this term is used.

Educational Status↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Miguel Dias Pimenta (1661-1715) and the history of chagasic megaesophagus and megacolon].

In the present study an attempt was made to analyse from a clinical viewpoint the descriptions in the book "Noticias do que he o achaque do bicho" by Miguel Dias Pimenta (1661-1715), which are considered by some authors to be the first reference to the chagasic megaesophagus and megacolon that appeared in history. In descriptions considered to refer megaesophagus, although dysphagia, the major symptom of this disease, is not recognized, typical manifestations of a irritating, inflammatory or ulcerative condition are identified, not affecting the esophagus but the stomach. In the description considered to refer to megacolon, the signs and symptoms suggest the diagnostic possibility of hemorrhoids and of the "achaque do bicho" itself, and do not recall the clinical picture of the chagasic megacolon in an absolute manner. On this basis, there is no reason to maintain the book "Noticias do que he o achaque do bicho" within the history of the digestive form of Chagas' disease.

Chagas Disease↗

PubMed1991

Outcome of planned home births in an inner city practice.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcome of pregnancy for women booking for home births in an inner London practice between 1977 and 1989. DESIGN: Retrospective review of practice obstetric records. SETTING: A general practice in London. SUBJECTS: 285 women registered with the practice or referred by neighbouring general practitioners or local community midwives. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Place of birth and number of cases transferred to specialist care before, during, and after labour. RESULTS: Of 285 women who booked for home births, eight left the practice area before the onset of labour, giving a study population of 277 women. Six had spontaneous abortions, 26 were transferred to specialist care during pregnancy, another 26 were transferred during labour, and four were transferred in the postpartum period. 215 women (77.6%, 95% confidence interval 72.7 to 82.5) had normal births at home without needing specialist help. Transfer to specialist care during pregnancy was not significantly related to parity, but nulliparous women were significantly more likely to require transfer during labour (p = 0.00002). Postnatal complications requiring specialist attention were uncommon among mothers delivered at home (four cases) and rare among their babies (three cases). CONCLUSIONS: Birth at home is practical and safe for a self selected population of multiparous women, but nulliparous women are more likely to require transfer to hospital during labour because of delay in labour. Close cooperation between the general practitioner and both community midwives and hospital obstetricians is important in minimising the risks of trial of labour at home.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Hydroxyurea for sickle cell disease.

BACKGROUND: Sickle cell disease is one of the most common inherited diseases world wide. It is associated with life long morbidity and a reduced life expectancy. Hydroxyurea, a chemotherapeutic drug taken by mouth, raises fetal haemoglobin and, as such, is expected to ameliorate some of the clinical problems of sickle cell disease. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of hydroxyurea therapy in sickle cell disease patients of all types, of any age, regardless of setting. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group specialised register of controlled trials for haemoglobinopathies, which comprises references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches, hand-searching relevant journals, and hand-searching abstract books of conference proceedings. Date of the most recent search(es): November 2000. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing the use of oral hydroxyurea for one month or longer with placebo, standard therapy or other interventions for the treatment of patients with sickle cell disease. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Both reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted data from the two studies included. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty trials were found of which two trials, which reported results from a total of 324 adults and children were suitable for inclusion in the review. From the data provided in the published reports only one study (the MSH study to the United States of America) could be analysed. This study showed marked differences in favour of hydroxyurea treatment as compared with placebo in terms of annual crisis rate, use of transfusions, and life-threatening complications (in particular, the acute sickle chest syndrome). No serious adverse effects were reported from either study. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: While hydroxyurea appears both effective and safe in the severely affected SS adults over a two year period; further studies are required to elucidate its role in other patient groups and for other conditions.

Antisickling Agents↗

PubMed1994

Frequently cited sources in human sexology: a nineties update.

Counting citations in journals devoted to human sexology can provide increased awareness of important clinical and research contributions. The exercise also reveals trends in the field and serves as a guide to an ever increasing literature. This article provides lists of authors, books, and articles frequently cited in three authoritative sexuality journals. Frequency counts were based on 5,742 references over a two-year period. Results are discussed and compared with the findings from the same analysis a decade ago.

Bibliographies as Topic↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Normal haematological values in adult Sierra Leonean males in Freetown.

In this study, we determined normal values for some haematological parameters in male Sierra Leoneans--Haemaglobin concentration (HB), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), White Blood Cell Count (WBC), Red Blood Cell Count (RCC) and Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate (ESR). The result obtained differ significantly from those found in European text books as normal values for these parameters. We recommend that results obtained from this study replace European reference values for male Sierra Leoneans.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

[Health instead of gallantry: a paradigm shift in physician's beauty advice in the century of enlightenment].

The views of femininity and the attempts to standardise it, developed in the 18th century in philosophy, education, literature, theology, anthropology and medicine, have led to intense research in the last years. Such research normally starts with the Enlightenment debates in the second half of the 18th century, but there are interesting sources which allow the tracing of a development over a longer period and which had a wider contemporary readership than any scholarly treatise. These are the popular beauty manuals, which in the German-speaking area started to appear more frequently from the late 17th century on, composed chiefly by physicians who thereby hoped to profit from the growing book and healthcare market. The present article considers the approaches of physicians to female beauty, with special reference to the discontinuities caused by the Enlightenment.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1984

Attitudes of private medical practitioners towards package inserts and other drug information sources.

One thousand questionnaires were distributed to private medical practitioners by representatives of a pharmaceutical company. The 221 respondents were predominantly male (91%) and most were trained at the Universities of Pretoria (37%), the Witwatersrand (22%) and Cape Town (19%) during 1960 - 1969 (24%) and 1970 - 1979 (45%). The majority (72%) found package inserts useful or extremely useful and 70% had consulted one during the previous week or on the day that they completed the questionnaire. Reasons for consulting the package insert, in order of frequency, were for information on untoward effects (64%), indications (33%) and mechanism of action (33%). Most respondents (71%) used the Monthly Index of Specialities (MIMS) more often than package inserts and 53% used the MIMS desk reference more often than package inserts. As regards additional regular information on drugs, 67% preferred a regular book to a loose-leaf system and 69% were prepared to pay for it. We are of the opinion that there is a need for information on drugs that would be complementary to current information systems, and that this should be a joint venture between Government and private enterprise, with the consumer being prepared to share the cost.

Adult↗