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At least 1,369 records · Page 76Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Serial position effects and duration of memory for nonspatial stimuli in rats.

Recognition memory for lists of nonspatial items was tested in rats using a nonmatching-to-sample task. The recency effect at short retention intervals disappeared as the interval increased, but primacy did not develop although responding was still above chance up to 2 hr after 10-s sample times. Neither proactive nor retroactive interference was apparent. Rats transferred the nonmatching-to-sample rule to completely novel stimuli. The study failed to replicate the prominent U-shaped serial position curve found in a similar study by P. Reed, T. Chih-Ta, J.P. Aggleton, and J.N.P. Rawlins (1991), for which E.A. Gaffan and D. Gaffan (1992) had found the data less variable than expected. Evidence of primacy in this procedure remains insubstantial.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Visual short-term memory, response delay, and age.

Recall and recognition memory performance of 12 young (M = 19 yr.) and 12 older (M = 72 yr.) females was studied in relation to response delay (5, 25, and 125 sec.) and stimulus complexity (6.1 and 13.7 bits of information). The subjects were matched on verbal IQ, visual acuity, and educational levels. Stimuli were abstract, black and white, 4 X 4 square matrices. Age-related decrements in memory performance were associated with stimulus complexity but not with response delay. Older subjects also reported experiencing encoding difficulties during the registration phase. The results were discussed with reference to the locus of age-related decrements in visual short-term memory.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Demystifying wine expertise: olfactory threshold, perceptual skill and semantic memory in expert and novice wine judges.

We investigated recognition and identification of wine-relevant odours as a function of domain-specific expertise. Eleven wine experts and 11 wine novices participated in tasks measuring olfactory threshold, odour recognition, odour identification, and consistency of odour naming. Twenty-four wine-relevant odorants were sampled orthonasally by each participant in the semantic (identification; consistency of naming) and episodic (recognition) memory tasks. Results showed superior olfactory recognition by expert wine judges, despite their olfactory sensitivity and bias measures being similar to those of novices. Contrary to predictions based on reports of an association between odour memory and semantic processing, wine experts did not perform better than novices on the verbal memory tasks. Further, ability to recognize odours and ability to name odours were not positively correlated, although the novices' data showed a trend in this direction. The results imply that the source of superior odour recognition in wine experts was not enhanced semantic memory and linguistic capabilities for wine-relevant odours. One interpretation of the data is that wine experts were less susceptible than wine novices to verbal overshadowing. When forced to identify the odorants, experts' superior perceptual skills protected them from verbal interference, whereas novices' generated verbal representations of the odours were emphasized at the expense of the odorant itself. This has implications for training in wine-evaluation skills.

1-Butanol↗
PubMed2006

Single-item memory, associative memory, and the human hippocampus.

We tested recognition memory for items and associations in memory-impaired patients with bilateral lesions thought to be limited to the hippocampal region. In Experiment 1 (Combined memory test), participants studied words and then took a memory test in which studied words, new words, studied word pairs, and recombined word pairs were presented in a mixed order. In Experiment 2 (Separated memory test), participants studied single words and then took a memory test involving studied word and new words. In a separate test, they studied word pairs and then took a memory test involving studied word pairs and recombined word pairs. In both experiments, patients were impaired at memory for single items as well as memory for associations, suggesting that the hippocampus is important for both of these memory functions. In Experiment 1, patients appeared to be more impaired at associative memory than item memory. In Experiment 2, patients were similarly impaired at associative memory and item memory. These different findings are considered, including the fact that in Experiment 1 the results depended on the fact that controls produced unexpectedly low false-alarm rates to recombined pairs. We discuss single-item and associative memory from the perspective that the hippocampus and adjacent cortex work cooperatively to signal recognition and that simple dichotomies do not adequately describe the division of labor within the medial temporal lobe.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Testing global memory models using ROC curves.

Global memory models are evaluated by using data from recognition memory experiments. For recognition, each of the models gives a value of familiarity as the output from matching a test item against memory. The experiments provide ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves that give information about the standard deviations of familiarity values for old and new test items in the models. The experimental results are consistent with normal distributions of familiarity (a prediction of the models). However, the results also show that the new-item familiarity standard deviation is about 0.8 that of the old-item familiarity standard deviation and independent of the strength of the old items (under the assumption of normality). The models are inconsistent with these results because they predict either nearly equal old and new standard deviations or increasing values of old standard deviation with strength. Thus, the data provide the basis for revision of current models or development of new models.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Effects of depression and ECT on anterograde memory.

This study investigated immediate and delayed recognition memory in depressed patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and in matched, normal controls. At baseline, patients manifested a marked deficit in immediate memory (acquisition), but showed no deficit in delayed memory (retention). When retested 24-36 hr following the seventh ECT, patients showed reductions in both immediate and delayed memory performance. At retesting 4 days, on average, after the ECT course, immediate memory scores returned to baseline levels, but delayed memory performance remained impaired. The findings supported the classic claims that depression is associated with a deficit in the acquisition of information, whereas ECT has a more profound influence on the retention of information. This dissociative pattern could not be viewed as an artifact of task psychometric properties, nor of practice effects in control subjects.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed2002

Neurobehavioural functioning in neonatal intensive care unit graduates in late childhood and early adolescence.

The current study examined memory and executive functioning in a sample of children who were hospital ized in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) after birth. Thirty-two children born prematurely and/or with medical complications (NICU children) and 25 control children born at term were assessed with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB), a multi-dimensional computer-based measure of memory and executive functioning. Comparisons between the NICU and control groups on the CANTAB subscales indicated that the NICU children had a shorter spatial memory span length and committed more forgetting errors on a spatial working memory task. Correlational analyses demonstrated that the number and extent of medical complications at birth was negatively associated with spatial memory span, planning and spatial recognition memory. Multiple regression models suggested that gestational age was of primary importance in predicting spatial memory span, while neurobiological risk was primary in the prediction of spatial working memory errors. Overall, the current results showed fewer deficits in this group of children than were found in a previous neuropsychological assessment of this cohort. The implications of this finding for discerning the effects of neural plasticity over and above normal brain maturational processes are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Involvement of human amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in hunger-enhanced memory for food stimuli.

We used positron emission tomography to measure regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in 10 healthy volunteers performing a recognition memory task with food and non-food items. The biological salience of the food stimuli was manipulated by requiring subjects to fast before the experiment and eat to satiation at fixed time points during scanning. All subjects showed enhanced recognition of food stimuli (relative to non-food) in the fasting state. Satiation significantly reduced the memory advantage for food. Left amygdala rCBF covaried positively with recognition memory for food items, whereas rCBF in right anterior orbitofrontal cortex covaried with overall memory performance. Right posterior orbitofrontal rCBF covaried positively with hunger ratings during presentation of food items. Regression analysis of the neuroimaging data revealed that left amygdala and right lateral orbitofrontal rCBF covaried as a function of stimulus category (i.e., food vs non-food). These results indicate the involvement of amygdala and discrete regions of orbitofrontal cortex in the integration of perceptual (food), motivational (hunger), and cognitive (memory) processes in the human brain.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A sensory signature that distinguishes true from false memories.

Human behavioral studies show that there is greater sensory/perceptual detail associated with true memories than false memories. We therefore hypothesized that true recognition of abstract shapes would elicit greater visual cortical activation than would false recognition. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), participants studied exemplar shapes and later made recognition memory decisions ("old" or "new") concerning studied exemplars (old shapes), nonstudied lures (related shapes) and new shapes. Within visual processing regions, direct contrasts between true recognition ("old" response to an old shape; old-hit) and false recognition ("old" response to a related shape; related-false alarm) revealed preferential true recognition-related activity in early visual processing regions (Brodmann area (BA)17, BA18). By comparison, both true and false recognition were associated with activity in early and late (BA19, BA37) visual processing regions, the late regions potentially supporting "old" responses, independent of accuracy. Further analyses suggested that the differential early visual processing activity reflected repetition priming, a type of implicit memory. Thus, the sensory signature that distinguishes true from false recognition may not be accessible to conscious awareness.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Effects of breathing air at 4 atm abs: evidence for a change in strategy.

The effect of breathing air at 4 atm abs on two tasks was investigated. For the recognition memory task, subjects learned a list of symbols in anticipation of a recognition test. The second task was a speed test in which subjects were instructed to detect all occurrences of a given target. A signal detection analysis of performance to the recognition test showed that sensitivity index was invariant, but the criterion (beta) became stricter under hyperbaric pressure. For the speed test, the results showed that under pressure the error rate increased progressively with time while the working speed remained constant. It is argued that strategic variables may be particularly sensitive to the hyperbaric environment.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

The effect of midazolam on conscious, controlled processing: evidence from the process-dissociation procedure.

The benzodiazepine midazolam produces a dense anterograde amnesia. Recent findings (see, e.g., Hirshman, Passannante, & Arndt, 2001) have demonstrated that midazolam produces larger impairments on explicit memory tests such as free recall and recognition memory than on implicit memory tests such as perceptual identification and free association. Such findings suggest that midazolam impairs conscious, controlled memory processes. In the present experiments, we used Jacoby's (1991, 1998) process-dissociation procedure to examine this hypothesis. Our results demonstrate that midazolam increases the production of old items on the exclusion task and reduces the production of old items on the inclusion task. Moreover, generation effects, hypothesized to arise from conscious processes, are reduced by midazolam on both tasks. Analyses using both independence and redundancy models of the process-dissociation procedure confirm the conclusion that midazolam impairs conscious memory processes.

Consciousness↗
PubMed2000

Memory and executive function impairments after frontal or posterior cortex lesions.

Free recall and recognition, memory for temporal order, spatial memory and prospective memory were assessed in patients with frontal lobe lesions, patients with posterior cortex lesions and control subjects. Both patient groups showed equivalent memory deficits relative to control subjects on a range of free recall and recognition tasks, on memory for temporal order and on a prospective memory task. The patient groups also performed equivalently on the spatial memory task although only patients with frontal lobe lesions were significantly impaired. However, the patients with frontal lobe lesions showed an increased false alarm rate and made more intrusion errors relative not only to the control subjects, but also to the patients with poster or cortex lesions. These memory problems are discussed in relation to deficits in executive function and basic memory processes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Increased responsiveness to MDMA in adult rats treated neonatally with MDMA.

MDMA [(+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, also known as ecstasy] is a popular recreational drug among women of reproductive age. The objective of this study was to investigate the long-term neurobehavioral consequences of early developmental MDMA exposure. On postnatal days (PD) 1-4, Sprague-Dawley rats received two 10 mg/kg injections of MDMA with an inter-dose interval of 4 h. Male subjects were tested in adulthood for their performance in an object-recognition memory task and for their thermal and behavioral responses to an acute MDMA challenge (10 mg/kg i.p.). Neonatal MDMA administration did not alter working memory in the object-recognition test in young adulthood (PD 68-73) and there were no differences in radiolabeled citalopram binding to the serotonin transporter at this age. However, the pretreated animals showed increased thermal dysregulation and serotonin syndrome responses (particularly headweaving stereotypy) following the MDMA challenge. These results add to the growing literature demonstrating that developmental MDMA administration can lead to long-lasting functional abnormalities, and they further suggest that the offspring of ecstasy-using women may be at risk for enhanced sensitivity to this drug due to their earlier exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Memory function in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder and the problem of confidence in their memories: a clinical study.

AIM: To examine obsessive-compulsive patients for memory of obsessive-compulsive relevant material and confidence in their memory. METHODS: Memory function was examined by a recognition task using neutral and obsessive-compulsive relevant sentences in 32 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and 31 control subjects. We also investigated the participants' confidence in the accuracy of their recognition. The severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder was evaluated by using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. The Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Questionnaire, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were also administered to the two groups. RESULTS: Whereas obsessive-compulsive disorder patients were not significantly different from control subjects on measures of recognition memory for both obsessive-compulsive relevant and neutral material, they were significantly less confident in the memory for obsessive-compulsive relevant and neutral sentences. Also, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores were negatively correlated with the recognition performance of obsessive-compulsive disorder relevant sentences and the levels of confidence in memory in the obsessive-compulsive disorder group. The obsessive-compulsive patients with checking compulsions were not different from non-checking obsessive-compulsive patients. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that obsessive-compulsive patients experience difficulties in confidence in their memory, possibly related to anxiety rather than primary memory deficits.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Memory for the temporal order of events in patients with frontal lobe lesions and amnesic patients.

Patients with frontal lobe lesions, amnesic patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, other (non-Korsakoff) amnesic patients, and control subjects were given tests of memory for temporal order. In the first experiment, subjects were presented with a list of 15 words and then asked to reproduce the list order from a random array of the words. In the second experiment, they were asked to arrange in chronological order a random display of 15 factual events that occurred between 1941 and 1985. In both experiments, patients with frontal lobe lesions were impaired in placing the items in the correct temporal order, despite normal item memory (i.e. normal recall and recognition memory for the words and facts). The two groups of amnesic patients exhibited impaired memory for temporal order as well as impaired item memory. Patients with Korsakoff's syndrome exhibited poorer temporal order memory than the other amnesic patients, despite similar levels of item memory. These findings demonstrate that patients with frontal lobe lesions have difficulty organizing information temporally. Patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, who have both diencephalic and frontal damage, have memory impairment together with a disproportionate deficit in memory for temporal order.

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder↗
PubMed1997

Masked target priming effects on feeling-of-knowing and feeling-of-familiarity judgments.

The present study tested whether the same processes underlie recognition memory based on feeling-of-familiarity on the one hand and feeling-of-knowing (FOK) judgments made to unrecalled items on the other. Five experiments compared the effects of masked priming of targets in the memory tests. Masked priming increased recognition judgments based on feeling of familiarity (KNOW responses) but not those accompanied by conscious recollection (REMEMBER responses). The same masked priming procedure enhanced cued recall accuracy and FOK judgments made to recalled items but not for recall failures. These results are interpreted as indicating that the metamemory monitor subserving FOK does not have privileged access to unconscious information, and that FOK is based on partial products of retrieval.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Pattern recognition and associative memory as dynamical processes in a synergetic system. I. Translational invariance, selective attention, and decomposition of scenes.

We consider a model for associative memory and pattern recognition which was devised by Haken (1987b). This model treats the activity of the neurons as continuous variables and exploits an analogy with pattern formation in synergetic systems. The capability of such a system to act as associative memory is demonstrated by the reconstruction of faces which are partially offered to the system, and which are restored by the corresponding dynamical process. We demonstrate how this model can be cast into a form which is translation invariant and how partially hidden faces in scenes can be recognized by means of the control of attention parameters of specific patterns.

Cybernetics↗
PubMed2003

Head-only exposure to GSM 900-MHz electromagnetic fields does not alter rat's memory in spatial and non-spatial tasks.

Over the last decade, exposure to high frequency (2450 MHz) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) has been found to induce performance deficit in rodents in spatial memory tasks. As concern was expressed about potential biological effects of mobile communication microwaves, studies testing the effects of signals such as GSM were required. In a previous study, using head-only exposure to 900 MHz GSM EMF, we could not demonstrate any behavioural deficit in two simple learning tasks. The present study aimed at extending these results with more complex spatial learning tasks and a non-spatial task. In a first experiment, rats were trained in a radial-arm maze with a 10-s confinement between each visited arm. In a second experiment, a 15-min intra-trial delay was introduced after four visited arms. In a third experiment, non-spatial memory was tested in an object recognition task. In all experiments, performance of the head-only exposed rats (1 and 3.5 W/kg) was compared with that of sham and control rats. In the first experiment, a slightly improved performance was found after 3.5 W/kg exposure, a result that was not observed in the delay-task. In the third experiment, although some effects on exploratory activity were found, recognition memory was unaffected in exposed rats. Altogether, this set of experiments provides no evidence indicating that spatial and non-spatial memory can be affected by a 45-min head-only exposure to 900 MHz GSM EMF.

Animals↗