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PubMed1978

Skin changes and diseases associated with pregnancy.

During the gestational period, the skin is among the many organs undergoing changes. Various endocrine changes occurring in pregnancy are thought to give rise to certain skin changes such as pigmentary alterations, abnormalities in hair growth, vascular anomalies, and striae. Also, there are several skin diseases unique to the pregnant woman. Whereas the physiologic skin changes are mainly of cosmetic importance, the various pregnancy-unique skin diseases have associated symptoms, and an increase in both fetal and/or maternal morbidity and mortality is associated with several of these skin diseases.

Dermatitis↗
PubMed1994

Validity of leopard skin manifestation in community diagnosis of human onchocerciasis infection.

The validity and reliability of onchocercal leopard skin (LS) when used as a screening criteria in community diagnosis of human onchocerciasis is reported. Between March and May, 1991, 1,302 persons were skin snipped and examined for LS from all households in Mballa, Isuochi in Isuikwuato L.G.A. of Abia State, Nigeria. Leopard skin showed a sensitivity rate of 30% and a specificity of 76.5% when used to identify cases of onchocerciasis. Some factors that influenced validity of leopard skin as diagnostic criterion are discussed. The use of two or more manifestations jointly as indicators of onchocercal infection is recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Mouse models of Hermansky Pudlak syndrome: a review.

Hermansky Pudlak Syndrome (HPS) is a recessively inherited disease affecting the contents and/or the secretion of several related subcellular organelles including melanosomes, lysosomes, and platelet dense granules. It presents with disorders of pigmentation, prolonged bleeding, and ceroid deposition, often accompanied by severe fibrotic lung disease and colitis. In the mouse, the disorder is clearly multigenic, caused by at least 14 distinct mutations. Studies on the mouse mutants have defined the granule abnormalities of HPS and have shown that the disease is associated with a surprising variety of phenotypes affecting many tissues. This is an exciting time in HPS research because of the recent molecular identification of the gene causing a major form of human HPS and the expected identifications of several mouse HPS genes. Identifications of mouse HPS genes are expected to increase our understanding of intracellular vesicle trafficking, lead to discovery of new human HPS genes, and suggest diagnostic and therapeutic approaches toward the more severe clinical consequences of the disease.

Albinism, Oculocutaneous↗
PubMed1986

Ocular abnormalities associated with cutaneous melanoma and vitiligolike leukoderma.

Several varieties of ocular pathology are associated with acquired cutaneous hypomelanosis (leukoderma; vitiligo). Our current study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between ophthalmologic disorders and a specific depigmentary phenomenon, the vitiligolike leukoderma of cutaneous melanoma. Over the past 14 years, eight patients with cutaneous melanoma and widespread areas of hypopigmentation were identified at the Pigmented Lesion Clinic of the Massachusetts General Hospital. The seven patients who underwent ophthalmologic examination had pigment-related ocular abnormalities. Among these were inflammations of the uveal tract in three patients, heterochromia in two, halo nevi of the choroid in one, and hypopigmentation and/or atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium or choroid in four. Our findings demonstrate that ocular disease may be a component in a syndrome consisting also of cutaneous melanoma and vitiligolike leukoderma and suggest the need for complete ophthalmologic examinations in patients with melanoma and leukoderma.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Itching purpura.

Itching purpura is a benign disorder characterized by the sudden onset of markedly pruritic, purpuric lesions with a clinical appearance similar to the progressive pigmented purpuric dermatoses. The pruritus is severe and unremitting and may lead to depression and loss of sleep. Hematologic and serologic evaluation is normal in most cases. The disease tends to be chronic with exacerbations and remissions lasting over a period of months to years. No current therapy has been uniformly successful in treating itching purpura.

Female↗
PubMed1998

[Ocular fundus lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus model mice].

To evaluate spontaneous development of the ocular fundus abnormalities associated with collagen disease, we investigated the ocular fundus lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) models. (NZW x BXSB) F1 mice were employed as SLE models with antiphospholipid syndrome. The abnormal findings in the ocular fundus were recorded with a fundus camera for small animals (KOWA Co., Ltd.), and the chorioretinal lesions were studied histopathologically. As in the systemic symptoms of SLE, the incidence of ocular fundus abnormalities in these (NZW x BXSB) F1 mice was significantly higher in males than in females, suggesting the influence of the Yaa (Y chromosome-linked autoimmune acceleration) gene. Lesions in the fundus appeared in the form of white spots, which increased in number along with the course of the disease. The lesion developed into retinal detachment in some animals. Dilatation of veins and narrowing of arteries were marked. These lesions were very similar to multifocal posterior pigment epitheliopathy (MPPE) in humans in that white spots appear first and then develop into exudative retinal detachment caused by retinal pigment epithelial disorder. Histopathological findings included 1. structural destruction of the photoreceptor cell layer, 2. degeneration and loss of the retinal pigment epithelium, and 3. narrowing and occlusion of the choriocapillaris associated with thrombus formation, cellular infiltration into the surrounding tissues, and wall thickening of the choroidal arterioles. The study of these SLE mouse may contribute to the elucidation of abnormalities in the fundus associated with collagen diseases, including the relationship between thrombus formation and antiphospholipid syndrome.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vitiligo: a sign of systemic disease.

Vitiligo reflects a systemic process that has important implications beyond the skin. These include other autoimmune diseases and ocular and neurological abnormalities. Alezzandrini syndrome and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome particularly exemplify this relationship. In addition, vitiligo may be confused with other systemic disorders, including tuberous sclerosis, progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), melanoma, and, in endemic regions, leprosy. We describe these associations and emphasize the importance of depigmenting disorders.

Autoimmune Diseases↗
PubMed1989

[Paresthetic notalgia. Report of 2 cases].

The Authors describe two cases of notalgia paresthesica, a disorder with localized pruritus of the back and hypesthesia for touch possibly due to a sensory neuropathy involving the posterior primary rami of thoracic nerve T2 through T6. The condition is not rare, but underdiagnosed for the poor clinical relevance. The possible X-linked hereditary transmission and other pathogenetic hypotheses are discussed.

Back↗
PubMed1999

Clinical, cytogenetic, and fluorescence in situ hybridization findings in two cases of "complete ring" syndrome.

The term "ring syndrome" was proposed to describe a phenotype of growth failure without major malformations due to a ring autosome. The growth failure is thought to be caused by instability of the ring chromosome leading to aneusomy and cell death. Most previous studies of ring chromosomes were based on standard cytogenetic banding techniques and were limited to microscopically detectable deletions in the ring chromosomes. We report on two patients with complete ring (4) and ring (9) chromosomes, respectively. The first was a 15-month-old girl and the second was a 16-month-old boy. They both presented with severe, symmetrical growth failure and normal psychomotor development in the absence of malformations. Their parents had a normal phenotype. The first case had a whorled pattern of hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation on part of the face and chest, and the second case had a patchy hyperpigmented rash on the trunk. Peripheral blood karyotype of the first patient was 46,XX, r(4)(p16.3q35.2) and of the second 45,XY,-9/46,XY,r(9)(p24q34.3). G-band analysis suggested no loss of material in the ring chromosomes. These findings were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using chromosome-specific subtelomeric probes. The common human telomeric sequences were intact in the first patient but absent in the second patient. The cytogenetic and FISH data in our two cases provide further evidence for the existence of a "complete ring" phenotype independent of the autosome involved. Pigmentary skin changes are a useful clinical sign of mosaicism caused by the ring instability.

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4↗
PubMed2006

Hyperspectral imaging: a new approach to the diagnosis of hemorrhagic shock.

BACKGROUND: Skin color changes and mottling are frequently described signs of hemorrhagic shock (HEM). Based on this, we developed a noninvasive, noncontact hyperspectral imaging system (HSI), which quantifies and depicts the surface tissue saturation of oxygen (SHSIO2) for each pixel in a region of interest (ROI). Our purpose was to assess HSI in a porcine HEM model. We hypothesized that HEM would cause decreases in SHSIO2 of the skin. METHODS: The HyperMed HSI system employs a spectral separator to vary the wavelength of light admitted to a digital camera. During image acquisition, a "hypercube" of images, each at a separate wavelength, is generated (at 5-nm intervals, from 500 to 600 nm). Then, the visible light spectrum for each pixel in the hypercube is compared by linear regression to standard spectra for oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) and deoxyhemoglobin (DeoxyHb). The resulting fit coefficients for OxyHb and DeoxyHb are used to calculate SHSIO2 values for each pixel in the ROI. The mean values for OxyHb, DeoxyHb, and SHSIO2 across the ROI are calculated. Grayscale SHSIO2 pictures of the ROI are also generated, in which the brightness of each pixel is proportional to its value. Seventeen pigs, 36.4 +/- 0.11 kg, underwent standard preparation, and were maintained on ketamine and isoflurane. Normothermia was maintained (37 degrees C to 39 degrees C). The hemorrhage group (HEM, n = 9) underwent three blood withdrawals, each 10 mL/kg, with 15 minutes between withdrawals. After the third withdrawal, animals were resuscitated with lactated Ringer's and then shed blood. The control group (CTRL, n = 8) received intravenous fluids at 100 mL/h. HSI images were obtained of the inner hindlimb throughout. RESULTS: All HEM animals showed linear decreases in both mean SHSIO2 and OxyHb values with blood loss, which were reversed by resuscitation. These changes were evident on the grayscale SHSIO2 pictures, but not to the naked eye, and paralleled those of invasively obtained arterial base excess and mixed venous oxygen saturation. CONCLUSIONS: HSI is a promising noninvasive and noncontact tool for quantifying changes in skin oxygenation during HEM and resuscitation.

Animals↗