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At least 1,369 records · Page 76Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Impact of a nucleopolyhedrovirus bioinsecticide and selected synthetic insecticides on the abundance of insect natural enemies on maize in southern Mexico.

The impact of commonly used organophosphate (chlorpyrifos, methamidophos), carbamate (carbaryl), and pyrethroid (cypermethrin) insecticides on insect natural enemies was compared with that of a nucleopolyhedrovirus (Baculoviridae) of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in maize grown in southern Mexico. Analyses of the SELECTV and Koppert Side Effects (IOBC) databases on the impact of synthetic insecticides on arthropod natural enemies were used to predict approximately 75-90% natural enemy mortality after application, whereas the bioinsecticide was predicted to have no effect. Three field trails were performed in mid- and late-whorl stage maize planted during the growing season in Chiapas State, Mexico. Synthetic insecticides were applied at product label recommended rates using a manual knapsack sprayer fitted with a cone nozzle. The biological pesticide was applied at a rate of 3 x 10(12) occlusion bodies (OBs)/ha using identical equipment. Pesticide impacts on arthropods on maize plants were quantified at intervals between 1 and 22 d postapplication. The biological insecticide based on S. frugiperda nucleopolyhedrovirus had no adverse effect on insect natural enemies or other nontarget insect populations. Applications of the carbamate, pyrethroid, and organophosphate insecticides all resulted in reduced abundance of insect natural enemies, but for a relatively short period (8-15 d). Pesticide applications made to late-whorl stage maize resulted in lesser reductions in natural enemy populations than applications made at the mid-whorl stage, probably because of a greater abundance of physical refuges and reduced spray penetration of late-whorl maize.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Microbial control of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) with selected strains of Beauveria bassiana.

Nineteen strains and species of entomopathogenic fungi were examined for their potential as biological control agents of the house fly, Musca domestica L. Bioassays against larvae, pupae, and adult males and females in small containers indicated five strains of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. were relatively more virulent. Three of the virulent strains, chosen for efficiency of production in a rice-based, diphasic fungal production system, were further evaluated by mixing spore-contaminated rice residue with sugar and tested as a food bait for adult flies in a 33-m3 walk-in chamber. Up to 90% mortality was obtained within 15 d of exposure. The results indicate bait formulations of the most virulent and aggressive strain should be further developed and studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis for control of Indian meal moth.

Doses of four commercial formulations and one experimental formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner were mixed with the diet used to rear colonies of the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). Indian meal moth eggs were introduced to the treated diet, and the resultant adult emergence was tabulated. The experimental formulations ranked as follows in efficacy in controlling the Indian meal moth: Dipel (50% lethal concentration [LC50], 25 mg/kg) greater than Bactospeine WP (LC50, 100 mg/kg) greater than Thuricide (LC50, 150 mg/kg) greater than IMC 90007 (LC30, 180 mg/kg) greater than Bactospeine Flowable (LC50, 440 mg/kg).

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis spores to the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta.

Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis spores to the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, is described. The numbers of larvae killed were in relation to spore dry weight. At a surface application of 6.8 ng/cm2, there was an 85 percent survival, but less than 50 percent survived at 68.2 ng/cm2. Striking similarity of spores to parasporal crystals is revealed by slope of mortality curves, inhibition of stadial growth, and 50 percent lethal dose values based on protein content.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Physiology of sporeforming bacteria associated with insects: metabolism of Bacillus popilliae grown in third-instar Popillia japonica Newman larvae.

The timing and relative participation of concurrent pathways of carbohydrate metabolism as well as the extent of terminal respiratory activity were determined by radiorespirometry with 14-C substrates and by enzyme assays for vegetative and sporulating cells of the bacterium Bacillus popilliae cultured in whole, intact Popillia japonica (Japanese beetle) larvae. During vegetative proliferation, the pentose phosphate pathway predominates in the bacterial cells with minor involvement of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. As the cells proceed through sporulation, pentose phosphate and Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas activity remains constant. No tricarboxylic cycle activity is evident during growth and sporulation of B. popilliae. The results demonstrate (i) predominantly aerobic metabolism for carbohydrate assimilation within in vivo sporulating cells, (ii) a major contrast to the metabolism of other aerobic sporeforming bacteria that exhibit derepression of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymatic activity at the onset of sporulation, and (iii) no causal necessity of the cycle to B. popilliae sporogeny.

Acetates↗
PubMed1992

V-ATPase-energized epithelia and biological insect control.

Background is provided for the experimentally detailed contributions concerning the structure, distribution and function of V-ATPase-based ion pumps in insect epithelia. The mode of action of an insecticidal bacterial protein, which is dependent upon the V-ATPase-energized state in larval lepidopteran midgut for activity, is discussed.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2001

Potential for areawide integrated management of Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) with a braconid parasitoid and a novel bait spray.

The braconid wasp, Fopius arisanus (Sonan), a biological control agent for Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), was studied in coffee, Coffea arabica L. Fopius arisanus, comprised 79.3% of the total parasitoids (7,014) recovered from fruits collected at three small coffee farms. Data from seasonal host/parasitoid studies at a large coffee plantation also suggested that the most effective natural enemy of C. capitata in coffee may now reside in Hawaii. The original parasitoids introduced into Hawaii for C. capitata control (Diachasmimorpha tryoni (Cameron), Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri, and Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri) are now rare. Abundance of F. arisanus with respect to other parasitoids collected was influenced by elevation (274, 457, 610 m). Fopius arisanus was the dominant parasitoid at all three elevations, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) occurred consistently, and T. giffardianus was abundant only at low elevation. The impacts on C. capitata and F. arisanus populations of bait sprays containing malathion, spinosad, or phloxine B applied to coffee were also evaluated. All three bait sprays suppressed C. capitata populations. Spinosad and phloxine B bait sprays appeared less harmful to the wasp than malathion. Fopius arisanus offers the potential for areawide management of C. capitata that includes biological control and integration with more environmentally safe chemical controls such as spinosad and phloxine B bait sprays.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Plant washing as a pest management technique for control of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae).

Changes in aphid presence following plant washings were evaluated on hibiscus plants, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., that supported natural aphid infestations--primarily melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Clover. Type of plant module (such as stems, tight buds, open flowers, and sepal caps) and percent of module's surface covered by aphids were recorded for each branch tip on every plant. Plant washing was done with tap water, applied for 30 s three times a week for 3 wk. Aphid presence was recorded each week. Aphid presence on plant structures immediately before and after a single 30-s wash treatment was also examined. In the 3-wk study, mean percent coverage of plant parts with aphids was significantly affected by wash treatment, plant module type, and their interactions, as well as by time and the interaction of time with wash treatment. By the third week, unwashed plants had 33.1% of stems and branch tips scoring >5% coverage with aphids, and 17.9% of unwashed stems and branch tips had 20% or more of their surface area covered by aphids. Washing plants prevented aphid coverage from ever exceeding the 5% class on all module types. In the second experiment, buds and stems with high numbers of aphids before washing generally experienced notable declines with a single wash. When the prewash coverage was 10% or greater, reduction in coverage ranged from 50 to 100% of the prewash amount. In 64% of the cases, the reduction in coverage was 75% or more of the prewash amount. Plant washing can provide a viable means of management for small, soft-bodied arthropods such as aphids.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Development, survival and fitness performance of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in MON810 Bt field corn.

Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) development, survival, and feeding injury in MON810 transgenic ears of field corn (Zea mays L.) expressing Bacillus thuringiensis variety kurstaki (Bt) Cry1Ab endotoxins were compared with non-Bt ears at four geographic locations over two growing seasons. Expression of Cry1Ab endotoxin resulted in overall reductions in the percentage of damaged ears by 33% and in the amount of kernels consumed by 60%. Bt-induced effects varied significantly among locations, partly because of the overall level and timing of H. zea infestations, condition of silk tissue at the time of egg hatch, and the possible effects of plant stress. Larvae feeding on Bt ears produced scattered, discontinuous patches of partially consumed kernels, which were arranged more linearly than the compact feeding patterns in non-Bt ears. The feeding patterns suggest that larvae in Bt ears are moving about sampling kernels more frequently than larvae in non-Bt ears. Because not all kernels express the same level of endotoxin, the spatial heterogeneity of toxin distribution within Bt ears may provide an opportunity for development of behavioral responses in H. zea to avoid toxin. MON810 corn suppressed the establishment and development of H. zea to late instars by at least 75%. This level of control is considered a moderate dose, which may increase the risk of resistance development in areas where MON810 corn is widely adopted and H. zea overwinters successfully. Sublethal effects of MON810 corn resulted in prolonged larval and prepupal development, smaller pupae, and reduced fecundity of H. zea. The moderate dose effects and the spatial heterogeneity of toxin distribution among kernels could increase the additive genetic variance for both physiological and behavioral resistance in H. zea populations. Implications of localized population suppression are discussed.

Animals↗