Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Paternal Behavior”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,369 records · Page 76Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

A test for a metastable epigenetic component of heterosis using haploid induction in maize.

We conducted a test to detect if there is a heritable epigenetic component to hybrid vigor and/or inbreeding depression. The impetus for this work was a classical study of the effect of homozygosis on the expression of the maize red color ( r1) locus. It had been shown that maintaining R1 mottling alleles in the homozygous state over several generations produces a progressive decrease of their paternally imprinted expression. This effect is reversed by R1/r1 allele heterozygosity. If this behavior were characteristic of many regulatory genes, then such a phenomenon could contribute to inbreeding depression and heterosis. To examine this question, inbreds of Mo17 and B73 and the two reciprocally produced hybrids were crossed by Stock 6 to generate four classes of maternal haploids. The mature haploid plants were measured for several quantitative traits. If inbreeding depression results from an accumulating heritable effect that is reversed by the hybrid state, one would expect the haploids derived from the hybrids to perform better than those derived from the inbred lines. The hybrid-derived haploids did not exhibit greater average performance than the inbred-derived haploids. These data fail to support the hypothesis that inbreeding depression and heterosis have a metastable epigenetic component.

Epigenesis, Genetic↗
PubMed1999

Basics of gametic imprinting.

The fundamental assumption of Mendelian genetics is that behavior of an allele is identical whether it arrives to a zygote through paternal or maternal germline pathway. Gametic imprinting phenomena discovered and studied in mammals show limitations of the classical view in special cases. Two sources of evidence were essential to describe gametic imprinting. The first approach based on genetic evidence demonstrated that some maternally and paternally derived regions of certain chromosomes were not equivalent. Paternal or maternal disomy of the regions containing particular genes caused significant effects on viability and development of progeny. The second set of data was obtained by nuclear transplantations and parthenogenetic activation of mammalian oocytes. These data suggested that the contribution of parental genomes was not equivalent and differential imprinting of nuclear genes during gametogenesis was very likely. The number of loci found in mice, which show gametic imprinting, is 34 and continues to grow. It is generally accepted that gametic imprinting is a mammalian invention and there are differences in imprinting pattern between species. Most hypotheses propose involvement of imprinted genes in the control of fetal growth and fetal-maternal interactions, thus keeping a balance between contradictory fetal and maternal requirements. Molecular mechanisms responsible for gametic imprinting still remain to be studied, but for several genes it was shown that imprinting marks are imposed by a parent-specific methylation process during gametogenesis. These marks are resistant to global demethylation during cleavage and to global de novo methylation after implantation and maintain different methylation patterns in paternal and maternal alleles of imprinted genes. About 20 to 25% of all transgene loci studied demonstrate similarities with imprinted genes. For instance, methylation of some transgenes is dependent on parental gametic pathway and reversible in the next generation. There are data indicating that selection of modifier genes may change the effects of gametic imprinting. It is possible that future selection and crossbreeding programs may take gametic imprinting into consideration.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Family study of genomic imprinting in tic disorder].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether genomic imprinting is involved in the etiology of tic disorder. METHODS: International standard structural schedule for the genetic research of tic disorder and standard process of phenotype evaluation, in addition to both family study method and family history method were used in the family study of 171 probands with tic disorder. RESULTS: Maternal transmission was associated with the symptom of complex motor tics in the probands (beta ratio = 6.6, P = 0.01); Maternal transmission was more likely to present earlier-onset of the disease (Log Rank = 4.71, P = 0.029); However, paternally transmitted tic disorder was characterized by increased attention problem score in CBCL behavioral scale among the proband (t = 2.78, chi(2) = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Parental specific expression exists in the transmission of tic disorder, which gives evidence that genomic imprinting may be involved in the genetic mechanism of tic disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Conflict over multiple-partner mating between males and females of the polygynandrous common lizards.

The optimal number of mate partners for females rarely coincides with that for males, leading to a potential sexual conflict over multiple-partner mating. This suggests that the population sex ratio may affect multiple-partner mating and thus multiple paternity. We investigate the relationship between multiple paternity and the population sex ratio in the polygynandrous common lizard (Lacerta vivipara). In six populations the adult sex ratio was biased toward males, and in another six populations the adult sex ratio was biased toward females, the latter corresponding to the average adult sex ratio encountered in natural populations. In males the frequency and the degree of polygyny were lower in male-biased populations, as expected if competition among males determines polygyny. In females the frequency of polyandry was not different between treatments, and polyandrous females produced larger clutches, suggesting that polyandry might be adaptive. However, in male-biased populations females suffered from reduced reproductive success compared to female-biased populations, and the number of mate partners increased with female body size in polyandrous females. Polyandrous females of male-biased populations showed disproportionately more mating scars, indicating that polyandrous females of male-biased populations had more interactions with males and suggesting that the degree of multiple paternity is controlled by male sexual harassment. Our results thus imply that polyandry may be hierarchically controlled, with females controlling when to mate with multiple partners and male sexual harassment being a proximate determinant of the degree of multiple paternity. The results are also consistent with a sexual conflict in which male behaviors are harmful to females.

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of limited paternal exposure to xenobiotic agents on the development of progeny.

This report represents a series of investigations of the postnatal functional sequelae of paternal exposure to opioids and other xenobiotic agents. In separate studies, young adult male mice were exposed to (1) morphine; (2) levorphanol or its nonanalgesic isomer dextrorphan; or (3) 80% nitrous oxide/20% oxygen. Males (5-8/group) were injected twice daily for 5 1/2 or 8 1/2 days with opioids or saline, or received a single 4 hour inhalation exposure to nitrous oxide/oxygen or compressed air. At 6-8 1/2 days post-treatment, each male was housed with 3 drug-naive nulliparous females. With the exception of birth weights of litters, no alterations in reproductive indices were observed. Changes in reproductive endocrine parameters included marked attenuation of serum luteinizing hormone response to castration in both young adult (8 week) and older (18 week) F1 morphine offspring, when compared with saline-derived groups. The morphine progeny showed decrements in body weight and delayed onset of maturational indices through four generations of selective inbreeding. Similar developmental delays occurred in F1 offspring originating from paternal levorphanol, dextrorphan and nitrous oxide groups, when compared with their respective controls. Behavioral study of F1 offspring revealed alterations in: water maze performance and learning, if preceded by unavoidable footshock, in morphine offspring at 8 and 18 weeks; aberrant swim patterns in both levorphanol and dextrorphan progeny at 6 1/2 and 8 1/2 weeks. Nitrous oxide progeny showed a blunting of hypothermic response to pharmacologic challenge at 16 weeks, in comparison to compressed air controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Transgenerational effect of a single neonatal benzpyrene treatment (imprinting) on the sexual behavior of adult female rats.

Male and female rats were neonatally treated with a single dose of benzpyrene. The adult animals were mated inter se, forming control-control, benzpyrene (female)-control, benzpyrene (male)-control, and benzpyrene-benzpyrene treated couples. In the F1 and F2 generations (without any further treatment) the females's sexual behavior was tested to Meyerson index and lordosis quotient after ovariectomy and hormone treatment, using experienced males. In the F1 generation both indices were significantly reduced in the maternally treated, paternally untreated groups, however this reduction was not present in the group where the treatment was maternal and paternal alike. In the F2 generation, beside the more expressed reduction in the grandmaternally treated group, a moderate reduction in the sexual activity of progenies having treated grandfather or two treated grandparents were observed. The experiment call attention to the transgenerational sexual behavioral effect of a dangerous environment pollutant, benzpyrene.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The ethics of human experimentation in psychiatry: toward a more informed consensus.

In recent years, the expansion in medical research has been accompanied by a growing concern for human rights, and a proliferation of government regulations. These concurrent developments have generated a deepening uneasiness about the future of human experimentation in psychiatry. This troubled state of affairs points out the desirability of a moral consensus that will respect the concerns of those involved. Toward that end, we offer a method for assessing the arguments now crowding the literature and propose a set of paradigms of human experimentation--the scientific, authoritarian, market, fiduciary, collegial, and social--which appear to lie behind the clash of perspectives. It is our hope that these paradigms can contribute to a fair and sympathetic examination of the conflicting positions. While this in itself cannot guarantee a moral consensus, it can facilitate a clearer organization and understanding of priorities.

Behavioral Research↗
PubMed2000

Paternalism and egregious harm: Prader-Willi Syndrome and the importance of care.

Paternalism clashes with the usual liberal model. In this paper I argue that attempts to defend even a limited form of paternalism by liberal authors such as Joel Feinberg, Gerald Dworkin and H.L.A. Hart fail. I propose instead a bivalent model for paternalism that appeals to two separate principles: the no-harm principle and the care-principle. The notion of care discussed by contemporary feminist authors is a fundamental moral archetype that permeates history and culture. I go on to consider the case of patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome and argue that paternalism is not only permissible but imperative in cases in egregious harm. This view is enshrined in common law jurisprudence which dismisses consent as a justification in serious crime.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Intrasexual selection in Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi).

Studies of sexual selection show that both female choice and male-male competition can influence the evolution and expression of male phenotypes. In this regard, it is important to determine the functional basis through which male traits influence variation in male reproductive success. In this study, we estimate the strength and type of sexual selection acting on adult males in a population of wild lemur, Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi). The data used in this study were collected at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, southwest Madagascar. We conducted paternity analyses on 70 males in order to estimate the distribution of reproductive success in this population. Paternity data were combined with morphometric data in order to determine which morphological traits covary with male fitness. Five morphological traits were defined in this analysis: body size, canine size, torso shape, arm shape, and leg shape. We utilized phenotypic selection models in order to determine the strength and type of selection acting directly on each trait. Our results show that directional selection acts on leg shape (a trait that is functionally related to locomotor performance), stabilizing selection acts on body mass and torso shape, and negative correlational selection acts on body mass and leg shape. We draw from biomechanical and kinematic studies of sifaka locomotion to provide a functional context for how these traits influence male mating competition within an arboreal environment. Verreaux's sifaka and many other gregarious lemurs are sexually monomorphic in body mass and canine size, despite a high frequency and intensity of male-male aggressive competition. Our results provide some insight into this paradox: in our population, there is no directional selection acting on body mass or canine size in males. The total pattern of selection implicates that behaviors relating to locomotor performance are more important than behaviors relating to fighting ability during intrasexual contests.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Low central nervous system serotonergic activity is traitlike and correlates with impulsive behavior. A nonhuman primate model investigating genetic and environmental influences on neurotransmission.

We have used nonhuman primates to examine developmental and behavioral correlates of CNS serotonergic activity, as measured by concentrations of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These studies show that interindividual differences in CNS serotonin turnover rate exhibit traitlike qualities and are stable across time and settings, with interindividual differences in CSF 5-HIAA concentrations showing positive correlations across repeated sampling. Primates with low CNS serotonergic activity exhibit behaviors indicative of impaired impulse control, unrestrained aggression, social isolation, and low social dominance. Maternal and paternal genetic influences play major roles in producing low CNS serotonin functioning, beginning early in life. These genetic influences on serotonin functioning are further influenced by early rearing experiences, particularly parental deprivation.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Fathers' experience of their partners' antepartum bed rest.

PURPOSE: To survey paternal worries, concerns, stresses, or problems and the type of support received by men whose partners were prescribed antepartum bed rest at home, or in the hospital, or both. DESIGN: Descriptive retrospective. A national subsample of 59 men whose mates were on pregnancy bed rest were randomly selected in 1995 from a nonrandom select sample of individuals who had contacted a bed-rest support group for information. METHODS: The Paternal Bed Rest Questionnaire of open-ended questions designed to detail paternal concerns, stresses, and supports was mailed to gathers. RESULTS: Major problems for fathers were assuming multiple roles, managing emotional responses, and caring for their partner. The major paternal worry was for the health of mate and fetus. Coping strategies included using tangible assistance; altering cognitive, behavioral, and emotional responses; and verbalizing worries. Fathers reported receiving little assistance from health care providers. CONCLUSIONS: Fathers experience extreme stress when pregnancy bed rest is prescribed for a mate. Family-centered care should include care of the partner whose mate is at high-risk. Interventions that reduce paternal worry and provide emotional and tangible support are needed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Maternal and paternal parenting, acculturation, and young adolescents' psychological adjustment in Korean American families.

PROBLEM: Maintaining healthy psychological adjustment may be more complicated for Korean American young adolescents than for their European American counterparts. Korean American families live in two cultures and the issue of acculturation challenges their parenting, which is a critical factor for young adolescents' psychological adjustment. METHODS: Hierarchical multiple regressions were used to analyze 106 family data (young adolescents, mothers, and fathers) on parenting (acceptance-rejection and behavioral control), acculturation (integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization), and young adolescents' psychological adjustment. FINDINGS: Only young adolescents' reports of maternal and paternal acceptance-rejection were related to their report of psychological adjustment. However, maternal acculturation moderated the relation between mothers' reports of maternal acceptance-rejection and behavioral control and young adolescents' report of their psychological adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Parental acceptance-rejection is related to young adolescents' psychological adjustment when adolescents perceive themselves as accepted or rejected by parents. The relation between mothers' report of maternal acceptance-rejection and behavioral control and adolescents' psychological adjustment needs to be considered within the context of maternal acculturation.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1987

Sex pheromone production and perception in European corn borer moths is determined by both autosomal and sex-linked genes.

Inheritance patterns for sex pheromone production in females, pheromone detection on male antennal olfactory receptor cells, and male pheromone behavioral responses were studied in pheromonally distinct populations of European corn borers from New York State. Gas chromatographic analyses of pheromone glands, single sensillum recordings, and flight tunnel behavioral analyses were carried out on progeny from reciprocal crosses, as well as on progeny from subsequent F(2) and maternal and paternal backcrosses. The data show that the production of the female pheromone blend primarily is controlled by a single autosomal factor, that pheromone-responding olfactory cells are controlled by another autosomal factor, and that behavioral response to pheromone is controlled by a sex-linked gene. F(1) males were found to possess olfactory receptor cells that give spike amplitudes to the two pheromone isomers that are intermediate to those of the high and low amplitude cells of the parent populations. Fifty-five percent of the F(1) males tested responded fully to pheromone sources ranging from the hybrid (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate/(Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E/Z) molar blend of 65:35 to the E/Z molar blend of 3:97 for the Z morph parents, but very few responded to the E/Z molar blend of 99:1 for the E morph parents. Data on the inheritance patterns support speculation that the Z morph is the ancestral and that the E morph is the derived European corn borer population.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Mountain gorilla tug-of-war: silverbacks have limited control over reproduction in multimale groups.

To determine who fathers the offspring in wild mountain gorilla groups containing more than one adult male silverback, we genotyped nearly one-fourth (n = 92) of the mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) living in the Virunga Volcanoes region of Africa. Paternity analysis of 48 offspring born into four groups between 1985 and 1999 revealed that, although all infants were sired by within-group males, the socially dominant silverback did not always monopolize reproduction within his group. Instead, the second-ranking male sired an average of 15% of group offspring. This result, in combination with previous findings that second-ranking males fare best by not leaving the group but by staying and waiting to assume dominance even if no reproduction is possible while waiting, is not consistent with expectations from a reproductive skew model in which the silverback concedes controllable reproduction to the second-ranking male. Instead, the data suggest a "tug-of-war" scenario in which neither the dominant nor the second-ranking male has full control over his relative reproductive share. The two top-ranked males were typically unrelated and this, in combination with the mixed paternity of group offspring, means that multimale gorilla groups do not approximate family groups. Instead, as long-term assemblages of related and unrelated individuals, gorilla groups are similar to chimpanzee groups and so offer interesting possibilities for kin-biased interactions among individuals.

Animals↗