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PubMed2006

The consistency between scientific papers presented at the Orthopaedic Trauma Association and their subsequent full-text publication.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the consistency of conclusions/statements made in podium presentations at the annual meeting of the Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) with those in subsequent full-text publications. Also, to evaluate the nature and consistency of study design, methods, sample sizes, results and assign a corresponding level of evidence. DATA SOURCES: Abstracts of the scientific programs of the OTA from 1994 to 1997 (N = 254) were queried by using the PubMed database to identify those studies resulting in a peer-reviewed, full-text publication. STUDY SELECTION: Of the 169 articles retrieved, 137 studies were the basis of our study after the exclusion criteria were applied: non-English language, basic science studies, anatomic dissection studies, and articles published in non-peer-reviewed journals. DATA EXTRACTION/SYNTHESIS: Information was abstracted onto a data form: first from the abstract published in the final meeting program, and then from the published journal article. Information was recorded regarding study issues, including the study design, primary objective, sample size, and statistical methods. We provided descriptive statistics about the frequency of consistent results between abstracts and full-text publications. The results were recorded as percentages and a 95% confidence interval was applied to each value. Study results were recorded for the abstract and full-text publication comparing results and the overall conclusion. A level of scientific-based evidence was assigned to each full-text publication. RESULTS: The final conclusion of the study remained the same 93.4% of the time. The method of study was an observational case series 52% of the time and a statement regarding the rate of patient follow-up was reported 42% of the time. Of the studies published, 18.2% consisted of a sample size smaller than the previously presented abstract. When the published papers had their level of evidence graded, 11% were level I, 16% level II, 17% level III, and 56% level IV. CONCLUSIONS: Authors conclusions were consistent with those in full-text publications. Most studies were observational, less than half reported on the rate of patient follow-up. Many abstracts followed by publication had a smaller sample size in the published paper. Half of all studies were graded level IV evidence.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2004

Age-related macular degeneration and quality of life: how to interpret a research paper in health-related quality of life.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review how to critically appraise a research article pertaining to changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) related to interventions for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). RECENT FINDINGS: We searched PubMed using a strategy that combined the text-words, "macular degeneration" and "quality of life" (n = 73; January 17, 2004), while limiting the search to "clinical trials" (n = 6; of which 3 were published within the past year). A randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of self-management as an intervention for AMD has been selected to introduce the reader to the concept of how to critically review a research paper pertaining to HRQoL in AMD. Other pertinent articles used in this review include recent results published from the Age-Related Eye Disease Study and the Submacular Surgery Trial. SUMMARY: The NEI-VFQ is a reliable, valid, and responsive tool when applied to patients with AMD. Self-management of patients with AMD has been demonstrated to improve their HRQoL by way of an internally valid randomized clinical trial. In this issue of Current Opinion in Ophthalmology, we confront the issue of how to assess the validity and importance of a research paper pertaining to the issue of quality of life. To introduce this topic, we will present a real world clinical example to better understand how quality of life may aid in medical decision making.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2004

Full publication of papers presented at the 1995 through 1999 European Association of Plastic Surgeons annual scientific meetings: a systemic bibliometric analysis.

From the multitude of oral presentations at major medical meetings, the most informative and highest-quality studies make it to full publication in peer-reviewed journals. The rate of publication may be regarded as an indicator of the scientific level of the meeting. Study of the publication rates of consecutive annual meetings allows for the evaluation of the consistency of the scientific level of these meetings and for comparison with publication rates of other meetings in the same field of interest. To grade how useful any publication is to other authors, one can furthermore measure how frequently they cite it in their own publications. Finally, the time lag between oral presentation and full publication is of importance to both its authors and the audience at the meeting. The main objectives of this study were to determine the publication rate of papers of various fields of interest as presented at five consecutive annual meetings of the European Association of Plastic Surgeons (EURAPS) and the time lag between these presentations and their publication. The authors compared their overall findings to those reported for other surgical specialties. Moreover, they identified and classified the journals in which the full publications appeared as an indicator of the scientific value of the meeting. They conclude that a greater than average number of papers presented at the 1995 through 1999 annual EURAPS meetings went on to full publication in peer-reviewed journals. Among these journals, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery was the best source for information presented at the meetings. Although approximately 90 percent of the publications appeared before 3 years had passed after a meeting, additional publications may be expected to appear even more than 6 years after the meeting. Given the high publication rate and the high average normalized impact factor of the journals in which the presentations appeared, the five studied EURAPS meetings overall had high scientific value.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2005

Diploid males and their triploid offspring in the paper wasp Polistes dominulus.

Although the hymenopteran sex-determining mechanism generally results in haploid males and diploid females, diploid males can be produced via homozygosity at the sex-determining locus. Diploid males have low fitness because they are effectively sterile or produce presumably sterile triploid offspring. Previously, triploid females were observed in three species of North American Polistes paper wasps, and this was interpreted as indirect evidence of diploid males. Here we report what is, to our knowledge, the first direct evidence: four of five early male-producing Polistes dominulus nests from three populations contained diploid males. Because haploid males were also found, however, the adaptive value of early males cannot be ignored. Using genetic and morphological data from triploid females, we also present evidence that both diploid males and triploid females remain undetected throughout the colony cycle. Consequently, diploid male production may result in a delayed fitness cost for two generations. This phenomenon is particularly relevant for introduced populations with few alleles at the sex-determining locus, but cannot be ignored in native populations without supporting genetic data. Future research using paper wasp populations to test theories of social evolution should explicitly consider the potential impacts of diploid males.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Sequence analysis of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I strains from southern India: gene amplification and direct sequencing from whole blood blotted onto filter paper.

Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection in India has been found to be associated with adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) among life-long residents of southern India. To examine the heterogeneity of HTLV-I strains from southern India and to determine their relationship with the sequence variants of HTLV-I from Melanesia, 1149 nucleotides spanning selected regions of the HTLV-I gag, pol, env and pX genes were amplified and directly sequenced from DNA extracted from whole blood blotted onto filter paper and from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, obtained from one patient with HAM/TSP, two with ATLL and eight asymptomatic carriers from Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Sequence alignments and comparisons indicated that the 11 HTLV-I strains from southern India were 99.2% to 100% identical among themselves and 98.7% to 100% identical to the Japanese prototype HTLV-I ATK. The majority of base substitutions were transitions and silent. No frameshifts, insertions, deletions or possibly disease-specific base changes were found in the regions sequenced. The observed clustering of the Indian HTLV-I strains with those from Japan, as determined by the maximum parsimony method, suggested a common source of HTLV-I infection with subsequent parallel evolution. Amplification of DNA from blood specimens collected on filter paper may be useful for the study of other blood-borne pathogens.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of sleep in changing our minds: a psychologist's discussion of papers on memory reactivation and consolidation in sleep.

The group of papers on memory reactivation and consolidation during sleep included in this volume represents cutting edge work in both animals and humans. They support that the two types of sleep serve different necessary functions. The role of slow wave sleep (SWS) is reactivation of the hippocampal-neocortical circuits activated during a waking learning period, while REM sleep is responsible for the consolidation of this new learning into long-term memory. These studies provide further insights into mechanisms involved in brain plasticity. Robeiro has demonstrated the upregulation of an immediate-early gene (IEG zif 268) to waking levels, which occurs only in REM and only in connection with new learning. McNaughton and his group have identified electrical indicators that the hippocampus and neocortex are talking to each other by testing the coactivation of hippocampal sharp wave bursts in SWS and shifts from down to up states of activation in the neocortex. In human studies Smith's group reports work on individual differences such as intelligence and presleep alcohol that affect postsleep performance, and Stickgold and collaborators report that a short nap will improve performance if it contains REM sleep. Payne and Nadel suggest that the recall benefit associated with REM sleep may be due to its association with increased cortisol levels. These papers are important not only in their individual contributions but also in revitalizing the work coordinating waking and sleep. This promises to further the understanding of how our unique capacity to learn from experience and modify our behavior takes place.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Simulation of liquid penetration in paper.

Capillary penetration of a wetting liquid in a microtomographic image of paper board, whose linear dimension was close to the average length of wood fibers, was simulated by the lattice-Boltzmann method. In spite of the size of the system not being large with respect to the size of structural inhomogeneities in the sample, for unidirectional penetration the simulated behavior was described well by that of the Lucas-Washburn equation, while for radial penetration a radial capillary equation described the behavior. In both cases the average penetration depth of the liquid front as a function of time followed a power law over many orders of magnitude. Capillary penetration of small droplets of liquid was also simulated in the same three-dimensional image of paper. In this case the simulation results could be described by a generalized form of the radial-penetration equation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Scaling and noise in slow combustion of paper

We present results of high resolution experiments on kinetic roughening of slow combustion fronts in paper, focusing on short length and time scales. Using three different grades of paper, we find that the combustion fronts show apparent spatial and temporal multiscaling at short scales. The scaling exponents decrease as a function of the order of the corresponding correlation functions. The noise affecting the fronts reveals short range temporal and spatial correlations, and non-Gaussian noise amplitudes. Our results imply that the overall behavior of slow combustion fronts cannot be explained by standard theories of kinetic roughening.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

The writing of clinical papers: the analyst as illusionist.

Rather than begin by defining what we mean when we call a paper 'clinical', I would like to reflect on how such a piece of work originates, how, through the interplay between the written and the spoken word, it becomes clinical and good enough for a professional journal. In the following, I shall pay particular attention to recent publications from the editorial side, that is, those by Wharton, one of the three editors of The Journal of Analytical Psychology, and by Tuckett, editor of The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis. I shall plead that there should not only be one kind of clinical paper, namely the type that for political reasons seems to be the one that is most wanted at the present time and the aim of which is to put psychoanalysis on more secure foundations than it currently is.

Germany↗
PubMed2003

The Commission White Paper on a Strategy for a Future EU Chemicals Policy: the view of European companies of American parentage.

After years of good service, EU legislation on chemicals is currently subject to a major review. This process, initiated by the Council of Ministers at Chester in April 1998, will soon lead to new legislative proposals. In the meantime, a review of the Commission's White Paper on "Strategy for a Future Chemicals Policy," published in February 2001, clearly shows that the regulatory landscape in this area will be significantly reshaped and that a new burden will be imposed on industry to demonstrate that the production and use of chemicals indeed conform to high standards of protection of human health and the environment. In the view of industry, on both sides of the Atlantic, while the objectives of the proposed reform can be supported, the measures proposed in the White Paper to implement these objectives are not properly balanced and will lead to substantial societal and economic drawbacks, unless significant adjustments are made. The purpose of this article is to present the pitfalls and difficulties of the reform as they are perceived by the EU Committee of the American Chamber of Commerce in Brussels, an organization that regroups about 150 European companies of American parentage, belonging to a broad range of European business sectors, including producers and users of chemicals. In view of the transatlantic and cross-business character of its membership, the EU Committee offers a different perspective on the debate.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed1976

Recovery after intravenous sedation. A comparison of clinical and paper and pencil tests used in assessing late effects of diazepam.

Twelve healthy subjects received intravenously 0-15 mg/kg of diazepam twice, with a two-week interval between doses. They were tested in a cross-over manner before and after the injection either with a clinical test battery plus paper and pencil tests, or with a carefully selected psychomotor test battery having a correlation to real traffic behavior. Neither the clinical tests nor the paper and pencil tests demonstrated impairment of performance 1/2 and 2 1/2 hours after the injection, whereas the psychomotor tests revealed considerable impairment of reactive and co-ordinative skills 2 1/2 hours after the injection. The results stress the importance of the presence of an escort when patients are discharged from hospital after outpatient anaesthesia or sedation.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Anaphylactic anaesthetic reactions. The value of paper radioallergosorbent tests for IgE antibodies to muscle relaxants and thiopentone.

The three currently available paper radioallergosorbent tests ('suxamethonium', alcuronium and thiopentone) were evaluated. 'Suxamethonium' radioallergosorbent test (which employs choline conjugated to paper discs) proved to be reliable in the detection of allergy to neuromuscular blockers, which were confirmed as the most common cause of anaphylactic reaction during general anaesthesia. Thiopentone radioallergosorbent test may also be useful, and is recommended in conjunction with 'suxamethonium' radioallergosorbent test in the preliminary investigation of reactions. Patients with positive 'suxamethonium' radioallergosorbent test usually require further testing, including alcuronium radioallergosorbent test, skin testing with a wide range of drug concentrations or leucocyte histamine release test.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Pencil and paper tests--sensitivity to psychotropic drugs.

The literature on pencil and paper tests and the effects of psychotropic drugs is reviewed. Performance at digit symbol substitution, symbol copying, letter cancellation, arithmetic, logic and cognitive processing with a relatively constant level of triazolam was compared with placebo. Analysis of variance, covariance analysis and principal component analysis were applied to the data. Pencil and paper tests which measure various skills are useful for detecting drug effects. Letter cancellation, arithmetic and DSST appear to be most sensitive, although logic and symbol copying may be useful.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMed2005

Diagnosis of red cell G6PD deficiency in rural Burkina Faso: comparison of a rapid fluorescent enzyme test on filter paper with polymerase chain reaction based genotyping.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient individuals are at increased risk of developing haemolysis following treatment with various antimalarial drugs. Reliable field tests for G6PD deficiency are thus needed in chemotherapy studies and their validity has to be assessed. In two phase II clinical trials on methylene blue (MB) antimalarial therapy in rural Burkina Faso, paediatric and adult participants were tested for G6PD deficiency. The results of a haemoglobin-adjusted nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) fluorescence test on paper (NFP test) were compared with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based G6PD genotyping also using blood samples on filter papers. This is the first study comparing sensitivity and specificity of the two methods. There was good agreement between the NFP test results and the PCR findings. The estimate of the sensitivity of the NFP test was 98.2% (95.8-99.6%) and the specificity was 97.1% (94.2-99.2%). In conclusion, the NFP assay is a reliable and inexpensive method for large-scale G6PD deficiency screening in rural West Africa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Screening for neonatal hypothyroidism by thyroxine and thyrotrophin radioimmunoassays using dried blood samples on filter paper.

A routine and automatized methodology for thyroxine (T4) and thyrotrophin (TSH) radioimmunoassay (RIA) using dried blood samples on filter paper is described. T4-RIA was performed on one single dot (5 mm diameter equivalent to 4 microliters of serum) while two dots were necessary for TSH-RIA. Reference filter papers were introduced in each assay for quality control. In a preliminary study on 4,155 neonates, samples generally obtained between the 5th--7th day gave a mean 'dot-T4' of 97.95 +/- 36.04 nmol/l and a mean 'dot-TSH' of 10.19 mU/l +/- 8.25, corresponding to 2.47 mU/l of serum. Within an 18-month period (November 1976-April 1978), a total of 16.522 neonates have been screened allowing detection of three cases of congenital hypothyroidism (incidence 1 : 5507), two cases of congenitally low TBG and thirty-three cases of transient hypothyroidism.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Handheld computers and paper diaries for documenting the use of factor concentrates used in haemophilia home therapy: a qualitative study.

A recently published randomized controlled trial (RCT) showed that adherence to infusion diary record keeping was improved by the use of handheld computers. In this study, attitudes to record keeping were explored and patient preferences regarding the method of recording determined for the patients who participated in the trial. Qualitative study consisting of individual semi-structured interviews with 20 severely affected patients with haemophilia who participated in an RCT. Individuals were purposefully sampled based on their recent method of record keeping and whether child or adult. Analysis employed a constant comparative method to identify key themes from the data. Most individuals (19 of 20, 95%) considered record keeping to be important. They readily identified reasons to keep records: to benefit themselves, their families, clinical staff, product distributors and manufacturers. Keeping records helps them: feel a part of the health care team; have confidence they would be notified of product recalls; review their past history; improve their ability to advocate for themselves and improve communication among all parties. Record keeping, particularly when using paper diaries, can be burdensome and a challenge to maintain consistently. All 10 individuals (100%) who had used both paper diaries and handheld computers preferred the latter. Most patients understand that record keeping can be of benefit to them. Clinics can use this knowledge to inspire other patients by developing educational programmes that de-emphasize authority. In addition, given the evidence of both patients' preference for handheld computers, and the effectiveness of this approach documented in an RCT, switching to handheld computers is likely to improve record keeping.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Evaluating and improving multiple choice papers: true-false questions in public health medicine.

The quality of a multiple true-false (MTF) examination paper in public health medicine for 149 clinical medical students was evaluated using predefined performance criteria to offer guidelines for improvement of such a paper. There were 35 questions, each with five true-false branches, and the performance of the overall best 25% of candidates was compared for individual items with that of the overall worst 25%. To improve discrimination between best and worst candidates, 60% of items needed changes, and several indicators were used to identify how, usually because the branch was too easy (26%), unpopular (16%) or too hard (10%). A number of guidelines for writing good MTF questions and for improving them are suggested. The inequity is illustrated of marking systems which do not allocate a negative mark for incorrect answers equal in size to the positive mark for correct ones, with zero for unanswered questions or 'don't know' answers.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed1997

Postgraduate training. Policy paper prepared by the Subcommittee on Postgraduate training: Permanent Working Group of European Junior Hospital Doctors.

The Permanent Working Group of European Junior Hospital Doctors (PWG) represents the interests, in international matters, of trainees from 23 member states. The PWG recognizes the importance of postgraduate training (PGT) in the maintenance of high quality health care delivery, and in this paper presents its current policy on PGT. This replaces its policy previously published in Medical Education 1989, 23, 339-47. The paper examines the context within which PGT occurs, and calls for an urgent review of its provision and funding. Basic principles, such as PGT existing within a continuum of medical education and the application of a quality assurance-based model, underpin the development of later sections on the structure, process and outcomes of PGT. These recommend the establishment of structured training programmes which should incorporate modern educational practice in the provision and monitoring of PGT. Emphasis is placed on the opportunities for training in the clinical setting and the utilization of a range of educational techniques. Evaluation and guidance by and of clinical supervisors and designated trainers is linked with the responsibilities of the trainee, and is placed within the context of a system of accountability, thus closing the quality assurance cycle. It is recommended that the views of the consumers of PGT, the trainees, are more fully considered in the development of training programmes. Finally, the potential for further harmonization is considered, with cautious advances being proposed.

Attitude↗