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PubMed2002

[Intoxications caused by chemicals for plant protection in Poland in 2000].

A total number of 107 cases of intoxications caused by chemicals for plant protection were registered in Poland in 2000 (incidence 0.28 per 100,000 population). The majority of intoxications (74.8%) occurred after an intake of substances. In 28.0% cases it was suicidal intake, in 43.0% cases accidental intake, and in 3.7% with food. In 15.9% cases exposure took place at agricultural labor. Insecticides caused 64.5% of the total number of cases. In rural regions 83.2% of the sick people were subject of intoxication by chemicals for plant protection and in the urban regions 16.8%. The incidence among men was higher than incidence among women (0.37 and 0.19 respectively). In 2000, no group intoxications were noted. In the result of intoxication by chemicals for plant protection seven people died.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Hepatitis B in Poland in 2000].

A total of 2,825 (7.3 per 100,000 population) cases of hepatitis B (including 130 co-infections with both HBV and HCV) were reported in 2000 in Poland. Comparing to 1999 the total number of cases decreased by 683 and incidence by 1.8. This decline resulted mainly from vaccination of children and high risk patients though the improvement of sterilization procedures could be also of significance, especially in persons below 60 years of age. The number of hospitalizations in 2000 increased by 15%. Regional differences in both incidence and percentage of hospitalizations were observed. The incidence of hepatitis B per 100,000 was higher in urban (8.3) than in rural (7.4) population. The lowest incidence (0.6) was observed in children aged 0-4 years; in older children (5-9 years of age) the incidence rates were 8.6 in boys and 3.4 in girls. The highest incidence, ranging from 4.5 to 9.1 was found in the age group 14-24 years, especially in boys and young men living in urban areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Trichinellosis in Poland in 2000].

In the year 2000 thirty six cases of trichinellosis were reported and registered in Poland. Most of them (26 cases) were noted in western region of the country (wielkopolskie voivodeship). Consumption of meat from four pigs and six boars caused 32 infections. In four sporadic cases--sources of the infection were not discovered. A total of 19 men and 17 women were infected (including three children up to 14 years of age). Twenty-six persons were hospitalized. No deaths from trichinellosis were reported in the year 2000.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Malaria in Poland in 2000].

In 2000, 24 malaria cases were registered in Poland. All of them were imported, mainly from Africa (15 cases). Plasmodium falciparum infection was confirmed in 15 cases, P. vivax--in seven. Among 24 malaria cases 22 were men and 20 in 20-49 years old group. Eleven persons travelled abroad in the connection with their job, six--as tourists, three--came from malaria endemic or epidemic countries. In 2000, 25-year old man with malaria falciparum died.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Could a health service worker with viral hepatitis be a danger to patients? An attempt to assess the problem in Poland].

The paper presents current problems regarding the risk for viral hepatitis transmission to patients by health service workers infected with this disease. In Poland, the scientific assessment of this problem has not as yet been undertaken. Moreover, there is a lack of preventive measures and legal regulations in this area. In our country, the stay in a hospital is accompanied by a high risk of viral hepatitis infection (hospital infections make 60% of all HBV cases). In view of the HBV and HCV preventive programs carried out in many countries, the Polish specialists should turned attention to the virus carriers among health service workers. The authors propose to establish a legal framework aimed at reducing the risk of patient' infection with viral hepatitis by a health service worker. The experience of other countries presented in this paper may prove to be a useful guide in taking appropriate steps.

Hepatitis B↗
PubMed2002

Changing oral health status and oral health behaviour of schoolchildren in Poland.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the occurrence of dental caries over time in Polish schoolchildren, to analyse the oral health behaviour of children and mothers, and to compare the levels of dental knowledge and attitudes of mothers and schoolteachers. DESIGN: Cross-sectional oral health surveys of children aged 6 and 12 years were carried out in 1995, 1997, 1999 and 2000; questionnaire surveys of a sample of mothers and schoolteachers were conducted in 1999. SETTING: The surveys in schools intended to aid planning and evaluation of the revitalised school oral health programme in Poland. SUBJECTS: Children of age six years comprised: 1995 (n = 1860); 1997 (n = 922); 1999 (n = 2290); 2000 (n = 3391). The surveys of 12-year-old subjects covered: 1995 (n = 1859); 1997 (n = 2743); 1999 (n = 3060): 2000 (n = 3391). Mothers (n = 1040) of a randomised subsample of children (response rate 83%) and 471 schoolteachers (response rate 95%) were identified for the questionnaire surveys in 1999. OUTCOME MEASURE: Dental caries in children was recorded by WHO methods and criteria, self-administered questionnaires were used to gather information on dental knowledge, attitudes and practices of children and mothers while self-administered questionnaires for teachers covered dental knowledge, attitudes and involvement in health education. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The proportions of 6-year-old children being caries-free were 13% in 1995, 17% in 1997, 18% in 1999 and 12% in 2000. The mean DMFT of children aged 12 years was 4.2 in 1995, 4.0 in 1997, 4.0 in 1999 and 3.8 in 2000; the D-component was particularly high for rural children. In 1999, toothbrushing at least twice a day was reported for 64% of children and this practice was relatively frequent in urban areas. Dental visits were made by 71% of children and 56% of mothers. Knowledge and attitudes were low, particularly in rural areas. Dental care habits of children were highly influenced by dental attendance and level of education of mothers. Knowledge and attitudes were higher for teachers than mothers. The teachers knew about the poor dental conditions in children and wanted to become involved in oral health education. In conclusion, the need for oral health education of children and mothers was shown and the continuous implementation of school oral health programmes is most relevant.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Analysis of the etiology, clinical picture and treatment of epilepsy in children in the north-eastern region of Poland.

Epilepsy is one of the most frequent diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) in children. It is considered that roughly 50% of epilepsies begin during childhood. The Department of Childrens' Neurology of the Medical Academy of Białystok embraces with medical attention over 500 children with epilepsy from the north-eastern region of Poland. The aim of the study was the analysis of etiology, clinical symptoms and treatment of epilepsy in children, who are under the medical attention of our Department. 392 children aged from 7 months to 18 and 2/12 years were included in the study. In the analysed groups were 46.6% girls and 53.4% boys. 44.4% of the children live in cities and 55.6% in small towns or villages. The etiology of epilepsy was established in 48.7% of the children. The most common etiology of epilepsy were hypoxic-ischemic damages in perinatal period, developmental malformation of the brain, craniocerebral injuries and neuroinfections in the neonatal period. In 50.3% of the children the etiology of epilepsy was unknown. The most common types of seizures were primary and secondary generalised tonic-clonic seizures. 92.6% of the patients received the antiepileptic drugs during the study. Monotherapy was administered in 66.0%, politherapy in 26.5% of the children. The results relating to the etiology and clinical picture of epilepsy in our children are consisted with many dates from literature. It is a favourable observation, that in many children monotherapy is an effective treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Cytogenetic markers for X chromosome in a karyotype of rainbow trout from Rutki strain (Poland).

Cytogenetic or molecular identification of sex chromosomes could help in breeding studies in producing monosex fish stocks, estimating success of androgenesis, gynogenesis, etc. Among fish species sex chromosomes are recognizable in only a few cases. Some populations of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss show morphologically differentiated sex chromosomes. A strain from Rutki, Poland, showed a heteromorphic pair of subtelocentric chromosome: presumably of the XY type in the male and XX in the female. Restriction endonuclease and DAPI banding resulted in a characteristic banding pattern enabling identification of the X chromosome.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Early surgery in Poland syndrome].

Poland's congenital malformation presents a variable grade of complexity, depending upon the extent of the muscular and chondro-costal defect. Surgical repair for cosmetic reasons only, may be performed during childhood or puberty due to the absence of symptoms. However, this does not occur when the costal defects has a considerable size, with pulmonary herniation and impairment of respiratory function. In this cases, early surgical correction is preferred in order to adequately stabilize the chest wall. In this paper we present our experience of early surgical treatment in 5 patients affected by a complex syndrome, that were treated with autologous costal transplants and the use pof polytetrafluoroethylene to cover the chest wall defect. We discuss the surgical procedure performed, as well as the advantages of this material with respect to others described up to date and the good results obtained in one of the cases followed-up for five years.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2002

[Content of nitrates and nitrites in whole milk powder in different regions of Poland].

The content of nitrites and nitrates in whole milk powder in different regions of Poland was studied. The results obtained depended both on the factory from which the samples originated and on the season of the year. In 34.2% of the samples there was a very low level of nitrates and nitrites (below acceptable level for whole milk powder served to production of modified milk and modified infant formulas). In 64.1% of the samples the level was in accordance with the national standards and in 1.7% of the samples slightly over the limit. 99.2% of the samples were in accordance with the foreign standards.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Nutrients intake of the adolescents in Poland--ten years literature review (1990-2000)].

The dietary survey among adolescents (11-15 years old) performed during last decade in Poland are not representative for national level. The analysis of data obtained by 24-h recall in different regions showed that contribution of dietary fat to energy intake was too high (37-42%), while contribution of proteins (10-11%) and carbohydrates (47-52%) too low. The intake of proteins, fibre, calcium, magnesium, copper and iron (especially among girls), vitamin C and niacin did not meet the recommended levels. The results suggest that girls are more likely to have risk of nutritional deficiencies than boys as well as adolescents from rural area than from towns. Inadequate intake of nutrients during adolescence can increase risk of dietary related diseases in later life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[National Poliovirus Laboratory--the role of and performed investigations in the eradication of poliomyelitis in Poland 1998-2002].

In 2002 all the countries of the European Region were certified free of wild poliomyelitis virus transmission. In Poland the viral diagnosing, ensuing from coordinated by WHO eradication program, has been conducted exclusively by the National Poliovirus Laboratory (NPL) located in the Virology Department of National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw. In this report we describe diagnostic criteria as well as the scope of laboratory tests and procedures carried out by NPL from 1998 in order to obtain and maintain WHO accreditation. In addition we present a summary of laboratory findings in fecal samples from patients with acute flaccid paralysis and from their contacts. We conclude with a discussion of crucial in terms of virology points of the eradication program especially in view of its further implementation during the "after certification" era.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2002

[Toxocariasis in Poznan region, Poland, in years 1990-2000].

The results of multidisciplinary studies on toxocariasis in Poznan region, Poland carried out in 1990-2000 in co-operation with CDC, Atlanta GA, USA are summarised as follows. In Poznan region toxocariasis in dogs, cats and foxes is common. Environmental contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs was higher in courtyards between apartment houses in the centres of cities than in sandboxes and in rural or recreational areas. High percentage of the T. cati eggs found raises the yet unanswered question how frequent is T. cati toxocariasis in humans? Seroepidemiological studies demonstrated a rather high percentage of positive results in urban population as well as in adults. The majority of toxocariasis cases in humans is asymptomatic even in the foci with a high soil contamination. Optic density OD405 = 1.200 in a commercial ELISA test was accepted as a border line between the toxocariasis cases usually asymptomatic and the cases, which might have symptoms. In toxocariasis a high correlation was found between the value of OD, eosinophilia and the clinical expression. A new classification of clinical toxocariasis was proposed, including incomplete larva migrans syndrome and neurotoxocariasis and an up-dated definition of covert toxocariasis. It was found that 5 days treatment with albendazole is equally effective as 3-weeks treatment with diethylcarbamazine. Considering the risk of ocular toxocariasis in non-intensive invasions one course of treatment with albendazole is suggested in every case of infection, even asymptomatic.

Albendazole↗
PubMed2002

[Diabetes mellitus as a cause of hospitalization in Poland, 1980-1999].

The objective of this paper was to assess the frequency and trends of hospitalization of patients with diabetes in Poland between 1980 and 1999. The analysis of data from 10% annual systematic random samples of all hospitalised cases revealed that patients hospitalized because of diabetes make 1.5% of all hospitalized cases. The respective hospitalization rates per 10,000 population for males were 7.9-16.4 for males and 10.9-20.4 for females in the years under study. Frequency of hospitalization of patients with diabetes for males and females was steadily increasing between 1984 and 1993 whereas certain decline was observed from 1994 onwards. In all analysed years the diabetes hospitalization rates were higher among females than males and among urban inhabitants than those living outside cities. The hospital fatality rate from diabetes (around 3% in last years) is higher than overall hospital fatality rate (1%) which may indicate that patients with diabetes admitted to hospital are in the greater risk of serious vascular complications and coexisting diseases. Over 50% of hospitalized cases were diagnosed with insulin-dependent diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Occupational exposure of whole-body vibration in Poland].

Occupational exposure to whole-body vibration may cause health risk. Thus it is important to know the sources of vibration and the number of exposed workers. The aim of the study was to evaluate the number of men and women exposed to whole-body vibration in Poland. The results of the study indicate that almost 50,000 workers are exposed to vibration exceeding the threshold limit values.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effect of prenatal PAH exposure on birth outcomes and neurocognitive development in a cohort of newborns in Poland. Study design and preliminary ambient data.

Preliminary data suggest an association between infant mortality rates and several measures of ambient air pollution, including dustfall and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The effects of airborne PAH components on fetal growth and early childhood development are of primary interest since we have previously demonstrated that these pollutants were associated with significant decrements in birthweight, length and head circumference in Polish newborn babies. The undertaken research combines a state-of-the-art environmental monitoring and molecular approaches with comprehensive neurodevelopment assessments. A further innovation is the incorporation of biomarkers (lead and antioxidants in cord blood) to control for potential confounding of exposure-effect. The mean overall concentrations of specific PAH compounds in Kraków were highest for benzo(b)fluoranthene (23 ng/m3), benzo(a)anthracene (16 ng/m3), indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene (14 ng/m3), chyresene (13 ng/m3) and benzo(a)pyrene (12 ng/m3). In general, concentrations of the PAH compounds measured by personal monitoring were considerably higher among the residents of the higher polluted area of the city. The comparison between the Kraków and New York City monitoring ambient data demonstrates that the concentrations and proportions of specific compounds in the total PAH mixture differ widely across these cities. Thus, one may expect that the PAH-related health risks would differ between the two areas not only because exposures are different, but also because the PAH profile differs. Presumably, this different profile is a consequence, at least in part, of variations in the sources of fossil and solid fuels used in production of energy. In Poland, solid fuels such as coal is used to a much greater extent than in New York City, where fossil fuels are the universal source of energy production. Auto emissions for example, are low in benzo(a)pyrene, whereas such emissions from refuse burning are high.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2003

Pesticide exposure and birthweight: an epidemiological study in Central Poland.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of maternal exposure to pesticides in the 1st and 2nd trimesters of pregnancy on infant birthweight in a population of Polish farmers. The subjects were women who delivered in 25 maternity hospitals in the region of Lódź (Central Poland), including 117 women who delivered infants with low birthweight (LBW) and 377 infants with birthweight > or = 2500 g delivered on randomly selected 70 days between 31 January 1998 and 30 June 2001. A questionnaire on maternal demographic and anthropometric characteristics as well as the occurrence of several occupational hazards, including pesticide use and involvement in heavy physical work on the farm in each of pregnancy trimesters, was administered by a physician 1-2 days after delivery. The pesticides used most frequently included: phenoxyacetic acid derivatives, organophosphates, ureas, triazines, synthetic pyrethroids and N-phenylamides (anilides). Infants born to women exposed to pesticides in 1st or 2nd trimester had birthweight lower by 189 g than that of infants of the non-exposed women. When adjusted for pregnancy duration, the women exposed to pesticides were found to deliver infants with birthweight lower by about 100 g (p = 0.067) than that of infants of the non-exposed women. After adjusting for the variables that may have impact on pregnancy duration, we noted that mothers exposed to pesticides, on average delivered half a week earlier than those non-exposed. Our results indicate that maternal exposure to pesticides may contribute to a slight reduction in the duration of pregnancy. A slower pace of fetal development, corresponding to the small-for-gestational-age effect, was observed, but the increment in the risk was of borderline significance.

Agriculture↗