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PubMed1996

[The employment of married women in Taiwan: its patterns and causes].

"This research attempts to explore the modes of women's job careers in Taiwan. Using the 1991 wave of 'Taiwanese Social Change Surveys' data, we adopt the information regarding married female respondents' job history since their marriage and found four major modes of job careers in terms of family life cycles: never-stop, stop-after-marriage, stop-after-birth, and never on job.... We further explore the explanatory factors (including individuals' traits, family background factors, and current family statuses) with multi-nominal logistic models." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stable features and changing aspects of Italian migration abroad in recent years.

For decades the migratory phenomenon has been a constant feature in Italian economic development, and the numerous Italian communities, now well established in various foreign countries, are testimony to that historical dimension. Taking into account Italian statistical information, the author analyzes the main aspects of the Italian communities abroad and points out the stable features and changing aspects of the migratory streams in recent times. Concluding remarks deal with some measures that would be necessary to adopt in the future both towards the Italian communities abroad and in the field of the actual different types of migrants. As to data problems, even if Italian statistical information seems to indicate the basic trends, it fails to provide complete data regarding the actual size of the phenomenon. An international agreement seems to be the most pressing requisite at present for a harmonious flow of information based on a standard collection criteria.

Demography↗
PubMed1993

[The ethnic enclave debate: a critical review].

"With the renewal of mass immigration to the United States, large numbers of immigrants have gone into business for themselves. Research on the Cuban immigrant economy of Miami, Florida found that employment in the 'ethnic enclave' increases immigrant earnings and improves immigrants' chances of moving into self-employment. This article reviews the American debate that ensued over the 'ethnic enclave' and its causes." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Acculturation↗
PubMed1994

The middleman minority characteristics of Korean immigrants in the United States.

"This paper examines the middleman minority characteristics of Korean immigrants in the United States. Like middleman groups in other societies, Korean immigrants in the United States are heavily concentrated in small business. A large proportion of Korean-owned businesses distribute merchandise to minority customers on behalf of large corporations. Korean merchants, like other middleman groups, maintain strong ethnic cohesion, which facilitates their commercial activities.... We conclude that Korean immigrants in the United States exhibit middleman minority characteristics."

Americas↗
PubMed1996

Immigrants and the professions.

"The extent to which migrants holding professional qualifications have been able to put these qualifications to productive use in Australia has long been a contentious issue. This article provides some answers which we hope will allow the debate on the extent and causes of migrant professional progress in Australia to proceed on a firmer foundation." The authors find that "migrants have made a major contribution to Australia's professionally-qualified workforce. Those arriving pre-1980s and early 1980s have largely been able to convert their qualifications into professional level employment. However, later arriving migrants have been far less successful."

Australia↗
PubMed2001

Single parenthood, occupational drift and psychological distress among immigrant women from the former Soviet Union in Israel.

BACKGROUND: The study examined whether the combination of single parenthood and occupational drift in the context of immigration puts single mothers at higher risk for psychological distress compared to married mothers, and investigated the potential mediating and moderating psychosocial factors (social support, sense of coherence-SOC, fluency in Hebrew). METHODS: Participants were selected from random samples of married and unmarried mothers, recent immigrants to Israel from the Former Soviet Union, aged 25-50 years. A total of 221 single mothers and 241 married mothers were interviewed. RESULTS: No differences were found in occupational drift or in fluency in Hebrew between the groups. The levels of SOC and social support were significantly lower among the single mothers and mean scores of distress were significantly higher among single (1.48 +/- 0.75) compared to married mothers (1.21 +/- 0.65, p < 0.001). In multiple linear regressions on distress, no interaction of marital status and occupational drift was found. After inclusion of psychosocial variables, the association of marital status with distress was significantly mediated by SOC and more modestly by social support, and was moderated by social support: the beneficial effect of social support on distress was significantly greater for married mothers than for single mothers. CONCLUSIONS: The difference in psychological distress between single and married mothers during the first years after immigration is not due to occupational stressors but to psychosocial resources. Single parenthood should be viewed as a marker of psychosocial risk among immigrant women.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Social aspects of epilepsy in the adult in seven European countries. The RESt-1 Group.

PURPOSE: The social implications of epilepsy are ill-defined, and there are no comparative findings from different countries. A multicenter cohort study has recently been completed on the risk of morbidity and accidents. The main social issues in the study population (patients with epilepsy and control subjects) are investigated and correlated to the clinical features of the disease. METHODS: Seven hundred six adult patients with idiopathic or remote symptomatic epilepsy and 662 matched controls without epilepsy were enrolled by secondary and tertiary centers in seven European countries (Italy, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, England, Portugal, and Russia). At entry, patients and controls were interviewed, and data were collected on social variables (education, current occupation, marital status, driving, involvement in sports, and insurance). The main clinical features of epilepsy (seizure types, frequency and timing, disease duration, and syndrome) were also recorded. RESULTS: The sample included 690 men and 678 women aged 18 to 86 years. The level of education (mostly basic or high school) was slightly higher among patients with epilepsy. More patients than controls were single (56% versus 50%) or unemployed (18% versus 13%). Fewer patients than controls held a driver's license (44% versus 67%) or practiced sports (30% versus 41%). The distribution of each social variable varied significantly across countries, but with few exceptions, the differences between patients and controls were fairly similar. Based on multivariate analysis, for patients with epilepsy the odds ratio for driving was 0.27, and the corresponding odds ratios for sports involvement, better education, better occupation, and insurance were 0.59, 1.30, 0.60, and 1.49. Among patients with epilepsy, social variables were correlated to seizure remission and selected clinical features. CONCLUSIONS: Comparative findings from different European countries support the concept that epilepsy has a considerable impact on driving and-to a lesser extent-on education, occupation, leisure activities, and insurance. The social implications of epilepsy in this sample are partly related to its severity and clinical features.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Cohabitation, education, and occupation of psychiatric outpatients bullied as children.

Few studies have explored adult psychiatric outpatients who were bullied in childhood. The aim of this study was to contrast social-demographic variables of adult psychiatric outpatients who reported bullying in childhood with those without such reports. One hundred sixty consecutive adult patients from a psychiatric outpatient clinic completed self-administered questionnaires about cohabitation status, level of education, work status, and occupation. Bullying was measured by an inventory used in schools. The results showed that psychiatric outpatients bullied in childhood were more often singles, had significantly lower levels of education, often received social benefits, and worked as shop assistants rather than as engineers and schoolteachers. Those bullied in childhood showed poorer psychosocial adjustment as adults.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

[Impact of maternal occupation on the dietary and nutritional status of preschool children. A case study in 8 provinces of China].

This analysis is based on the data from China Health and Nutrition Survey (undertaken in 8 provinces of China from 1989 to 1998) in collaboration with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Totally, 1461 and 1087 mother-child pairs under age 6 were selected to investigate the impact of maternal occupation on the dietary and nutritional status of children in 1991 and 1993. The results show that the nutrients intake and nutritional status of children whose mothers worked in administrative, scientific, technological and other professional units were better than any other groups. The status of children whose mothers were workers, waiters etc. in factories or service sectors was better than that of children whose mothers were farmers or self-employed laborers. The children of non-working mothers were better nourished than the children whose mothers were farmers, or self-employed laborers, but were more undernourished than the children whose mothers worked in administrative, scientific, technological and other professional units. The associations among maternal occupation, income and education level of mothers were significant. Mothers working in administrative, scientific, technological units etc. had higher yearly income and education level than other groups. But the income and education level of farmers and self-employed laborers were the lowest. The time allocation of mothers was also studied and the results suggested that maternal occupation affected the time spent for child care and food preparing.

Child Development↗
PubMed1991

Home investment in husband's human capital and the wife's decision to work.

"This paper explores the importance of husbands' career demands and assortative mating patterns for market-specific human capital on the decision of married women to work or not....[It] has three goals: (1) to derive, within the framework of a standard model of home production, a testable hypothesis concerning the effect of home investment in husband's human capital on a wife's decision to work; (2) to reconcile the theory with the existing empirical evidence by noting that issues of joint husband and wife decision-making cannot be viewed without considering the role of the marriage sorting market; and (3) to provide new empirical evidence that isolates the home investment effect from the sorting effect." Data are from 281 married couples in the United States.

Americas↗
PubMed1988

Highly-skilled international migrants, careers and internal labour markets.

"This paper is addressed to the interplay of careers and internal labour markets (ILMs) in explaining the international migration of professional and technical personnel, particularly within transnational corporations (TNCs). It begins by reviewing the current state of the theoretical art, focusing on five main elements: the international spatial division of labour; the concept of career; the organization of ILMs; the lubrication of the migration system by recruitment, placement and relocation agencies; and reintegration of returning expatriates. There follows a discussion of selected aspects of the volume and characteristics of ILM migrations among the highly-skilled, using government, employer organization's and individual company data."

Demography↗
PubMed1991

Targeted reintegration of expatriate brains into developing countries of origin: the EEC-IOM experience in Central America.

"The present article...reviews the major findings of the end-evaluation of the EEC-IOM project in Central America, the Dominican Republic and Panama, a five-year scheme funded by the Commission of the European Communities (EEC) and implemented by the International Organization for Migration (IOM), to promote a selective and development-oriented return of Latin American professionals to Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama.... The core objectives of this evaluation, undertaken in September-December 1989, were to assess the project's contribution to local socioeconomic, scientific and technological development through the selective supply of expatriate professionals to developing institutions operating in so-defined priority areas; to identify the returnees' personal reintegration patterns at the professional, socioeconomic and family-related levels; and to measure the project's cost effectiveness." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Americas↗
PubMed1997

Skilled Hong Kong immigrants' intention to repatriate.

"An emphasis on skills in Australian immigration policy in the past decade has led to the increase of highly skilled Hong Kong immigrants. However, Australia has not been able to retain all of them.... This paper reports the results of an in-depth study on intention to repatriate and work in Hong Kong, conducted in Australia with 111 professional and managerial Hong Kong immigrants. Correlational and loglinear analyses on prediction of such an intention are presented. Research findings on the career-family dilemma experienced by a number of immigrants are likewise discussed."

Asia↗