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The impact of semantic transparency of morphologically complex words on picture naming.

We examined the contribution of semantic similarity to morphological priming effects, using the immediate (Exp. 1 and 3) and the delayed variant (Exp. 2) of picture-word interference. Distractor words were either compounds morphologically related to the picture name, but differing with respect to their semantic transparency (hummingbird, jailbird (Exp. 1); butterfly, butter dish (Exp. 3)), or form-related non-compound words (e.g., trombone). All three experiments revealed strong facilitation of picture naming due to morphologically related distractors. Form-related distractors facilitated picture naming in the immediate variant only, and to a lesser degree than compounds. Interestingly, the size of the morphemic effect was almost identical for semantically transparent and opaque complex words, which suggests that they share morphemic representations. These results suggest that morphological complexity in speech production is coded at the level of form representations, independent of semantic transparency.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Nitric oxide inhibition by L-NAME but not 7-NI induces a transient increase in cortical cerebral blood flow and affects the cerebrovasodilation induced by TRH.

The tripeptide thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) has multiple interesting and complex physiological effects. One of these is the cerebrovasodilating effect, which has been described under several different conditions. The final mechanism for this effect is unknown. In the present study, we found an initial atropine-resistant cerebral vasodilation (24%) elicited by the NOS inhibitor L-NAME in the rat. D-NAME and 7-NI did not produce this effect. TRH (300 microg kg(-1), i.v.) induced an increase in cerebral blood flow by 62%. L-NAME reduced this effect significantly. The cerebrovasodilating mechanism of TRH, at least in part, is endothelial NO dependent as the neuronal 7-NI NOS inhibitor does not affect the TRH response.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Naming difficulties in adolescents with dyslexia: application of the tip-of-the-tongue paradigm.

The present study used the "tip-of-the-tongue" (TOT) experimental paradigm in a picture-naming task to explore the naming deficits of adolescents with dyslexia. As compared with a control group of typically developing readers, the adolescents with dyslexia had fewer correct responses and more TOT responses. When they failed to retrieve a target word, the adolescents with dyslexia had more phonological substitutions and benefited less from a phonological cue. However, both groups did not differ in the amount of semantic substitutions and supplied the same amount and kind of partial semantic information on the missing target word. These findings suggest that adolescents with dyslexia have significant naming difficulties that seem to arise because of difficulty in accessing the phonological word forms after the corresponding abstract lexical representation has been successfully accessed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A cross-linguistic data bank for oral picture naming in Dutch, English, German, French, Italian, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish (PEDOI).

The well established effect of word frequency on adult's picture naming performance is now called into question. This is particularly true for variables which are correlated with frequency, as is the case of age of word acquisition. Since the work of [Carrol and White, 1973] there is growing agreement among researchers to confer an important role in lexical access to this variable. Indeed, it has been shown ( [Hodgson and Ellis, 1998]) that for normal English-speaking adults only the variables 'age-of-acquisition' and 'name agreement' are independent predictors of naming success among the various variables considered. However, when brain-damaged subjects with and without degenerative pathologies are studied, word frequency and word length as well as concept familiarity all give significant effects ( [Hirsh and Funnell, 1995]; [Lambon Ralph et al., 1998]; [Nickels and Howard, 1995]). Finally, it has been suggested that the production of specific error types may be related to such variables. According to [Nickels and Howard, 1994] the production of semantic errors is specifically affected by 'imageability' and in the recent study by [Kremin et al., 2001] 'age of acquisition' predicts (frank) word finding difficulties.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The interaction between phonological processing, syntactic awareness, and naming speed in the reading and spelling performance of first-grade children.

The performance of 267 first-grade children was examined on tasks assessing phonological processing, syntactic awareness, and naming speed. The children were also given several measures of word and pseudoword reading, reading comprehension, and pseudoword and dictation spelling. A series of hierarchical analyses indicated that three variables (phonological awareness, syntactic awareness, and naming speed) were still predictors of reading and spelling performance after variance in the others had been controlled for. The results, which confirm that syntactic awareness can account for variance in written language after phonological ability had been controlled for, support the hypothesis concerning the relationships between naming-speed processes and written language, and challenge the unitary phonological theory of reading difficulty.

Awareness↗
PubMed2000

Neonatal treatment with L-name (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) attenuates stereotyped behavior induced by acute methamphetamine but not development of behavioral sensitization to methamphetamine.

1. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia postulates that disturbed nitric oxide (NO) function during neuronal development is one of premorbid factors for schizophrenia in later life. 2. The aim of present study is to investigate behaviorally whether neonatal inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) affects dopaminergic function, the abnormality of which may be ascribed to a major pathophysiology of schizophrenia. 3. Male rat pups were injected daily with NOS inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), from postnatal day (PD) 1 to 14. 4. When methamphetamine (MAP) was challenged on PD42, MAP-induced stereotypy was significantly attenuated in the L-NAME treated rats. The development of sensitization to the stereotypy-inducing effect of MAP, however, was not prevented with neonatal L-NAME. 5. These results suggest that decreased NO production during neonatal period may disturb normal maturation of dopaminergic system and result in impaired dopaminergic function in adult period.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Fos expression in the trigeminocervical complex of the cat after stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus is reduced by L-NAME.

Primary neurovascular headaches, such as migraine and cluster headache probably involve activation of trigeminovascular pain structures projecting to the trigeminocervical complex of neurons in the caudal brain stem and upper cervical spinal cord. It has recently been demonstrated that blockade of the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) by an NO synthesis inhibitor can abort acute migraine attacks and thus it is of interest to determine whether there is an influence of NO generation on trigeminocervical neurons. Cats were anaesthetised with alpha-chloralose (60 mg/kg, i.t.). supplemental 20 mg/kg, intravenously (i.v.)) and halothane for surgery (0.5-3% by inhalation). A circular midline craniotomy was performed to isolate the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) for electrical stimulation (0.3 Hz, 150 V, 250 micros duration for 2 h). Two groups were compared, one stimulated after administration of vehicle and the other stimulated after administration of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME: 100 mg/kg, i.v.). After stimulation of the SSS Fos immunoreactivity was observed in lamina I/IIo of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and dorsal horns of C1 and C2 to a median total of 136 cells (range 122-146). After L-NAME treatment Fos expression was significantly reduced to 40 cells (24-54; P < 0.02). In conclusion, inhibition of NO synthesis L-NAME markedly reduces Fos expression in the trigeminocervical complex of the cat. These data taken together with the clinical observations of the effect of NO synthesis blockade in migraine suggest a role for NO generation in mediating nociceptive transmission in acute migraine.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Naming convention for radiation therapy treatment fields.

We have implemented in our clinic a practical naming convention for radiation therapy treatment fields. In this convention, each treatment field is given a standardized code name that denotes its beam orientation, anatomical site, and treatment phase with up to seven characters. This practice reduces the confusion in patient charting and computer record keeping that can exist when multiple names are given to the same field.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Molsidomine antagonizes L-NAME-induced acquisition deficits in a recognition memory task in the rat.

The present study was designed to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) on the acquisition of a recognition memory task in the rat. For this purpose, the effects on memory exerted by pre-training administration of the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME (N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) and the NO donor molsidomine (N-[ethoxycarbonyl]-3-[4-morpholinosydnomine]) were assessed by using the object recognition task, a working memory paradigm based on the differential exploration of a new and familiar object. In a first dose-response study, it was found that L-NAME (10, 30, and 60 mg kg(-1), i.p.) at 30 but not at 10 mg kg(-1) disrupted animals performance, whereas the dose of 60 mg kg(-1) induced side effects. Molsidomine (2 and 4 mg kg(-1), i.p.) at 4 but not at 2 mg kg(-1), antagonized the L-NAME-induced performance deficits. These results indicate that NO is involved in the acquisition of a recognition memory task.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Putting names to faces: successful encoding of associative memories activates the anterior hippocampal formation.

The ability to form associations between previously unrelated items of information, such as names and faces, is an essential aspect of episodic memory function. The neural substrate that determines success vs. failure in learning these associations remains to be elucidated. Using event-related functional MRI during the encoding of novel face-name associations, we found that successfully remembered face-name pairs showed significantly greater activation in the anterior hippocampal formation bilaterally and left inferior prefrontal cortex, compared to pairs that were forgotten. Functional connectivity analyses revealed significant correlated activity between the right and left hippocampus and neocortical regions during successful, but not attempted, encoding. These findings suggest that anterior regions of the hippocampal formation, in particular, are crucial for successful associative encoding and that the degree of coordination between hippocampal and neocortical activity may predict the likelihood of subsequent memory.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effects of L-NAME and L-arginine on diaphragm contraction in a septic animal model.

The effects of nitric oxide on diaphragm contraction after endotoxin administration were studied in Wistar rats. The animals were divided into seven treatments: a saline-injected group as control, three groups injected with L-NAME (0.01, 0.1, 1 mg/kg) and three groups injected with L-arginine (1, 10, 100 mg/kg). Escherichia coli endotoxin was injected into the peritoneal cavity 15 min later. Twitch kinetics and force-frequency curves were measured 0, 2, and 4 hr after endotoxin injection. In the control group, the force-frequency curves significantly decreased from 0 hr to 4 hr. In the L-NAME group, the force-frequency curves at 4 hr showed significant increases in a dose-dependent manner. In the L-arginine group, the force-frequency curve with 100 mg/kg at 4 hr showed a significant increase. There was no consistent change in the contraction time, half relaxation time, or fatiguability. NADPH diaphorase histochemistry performed on diaphragm muscle samples 4 hr after endotoxin injection showed positive in the control and L-arginine group, but was only weakly observed in L-NAME group. These data suggest that nitric oxide contributes to the endotoxin induced diaphragm contractile deterioration.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Combining laboratory data sets from multiple institutions using the logical observation identifier names and codes (LOINC).

A standard set of names and codes for laboratory test results is critical for any endeavor requiring automated data pooling, including multi-institutional research and cross-facility patient care. This need has led to the development of the logical observation identifier names and codes (LOINC) database and its test-naming convention. This study is an expansion of a pilot study using LOINC to exchange laboratory data between Columbia University Medical Center in New York and Barnes Hospital at Washington University in St. Louis, where we described complexities and ambiguities that arose in the LOINC coding process (D.M. Baorto, J.J. Cimino, C.A. Parvin, M.G. Kahn, Proc. Am. Med. Inf. Assoc. 1997). For the present study, we required the same two medical centers to again extract raw laboratory data from their local information system for a defined patient population, translate tests into LOINC and provide aggregate data which could then be used to compare laboratory utilization. Here we examine a larger number of tests from each site which have been recoded using an updated version of the LOINC database. We conclude that the coding of local tests into LOINC can often be complex, especially the 'Kind of Property' field and apparently trivial differences in choices made by individual institutions can result in nonmatches in electronically pooled data. In the present study, 75% of failures to match the same tests between different institutions using LOINC codes were due to differences in local coding choices. LOINC has the potential to eliminate the need for detailed human inspection during the pooling of laboratory data from diverse sites and perhaps even a built-in capability to adjust matching stringency by selecting subsets of LOINC fields required to match. However, a quality standard coding procedure is required and examples highlighted in this paper may require special attention while mapping to LOINC.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed2003

The enhanced NO-induced cGMP response induced by long-term L-NAME treatment is not due to enhanced expression of NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase.

Most of the effects of the signalling molecule nitric oxide (NO) are mediated by the activation of NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (GC). Subsequent to the NO-induced stimulation of cGMP synthesis, the rise in the intracellular cGMP concentration induces the activation of the different cGMP effector molecules. Accumulating evidence has been presented that the sensitivity of the cGMP response is modulated by the amount of NO present, i.e., a lack of NO was shown to lead to an enhanced cGMP response in aortas in response to NO stimulation while preincubation with NO blunted this cGMP response. Here, we show that L-N-nitro-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) treatment of rats leads to a very much increased cGMP response toward sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in aortic tissue. In the aortic cytosolic fraction, enzyme activities of GC and phosphodiesterase (PDE) did not differ between the two animal groups. We did not detect any difference in the expression of NO-sensitive GC between L-NAME-treated and control animals, which could explain the enhanced NO response. The results show that a reduction of the endogenous NO production induced by long-term L-NAME treatment does not lead to an up-regulation of NO-sensitive GC on the level of protein expression.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Systematics and evolution of ticks with a list of valid genus and species names.

In recent years there has been much progress in our understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of ticks, in particular the hard ticks (Ixodidae). Indeed, a consensus about the phylogeny of the hard ticks has emerged which is quite different to the working hypothesis of 10 years ago. So that the classification reflects our knowledge of ticks, several changes to the nomenclature of ticks are imminent or have been made. One subfamily, the Hyalomminae, should be sunk, while another, the Bothriocrotoninae, has been created (Klompen, Dobson & Barker, 2002). Bothriocrotoninae, and its sole genus Bothriocroton, have been created to house an early-diverging ('basal') lineage of endemic Australian ticks that used to be in the genus Aponomma. The remaining species of the genus Aponomma have been moved to the genus Amblyomma. Thus, the name Aponomma is no longer a valid genus name. The genus Rhipicephalus is paraphyletic with respect to the genus Boophilus. Thus, the genus Boophilus has become a subgenus of the genus Rhipicephalus (Murrell & Barker, 2003). Knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of ticks has also provided new insights into the evolution of ornateness and of their life cycles, and has allowed the historical zoogeography of ticks to be studied. Finally, we present a list of the 899 valid genus and species names of ticks as of February 2004.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Patterns of object-name extension in production.

The evolution of young children's categories, as measured by category name production, was studied. The focus was on categories whose names initially were overextended. Four children (initially aged 1.1 to 1.3) were visited at home twice a week over a four- to six-month period, until they were approximately 1.7. The play sessions included elicitations of the names of specially chosen objects. Results indicated that, as predicted, four sequences of category evolution were found, formed by the intersection of two factors: overlap vs. mutual exclusivity and first re-assignment separate vs. first re-assignment joint. As expected, most sequences involved initial overlap, and the choice of first reassignment option varied as a function of the relationship (hierarchical or non-hierarchical) between the initial child-basic category and the new category.

Concept Formation↗
PubMed1996

On the names of Babiński.

The 100th anniversary of the discovery of the extensor plantar response will be celebrated in 1996. It was Joseph François Félix Babiński who became known worldwide for the sign that bears his name. In order to help Joseph in establishing his career, brother Henri gave up his aspirations and abandoned engineering. Clovis Vincent, "father' of French neurosurgery and pupil of Joseph, stated: "Joseph Babinski lived for science, and Henri lived for his brother; without Henri Babinski, Joseph would not have accomplished that much". However, Henri's name became famous in all Paris for a cookbook Gastronomie Pratique written under the pseudonym of "Ali-Bab.' Throughout Joseph's career his surname remained distorted despite his own efforts to spell and pronounce it correctly. Several people can claim the name Babiński, but in neurology and neurosurgery there is only one, Joseph.

France↗
PubMed2005

A longitudinal study of confrontation naming in the "normal" elderly.

The longitudinal effects of age on confrontation naming using the 60-item Boston Naming Test (BNT) were studied in 541 "normal" elderly (ages 50-99). For participants with at least 4 annual assessments (n = 238), 150 were followed for > or =6 years, 81 for > or =8 years, and 43 for > or =10 years. A small practice effect (0.21 words, p = 0.06) and moderately high test-retest reliability were found when comparing the first 2 assessments, which were 9-15 months apart (r = 0.76, n = 353). Reliable change index scores indicated that an annual decline of > or =4 points on the BNT is needed for a statistically reliable decline in an individual. A gradient in the mean annual rate of change on the BNT was found with improvement in the 50s age group, no change in the 60s age group, and decline in the 70s and 80s age groups. When projected over 10 years, the magnitudes of the mean changes were relatively small, that is, a 1-word improvement for participants in their 50s and a 1.3-word decline for participants in their 70s. These findings demonstrate that lexical retrieval as measured by a visual object confrontation naming task is generally well preserved in aging with only subtle decline in the 7th and 8th decades of age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

An examination of regional cerebral blood flow during object naming tasks.

The purpose of this study was to examine regional cerebral blood flow using positron emission tomography (PET) during the performance of tasks related to visual confrontation naming. Ten healthy, young participants were scanned twice in each of 5 conditions; blood flow was measured using standard PET [15O]-water technology. Two major findings have replicated previous studies. First, the naming of visually presented objects, whether covert or overt, requires a region of the left inferior cortex including the fusiform gyrus. Second, during overt naming, there is an increase in activity in the inferior or frontal cortex and insula as a consequence of generating speech code. These data are consistent with other studies demonstrating the importance of the inferior temporal regions for semantic processing, and the frontal cortex for word form generation.

Adult↗