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PubMed2004

Biologic perspective on early erotic development.

Neurobiologic researchers can understand children's sexuality in less moral and more biologic terms. Genetically programmed levels of neurotransmitters and hormones establish a baseline trajectory of erotic interest and activity across the lifespan. Environmental influences also contribute. Intense early stimulation can affect the brain and create a condition of hyper eroticism, whereas too little stimulation can limit the ability to bond and impair the sexual response. Children who are erotically challenged or challenging are viewed correctly as having a brain imbalance, rather than as victims or as being morally deficient. This should pave the way for more humane, objective, and effective interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Exposure to arsenic and lead of children living near a copper-smelter in San Luis Potosi, Mexico: Importance of soil contamination for exposure of children.

The objective of this study was to assess the levels of soil contamination and child exposure in areas next to a primary smelter (arsenic-copper metallurgical) located in the community of Morales in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. In Morales, 90% of the soil samples studied in this work were above 400 mg/kg of lead, and above 100 mg/kg of arsenic, which are guidelines recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Bioaccessibility of these metals was studied in vitro in 10 soil samples; the median values of bioaccessibility obtained in these samples were 46.5% and 32.5% for arsenic and lead. Since the concentrations of arsenic and lead in soil were above normal values, and taking into account the bioaccessibility results, exposure to these metals was evaluated in children. Regarding lead, children aged 3-6 years had the highest mean blood lead levels; furthermore, 90% of them had concentrations above 10 microg/dl (CDC's action level). Total urinary arsenic was higher in children aged 8-9 yr; however, the percentage of children with concentrations above 50 microg/g creatinine (CDC's action level) or 100 microg/g creatinine (World Health Organization [WHO] action level) was similar among different age groups. Using the EPAs integrated exposure uptake biokinetic model for lead in children (IEUBK), we estimated that 87% of the total lead in blood is obtained from the soil/dust pathway. The exposure dose to arsenic, estimated for the children living in Morales using Monte Carlo analysis and the arsenic concentrations found in soil, was above the EPA's reference dose. With all these results, it is evident that studies are needed in order to identify adverse health effects in children living in Morales; nevertheless, it is more important to develop a risk reduction program as soon as possible.

Arsenic↗
PubMed2001

A brief history of the psychology course in American high schools.

Psychology has been a part of the high school curriculum for the past 170 years in a variety of forms, in classes labeled mental and moral philosophy mental hygiene, personal adjustment, child development, human relations, and psychology. This abbreviated and selective account traces that history, including the considerable role played by the American Psychological Association. This history focuses on the social and educational contexts that led to changes in the nature of high school psychology classes and concludes with comments about the value of precollege psychology classes.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2002

Reproductive medicine: the ethical issues in the twenty-first century.

Reproductive medicine has developed to such an extent that numerous moral questions arise about the boundaries of applications of new reproductive technology. It is possible to imagine a future in which 'designer babies' are created and in which cloning, sex selection and male pregnancy become the instruments of individual desire or social policy. In this article, the concept of 'natural' is explored but rejected as an insufficient moral criterion for deciding these complex questions. A case is made for the criterion of welfare of the child and for the concept of the child as gift rather than product.

Bioethics↗
PubMed2003

A Christian approach to bioethics.

Christian moral insight into complex medical issues depends mostly on beliefs about what it is to be human, what makes for human well-being, and how social attitudes that reinforce such human values can best be strengthened. Issues concerning sex selection are used to illustrate how such beliefs work in practice. To dismiss therapeutic selection as 'playing God' is not helpful. Human beings are meant to use their creative powers, but there is a line to be drawn between therapy and eugenics. There is a good moral case for trying to eliminate serious sex-linked diseases. Although there may be strong personal reasons for wanting a child of a particular sex, deliberate selection for non-medical reasons, if it became widespread, would subtly change social attitudes, reinforcing consumerist values at one of the most awesome and personally significant moments in anyone's experience. There is a moral distinction between influencing a child's development during its upbringing, and making choices about its genes. Even the most manipulative parents treat their child as a person. To manipulate its genes is to treat it as an object.

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMed1998

The commodification of human reproductive materials.

This essay develops a framework for thinking about the moral basis for the commodification of human reproductive materials. It argues that selling and buying gametes and genes is morally acceptable although there should not be a market for zygotes, embryos, or genomes. Also a market in gametes and genes should be regulated in order to address concerns about the adverse social consequences of commodification.

Commerce↗
PubMed2002

Ethical issues in rehabilitation: a qualitative analysis of dilemmas identified by occupational therapists.

Little available research exists to address the range of ethical issues encountered by occupational therapists (OTs) in their daily clinical work. The few articles in the literature have tended to be case-based or anecdotal or have focused on professional issues rather than clinical issues. To characterize the array of clinical ethical issues in occupational therapy, we asked OTs in a free-standing academic rehabilitation hospital to describe in some detail up to three scenarios or situations from their clinical practice that raised morally troubling questions. A coding system was developed to preserve the richness of the detail but to allow for some categorization of the topics. A second section of the survey asked the therapists to rate whether various traditional ethics topics were of high, medium, or low interest to them. A third section asked that they identify the formats that would be most appealing to them for future educational interventions. Of the 56 therapists surveyed, 38 (or 68%) responded. The three self-generated topics mentioned most frequently by the therapists were (in decreasing order of frequency): reimbursement pressures, conflicts around goal setting, and patient/family refusal of team recommendations. The respondents were particularly interested in knowing more about patient-centered ethics topics, such as conflict resolution between teams and patients and the patient's role in decision making. Furthermore, they indicated a strong preference for interdisciplinary and interactive educational formats.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

Optometric intervention in the control of juvenile delinquents.

We are losing the battle against crime and delinquency and we have to continue to lose so long as we keep developing juvenile delinquents. In order to prevent crime, we have to prevent juvenile delinquency for criminals are not born, they develop from juvenile delinquents. Research studies in Chattanooga, Tennessee, show that the youngsters brought before the juvenile court have many different kinds of problems, but one problem that almost all have, other than the drug scene kid, is that they cannot read adequately. Many high school students are reading at first, second and third grade level; 91 percent to 94 percent of our juvenile delinquents are having reading and learning difficulties in the classroom. Consequently, they are all socially promoted and are facing the sting of failure which leads to truancy and conflict with school authorities. These children go from frustration to frustration and become behavior problems in the classroom. The teachers of the first, second, and third grades know which children are having difficulty with reading and will have possible behavioral problems, possibly becoming juvenile delinquents. This writer believes there are five essential preconditions which contribute to one's becoming a juvenile delinquent. Robert had them all: 1. Lack of proper supervision by the parents is the first precondition which contributes to juvenile delinquency. The family is the first and basic institution for the development of the child's emotional intellectual, moral, spiritual, physical and social behavior. 2. Improper discipline is the second factor. Experience teaches us that permissiveness should be controlled at an early age, and too much discipline is just as bad as too little discipline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Attacking the attacker: gay Christians talk back.

This paper analyses the accounts constructed by 60 gay male Christians in partnership as stigma management strategies at the level of cognition and rhetoric. Four strategies are identified: (i) attacking the stigma; (ii) attacking the stigmatizer; (iii) use of positive personal experience; and (iv) use of the ontogeneric argument. These strategies are interchangeably and collectively used to dismiss the credibility of the institutionalized Church and the validity of its unfavourable official position on the issue of homosexuality. The effective use of these strategies demonstrates the positive personal identity these gay Christians have developed in this advanced stage of their moral career.

Christianity↗
PubMed1997

Addressing the repressed needs of the Arabic client.

In comparison to families in Western society, the traditional Arabic family plays a relatively greater role in providing support for adult progeny. This serves to condition adult offspring to continue to comply with the will and values of the family. Therefore, in exchange for familial support, Arabic individuals learn to repress authentic needs and emotions, and within that process they relinquish the need for self-actualization. Arabic society discourages individualism and opposes self-actualization by means of simultaneous punishment and moralization. Thus, there is a relatively greater development of the social value system (or superego) and comparatively less development of the self (or ego). In comparison to Western society, Arabic individuals continue to experience greater oppression during adulthood. Given these cultural differences, the processes of reliving and activating repressed needs and emotions, which ultimately serves to promote self-actualization, will transform intrapsychic conflicts into interpersonal and social ones. Thus, personal actions typically encouraged during Western psychotherapy are likely to produce significant social oppression. Indeed, promoting awareness of repressed needs and emotions often leads the Arabic client to become more helpless, because such wishes will rarely be socially sanctioned or satisfactorily fulfilled. Therefore, when addressing repressed needs and emotions in psychotherapy, ego strength, cultural identity, and degree of strictness of the client's family of origin must be considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Is bioethics the Circe of medicine?].

BACKGROUND: Recent development in the biomedical fields have led to considerable moral perplexity, about the rights and duties of health professionals, patients and research subjects. Since about 1970 bioethics have become involved in an ongoing discussion of the complex ethical issues raised by these developments. OBJECTIVE: To review the precise relationship between Nietzsche's ontology and an eventual bioethics. METHOD: The author intends to give a picture of how ontological factors have influenced the beginnings of bioethics. RESULTS: Ethics for Nietzsche symbolizes Circe, the enchantress in Homer's Odyssey. Nietzsche's task is to proclaim the emptiness (devaluation) of all traditional values, thus soliciting a rejection of them. But bioethics must not be content with merely replacing the old values by new ones. v.g. by filling the place left by the supreme values. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the efforts to overcome technic, bioethics remains locked in the subject-ism of which technic is but a consequence. Nietzsche's special insight is to perceive that the interpretation of beings currently prevalent is valueless for it is an interpretation that has returned to values that are precisely without an value at all.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1995

Health professions development.

Health professions development is an integral part of national health plans. It is influenced by various factors and should be continuously updated to meet the changing health situation and related disciplines of the country. There are three forms of establishing a health manpower development plan: a market-oriented form, a goal-achievement form and a normative form. A combination of all forms is best if carried out by a community-oriented team of academic health professions and health care providers. Although countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region share many demographic, geographic, and sociocultural characteristics, there are marked differences in resources, health manpower structure and availability in health services. Health professional development plans should be formulated according to existing situations. Other factors influencing health manpower development in the future include political, social and economic trends, changes in morality and disease patterns, industrialization, availability of health services and academic institutions. Perspectives guiding planning for the development of various categories of health professionals are presented.

Delivery of Health Care↗