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PubMed2002

[Motivation on plaque control and gingival bleeding in school children].

The objective of the study is to evaluate the impact of two pedagogical motivational approaches for plaque and gingival bleeding control among 135 students of local public schools in Santa Tereza, Brazil, in 1999 The motivational program consisted of different educational strategies offered to two distinct groups: Group A, who attended only one explanatory session about oral hygiene, and Group B, who attended a total of four pedagogical sessions. In order to evaluate the methodology applied, the visible plaque index (according to Ainamo & Bay, 1975) and gingival bleeding index (according to L e and Silness, 1963) were calculated. A highly statistically significant reduction in the visible plaque index and gingival bleeding index was observed in both groups after the educational sessions (p<0.001). Moreover, a higher reduction in the gingival bleeding index and an even more accentuated decrease in the visible plaque index was found in group B when compared to group A (p<0.001). In conclusion, the motivational reinforcement in educational and preventive programs has a positive effect for the reduction and control of gingival bleeding and bacterial plaque.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Motivation and dissatisfaction factors in the nurse's work].

Motivation and dissatisfaction factors in the work of nurses were researched and identified in the health institutions of the city of Aracaju, with emphasis in the remuneration and working conditions. The sample comprised 10% of the nurses allotted in each health unit researched. It was found that remuneration is not the main motivation in work, but it is the second most mentioned dissatisfaction factor, topped only by working conditions. Other factors that motivate nurses to stay in the job include the possibility of working in something they enjoy, the professional stability given by public positions, a commitment with the population and the importance of their service, among others.

Job Satisfaction↗
PubMed2003

Assessment of motivation for treatment in alcohol dependent patients who sought treatment at a specialized medical service.

INTRODUCTION: Motivation is deemed a critical component for interventions intended to change behaviors related to the use of alcohol and other drugs. The classification of patients in 'stages of change' can be a useful tool for the organization and improvement of treating programs. METHODS: This study assessed the stages of change using the scales URICA and SOCRATES in patients who attended two different treating programs for alcohol dependence in a specialized medical service. We performed an analysis of the association between stages of change and demographic aspects. After three months of treatment, patients were reassessed to evaluate their outcome. RESULTS: In the assessments using URICA, there was an association between stages of change and monthly income and age. There was no evidence that patients move across the stages of change. Using the scale SOCRATES, we found an association between stages of change and monthly income. In the reassessment, there was a significant movement across the stages of change. CONCLUSION: Patients who attend two different treating programs may have different motivation profiles. There was no movement congruent with the stage of change model, suggesting that patients may need more than 3 months to obtain significant changes in their motivation.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Motivational interventions in community hypertension screening.

To evaluate different techniques intended to motivate community residents to have their blood pressures taken, five inner-city target areas with comparable, predominantly Black, populations were selected. A sample of about 200 households in each of four areas were subjected to different motivational interventions; in one of these four areas, households were approached in a series of four sequential steps. The fifth target area served as a control. Findings establish that home visits by community members trained to take blood pressure measurements (BPMs) in the home produces much larger yields of new (previously unknown) hypertensives than more passive techniques such as invitational letters and gift offers. Prior informational letters, including letters specifying time of visit, do not affect refusals or increase the yield. More "passive" motivational techniques yield a higher proportion of previously known hypertensives than the more "active" outreach efforts.

Community Health Workers↗
PubMed2000

Age norms and career motivation.

Questionnaires from 626 college graduates assessed beliefs about the age appropriateness of six concerns (career advancement, new relationships, health, mentoring others, developing new skills, and security) throughout the working years (20 to 69). Beliefs consistent with age norms were found, and they were relatively stable across age of respondent. These beliefs were associated with career motivation such that people who believed mentoring and new skill development were appropriate concerns for older people had greater career motivation. However, these beliefs were not associated with any greater differences in career motivation for the older workers to whom those beliefs would seemingly apply. The results were discussed in terms of the meaning of age norms and the research paradigm used to studying them.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Shoestring budgets, band-AIDS, and team work: challenges and motivators in the development of a Web-based resource for undergraduate clinical skills teaching.

BACKGROUND: Learning how to conduct a medical interview and perform a physical examination is fundamental to the practice of medicine; however, when this project began, the methods used to teach these skills to medical students at the University of Toronto (U of T) had not changed significantly since the early 1990s despite increasing outpatient care, shorter hospital stays, and heavy preceptor workloads. In response, a Web-based clinical skills resource was developed for the first-year undergraduate medical course-The Art and Science of Clinical Medicine I (ASCM I). OBJECTIVES: This paper examines our experiences with the development of the ASCM I website and details the challenges and motivators inherent in the production of a Web-based, multimedia medical education tool at a large Canadian medical school. METHODS: Interviews and a focus group were conducted with the development team to discover the factors that positively and negatively affected the development process. RESULTS: Motivating factors included team attributes such as strong leadership and judicious use of medical students and faculty volunteers as developers. Other motivators included a growing lack of instructional equivalency across diverse clinical teaching sites and financial and resource support by the Faculty of Medicine. Barriers to development included an administrative environment that did not yet fully incorporate information technology into its teaching vision and framework, a lack of academic incentive for faculty participation, and inadequate technical support, space, and equipment. CONCLUSIONS: The success of electronic educational resources such as the ASCM I website has caused a significant cultural shift within the Faculty of Medicine, resulting in the provision of more space, resources, and support for IT endeavours in the undergraduate medical curriculum.

Budgets↗
PubMed2003

Motivational brochures increase the number of medicare-eligible persons with diabetes making therapeutic footwear claims.

OBJECTIVE: This study tests the hypothesis that Medicare beneficiaries at high risk of foot complications who are mailed a motivational brochure describing the Medicare diabetes-related therapeutic footwear benefit will increase their therapeutic footwear-related Medicare claims. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In this quasi-experimental study, a motivational brochure was mailed in the summer of 1997 to 5,872 Medicare beneficiaries in Washington, Alaska, and Idaho who were identified as being at high risk for foot-related claims on the basis of their prior Medicare claims history. Beneficiaries were identified through footwear claims made in these states-and also in three comparison states (Oregon, Montana, and Wyoming)-during the 18 months before and after the mailing. Linear regression was used to compare the number of persons making claims in the intervention states with the comparison states before, at the time of, and after the mailing. RESULTS: Before the intervention, the number of persons making claims was increasing in the non-intervention states and decreasing in the intervention states. During the first month after the intervention mailing, the number of persons making claims remained nearly the same in non-intervention states, but increased 13 persons per month in intervention states (95% CI 3.5-11 persons/month). After the intervention, the number of persons making claims continued to increase similarly in both intervention and non-intervention states. CONCLUSIONS: Mailed motivational brochures were associated with an increase in the number of persons making therapeutic footwear claims. Randomized trials should confirm these findings.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Relations of perceived physical self-efficacy and motivational responses toward physical activity by urban high school students.

To be effective in promoting physical activity among urban, minority adolescents, the factors and psychological processes that motivate them to engage in and maintain a physically active lifestyle should be examined. The relation of physical self-efficacy and motivational responses toward physical activity in 46 urban minority adolescents was explored. As hypothesized, there were significant positive relationships among Percieved Physical Ability, Physical Self-presentation Confidence, Effort, and Enjoyment (coefficients ranged from .29 to .80), suggesting that participants who had higher perceived physical ability were likely to report higher perceptions of self-presentation, more enjoyment of physical activity, and harder work in physical activity. These results indicate specific relationships among Effort, Enjoyment, Perceived Physical Ability, and Physical Self-presentation Confidence in this sample. Physical self-efficacy appears to be a stronger predictor of motivational responses in physical activity. Practical implications for physical educators include incorporating strategies known to develop self-efficacy, such as mastery experiences involving successive trials of increasing difficulty, self-observation, external feedback, peer modeling, and verbal persuasion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Four classification schemes of adult motivation: current views and measures.

Classification of perspectives on motivation and recommendations for measurement are provided. Motivation is classified into four broad categories: content theories, process theories, decision-making theories, and sustained-effort theories--drawing from different theories and measures. Recommendations on measurement are developed for each classification scheme of motivation.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1976

Detection of a deficit in visual discrimination of pattern following lesions of anterior cortex: role of type of motivation.

6 albino rats were trained under appetitive motivation to perform diametrically opposed visual discriminations of pattern via opposite eyes. Small lesions were subsequently placed unilaterally in anterior neocortex. Following a period of post-surgical recovery, subjects were re-trained on the diammetrically opposed discriminations in alternating 10-trial blocks. Every subject made more post-surgical errors on the discrimination mediated by the eye contralateral to the lesion. Since albino rats have virtually complete decussation of the visual system, this indicates selective impairment in mediation of performance of pattern discrimination in the part of the lesioned hemispheres. Thus, findings previously obtained in studies involving aversive motivation are general to appetitively motivated tasks.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Social physique anxiety: personality constructs, motivations, exercise attitudes, and behaviors.

Social physique anxiety is a feeling of distress associated with the perceived evaluation of one's physical self. Since its inception, the construct has been associated with a variety of exercise-related constructs including perceived competence, self-consciousness, and the exercise milieu individuals choose. The present purpose was to relate social physique anxiety to participants' attitudes toward exercise, adherence behaviors, participation motivation, personality variables, and emotional attitude toward exercise, 326 university fitness-center participants were surveyed and asked for demographic information, to self-report their exercise habits, and to answer questions measuring the construct, motivation, personality, and attitudes toward exercise. Women had higher scores on the Social Physique Anxiety Scale than men; individuals who scored high were more likely to endorse extrinsic motives for exercise than individuals scoring low on the scale, and high scores were indicative of higher public body awareness. Individuals with high scores on the Social Physique Anxiety Scale exhibited an emotional profile similar to addicted exercisers. Given these results, implications for alleviation of such anxiety were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Perceptions about exercise and intrinsic motivation of students attending a health-related physical education program.

The present study examined effects of sex, attitude towards physical activity, perceived barriers for participation in physical activity, and students' perception of their parents' participation in physical activity on the intrinsic motivation of students participating in a health related program in physical education. 643 students (303 boys and 340 girls) responded to questionnaires measuring intrinsic motivation, attitudes towards physical activity, perceived barriers to exercise and perceived parents' participation in physical activity. Mean age was 12.9 yr. (SD=1.2, range 11-14 years). Analysis indicated that students' intrinsic motivation towards the program was influenced by perceived barriers to exercise. Sex, attitudes towards physical activity, and perceived parents' participation in physical activity seem to be less important.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Eating motivations and bulimic behavior among college women.

Given observed correlations between certain types of motivations for alcohol use and problem-drinking outcomes, it was hypothesized that a similar pattern of eating motivations might predict bulimic eating behavior. For a sample of 161 college women, eating motivations which imply stress reduction or mood alteration correlated positively with bulimia as measured by the Bulimia Test.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Factor structure of the Motivation Assessment Scale for persons with mental retardation.

The rating scale used to assess the motivators of maladaptive behaviors in persons with mental retardation was the Motivation Assessment Scale. In the current study, we validated the factor structure of the scale on a sample of 118 subjects with predominately severe or profound mental retardation. They exhibited deviant behaviors such as self-injurious and tantrum behavior, aggression, and passivity. The results of the factor analysis with varimax rotation validated the assumptions of the developers of the scale that the motivators could be grouped into sensory, escape, attention, and tangible reinforcers. These four subscales are easily interpretable and should continue to provide valuable information.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Presence seeking and sensation seeking as motives for international travel.

Although independent research has identified presence seeking and sensation seeking as important motives for a variety of activities, there is sufficient conceptual overlap to suggest the concepts describe in part the same motive or are related. The possible relationship was examined in motives of students for international travel. Nonsignificant correlations suggest that, at least for this activity, they are differentiable.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Career motivations of male and female medical students.

Australian medical students (N = 645) were asked at the beginning of their training to rank the importance of a list of motivations relevant to their choice of medicine as a career. Both male and female students ranked the desire to help others as the most important motivation, closely followed by the scientific nature and the intellectual challenge of the profession of medicine. Both genders rated considerations of status and prestige as of low importance. These findings are similar to surveys from other countries that have reported altruism and intellectual challenge as prime motivations for both genders.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Psychometric assessment of motives for using cocaine in men with substance use disorders.

A 15-item self-report questionnaire from a previous study of social, coping, and enhancement motives for drinking was reworded to assess motives for using cocaine. Data from 121 cocaine users indicated satisfactory reliabilities for the 3 new 5-item scales, and the fit of a 3-factor structure in confirmatory factor analysis was comparable to that of the earlier study of drinking motives. Removal of 4 items substantially improved the fit to the 3-factor model without reducing reliabilities. Some evidence of validity was inferred from a correlation between reported use of cocaine for coping and a measure of general maladjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Does motivation mediate influence of social factors on educational consequences?

Yamauchi, Kumagai, and Kawasaki (7) reported results from two separate regression analyses showing that perceived control and motivation were both significant predictors of self-regulated learning strategies among Japanese high school students. In the present article, it is proposed that integrating perceived control, motivation, and self-regulated learning strategies into a single motivational sequence would result in theoretical and applied benefits.

Adolescent↗