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PubMed1995

Chronologic analysis of in situ cytokine expression in mite allergen-induced dermatitis in atopic subjects.

Patch testing with crude dust mite extracts, after removal of horny epidermal layers, was performed on normal-appearing skin of nine adult patients with atopic dermatitis who had high mite-specific IgE antibody levels. Positive skin reactions were observed in seven subjects. Skin biopsy specimens were obtained from positive reaction sites at 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after allergen challenge and subjected to histologic and immunohistochemical studies and extraction of RNA. Perivascular infiltration of small mononuclear cells began at 2 hours, followed by eosinophilic infiltration at 6 hours, which peaked at 24 and 48 hours. Increased expression of IL-4 messenger RNA was detected with reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction at 12 and 24 hours, whereas immunohistochemical staining with anti-IL-4 antibody showed positive reactions in connective tissue around infiltrating cells after 2 hours. Expression of IL-5 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA was upregulated 2 hours after an application of allergen. Interferon-gamma mRNA was not detected. These findings suggest the crucial role of TH2-type cytokines in initiating eosinophil infiltration of mite allergen-induced dermatitis in patients with atopic dermatitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The prevalence of Dermatophagoides mite allergen in Colorado homes utilizing central evaporative coolers.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of mite allergen was studied in homes in which the indoor relative humidity may be increased by use of an evaporative cooler. METHODS: Colorado homes in which central evaporative coolers are used and control homes were evaluated. ELISAs with monoclonal antibodies specific for Der p 1 and Der f 1 were performed on dust samples from each home in May and August. Indoor relative humidity and temperatures were recorded daily. RESULTS: May samples did not show significant levels of mite allergen ( < 2 micrograms/gm dust). Of the August samples, 48 of 95 samples from homes with evaporative coolers (50.5%) had levels of Der p 1 and Der f 1 of 2 micrograms/gm dust or greater, but only 5 of 95 control samples (5.2%) had levels of 2 micrograms/gm dust or greater (p < 0.00001). Twelve of 19 homes with evaporative coolers (63%) were positive for mite allergen. Five of 19 (26%) control homes were positive (p < 0.05). The homes with evaporative coolers had average indoor relative humidity of 51% or greater: control homes had average relative humidity of less than 45%. CONCLUSION: Altering the indoor environment by raising indoor relative humidity through use of evaporative coolers leads to conditions that may facilitate Dermatophagoides survival.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Cloning and expression of complementary DNA coding for an allergen with common antibody-binding specificities with three allergens of the house dust mite Blomia tropicalis.

The mite Blomia tropicalis is a potent source of allergens in tropical and subtropical regions. So far, most of these allergens have only been studied by immunoblotting. To characterize them at the molecular level, a lambda gt11 complementary DNA library was constructed from messenger RNA isolated from whole B. tropicalis mites. This library was screened by using pooled sera from patients allergic to B. tropicalis in a plaque IgE radioimmunoassay. A B. tropicalis IgE-positive clone (Bt-M) was selected for immunologic studies. After subcloning into pBluescript (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.), it produced a sequence of 310 bp, with a probable amino acid sequence of 72 residues for the expressed peptide. The recombinant protein was transferred to nitrocellulose filters and probed with 100 sera from patients allergic to B. tropicalis. Forty-seven percent of sera reacted with the recombinant allergen. Immunoblottings performed with allergic serum and B. tropicalis-affinity-purified IgE demonstrated that the recombinant protein shares allergenic epitopes with the 11-13, 14, and 16 kd native allergens of B. tropicalis, which are known to be important allergens of this mite.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Allergen-specific IgE levels and mite allergen exposure in children with acute asthma first seen in an emergency department and in nonasthmatic control subjects.

BACKGROUND: Sensitization to allergens has been shown to be a risk factor for adults with acute asthma first seen in the emergency department. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of specific IgE to common aeroallergens in children with asthma first seen in the emergency department and in control subjects. METHODS: Fifty-four children, aged 3 to 16 years (mean age, 8.34 years) who visited the emergency department for treatment of acute bronchospasm or other illness, were evaluated. Specific IgE to seven common aeroallergens and four common storage mites was determined. Group I consisted of 29 patients who had acute bronchospasm and histories of recurrent asthma. Group II consisted of 25 control subjects who had no clinical history of atopic disease. Group I and II were compared for differences in the prevalence of positive RAST responses to the 11 allergens tested. Dust samples were collected from 17 homes of subjects in group I and from 13 homes of subjects in group II and were analyzed for levels of Der p 1 and Der f 1. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences in the prevalence of positive RAST results between groups I and II were found in response to: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, 89.6% versus 36% (p = 0.0001); Blattella germanica, 45.8% versus 9.5% (p = 0.018); Alternaria tenuis, 44.8% versus 4% (p = 0.001); and the storage mites Aleuroglyphus ovatus, 39.2% versus 4% (p = 0.002); Blomia tropicalis, 42.8% versus 0% (p = 0.0002); Chortoglyphus arcuatus, 46.4% versus 0% (p = 0.0001); and Lepidoglyphus destructor, 32.1% versus 0% (p = 0.0019). Mean specific IgE levels, expressed as percent of the total counts bound, were significantly higher in group I compared with group II only in response to D. pteronyssinus, 21.9% versus 2.1% (mean percent of total counts bound) (p = 0.0001). Analysis of dust samples revealed no significant differences between the two groups, except for a higher concentration of Der f 1 in the sofas of subjects in group II. CONCLUSION: Sensitization to D. pteronyssinus, storage mites, and, to a lesser extent, to A. tenuis and B. germanica is associated with acute childhood asthma that requires emergency treatment in Florida.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1998

Mapping of Dermatophagoides farinae mite allergens by two-dimensional immunoblotting.

BACKGROUND: Allergens from the house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae are responsible for frequent respiratory allergic disorders, but only 3 groups of these allergens are well characterized. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to complete the repertoire of D farinae allergens using two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis. METHODS: D farinae mite allergens, extracted from whole cultures in the presence of a mild detergent, were separated by 2-D electrophoresis with subsequent immunoblotting. IgE-binding proteins were detected with individual mite-sensitive patient sera and the anti-D pteronyssinus human serum pool. Allergens were identified by an inhibition immunoblot test, by means of specific mAbs, or by biochemical characterization. The internal peptides of 2 allergens were microsequenced. RESULTS: 2-D immunoblotting with individual patient sera showed a marked heterogeneity in the isoelectric point of the allergens, as well as differences in the individual IgE-binding patterns. In addition to identification of allergens Der f 1, Der f 2, and Der f 3, new allergens have been characterized as Der f 4, Der f 5, and 2 high molecular mass allergens. Microsequencing of peptides from the latter allergens revealed significant homologies with allergen Mag 3 from D farinae and with a chitinase from prawn Penaeus japonicus. CONCLUSION: 2-D electrophoresis with subsequent immunoblotting and protein microsequencing allowed characterization of a more complete repertoire of D farinae allergens and their multiple isoforms, and identification of six new allergens.

Allergens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bronchial provocation studies in farmers allergic to storage mites.

In an investigation of the relationship between storage mites and symptoms of allergic respiratory disease in farmers exposed to hay and grain dust, the clinical responses suggested an immediate type-I hypersensitivity. This study confirmed that farmers are exposed to large numbers of mites, particularly while feeding cattle. Storage mites may be an important cause of asthma in the farming community and should also be considered in the differential diagnosis of farmers lung.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Non-anaphylactic combination of partially deleted fragments of the major house dust mite allergen Der f 2 for allergen-specific immunotherapy.

Allergen-specific immunotherapy, in which repeated injections of allergens over prolonged periods are used to induce tolerance, has proven an effective treatment of allergy. A major side effect of allergen-specific immunotherapy is anaphylactic reaction. House dust mite allergens are major causative factors associated with various allergic diseases. Der f 2 is the major house dust mite allergen composed of 129 amino acid residues. Analysis using deletion mutants of Der f 2 suggested that T-cell epitopes of Der f 2 were multiple in mite-allergic patients. We found that some IgE epitopes were renatured by dialysis of a mixture of two denatured C- and N-terminal deletion mutants, 1-112 and 85-129 in 13 patients out of 14. On the other hand, IgE binding activity was negative in the separately dialyzed fragments and their mixture in each patient tested. Furthermore, we demonstrated that neither of the two separately prepared polypeptides induced in vivo skin prick test reactivity. These findings are important for improvement of T-cell targeting allergen-specific immunotherapy and development of monovalent IgE haptens. The use of combinations of overlapping non-anaphylactic fragments of allergen covering all of the T-cell epitopes achieves the removal of IgE reactivity, the cause of harmful anaphylactic reactions, without affecting the T-cell reactivity essential for immunotherapy, offering potentially safer and more effective treatment for allergic disease.

Allergens↗
PubMed2001

Characterization and cloning of a major high molecular weight house dust mite allergen (Der f 15) for dogs.

Although house dust mites (HDM(s)) are important elicitors of canine allergy, the low molecular weight molecules defined as major allergens for humans do not appear to be major allergens for dogs. Western blotting of Dermatophagoides farinae (D. farinae) extracts with sera from sensitized dogs showed that the majority of animals had IgE antibodies specific for two proteins of apparent molecular weights of 98 and 109kDa (98/109kDa). The N-terminal sequences of these two proteins were identical, suggesting they were very closely related, and sequencing of internal peptides showed the protein(s) to have homology with insect chitinases. A purified preparation of 98/109kDa proteins elicited positive intradermal skin tests (IDST(s)) in a group of well-characterized atopic dogs sensitized to D. farinae, but not in normal dogs. A rabbit polyclonal antiserum raised against the purified proteins was used to immunoscreen a D. farinae cDNA library. The mature coding region of the isolated chitinase cDNA predicts a protein of 63.2kDa; sequence analysis and glycan detection blotting suggest that the molecule is extensively O-glycosylated. Monoclonal antibodies made against the purified native protein were used to localize the chitinase in sections of whole D. farinae mites. The protein displayed an intracellular distribution in the proventriculus and intestine of the mite, suggesting that it has a digestive, rather than a moulting-related, function. The high prevalence of IgE antibodies to this antigen in canine atopic dermatitis makes it a major HDM allergen for dogs, and the protein has been formally designated Der f 15.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

T-cell epitope analysis of Mag 3, an important allergen from the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae.

Here we describe the detection of T-cell epitope region on the house dust mite allergen Mag 3, which has been shown to trigger T-cell proliferation in mite-allergic asthmatic patients. We first examined murine T-cell epitope using T-cell fraction prepared from recombinant Mag 3 (r-Mag 3)-primed H-2k mice. Initial proliferation assay with truncated r-Mag 3 indicated that N-terminal 113 amino acid region was required for triggering T-cell activation. Subsequent epitope scanning with synthetic overlapping peptides revealed that T-cell reactive region was assigned within amino acid range 56-75. We also explored human T-cell determinant using specific T-cells from mite-allergic patients. Intriguingly, we found that amino acid range 56-85, a portion partially overlapping with that identified in r-Mag 3-primed mice, was exclusively recognized by T-cells from different patients. Further investigation of unique T-cell epitope region found in this study would provide insight into the development of animal therapeutic model and/or peptide vaccine for asthma.

Allergens↗
PubMed2000

Black currant reversion disease--the probable causal agent, eriophyid mite vectors, epidemiology and prospects for control.

Black currant reversion disease and the vector of its causal agent, the black currant gall mite Cecidophyopsis ribis, have been recognised for at least 100 years and are the two most damaging organisms of black currant crops world-wide. However, the molecular characterisation of these two organisms has begun to be determined in only the last few years. The probable causal agent of reversion disease, Black currant reversion associated virus (BRAV), belongs to the genus Nepovirus, has isometric particles c. 28 nm in diameter that contain a single major polypeptide of c. 55 KDa and two polyadenylated ssRNA species of 7700 nt and 6400 nt. Some particle preparations also contain a satellite ssRNA species of 1432 nt. Using immuno-capture RT-PCR and primers based on the genomic RNA of BRAV, this virus was shown to be closely associated with reversion disease. Analysis of Cecidophyopsis mite rDNA, identified rapidly and unambiguously the three known species on Ribes and distinguished four new ones. Resistance to the reversion agent and to the gall mite vector has been introduced into black currant and has given effective control of these respective organisms in the field. These findings and their significance for the ecology, epidemiology and control of variants of these two organisms are reviewed and discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Variations in chemical mimicry by the ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni according to the developmental stage of the host honey-bee Apis mellifera.

The ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni poses a major threat to the survival of European honey-bee populations. Development of effective control methods is therefore much needed. Study of interspecific chemical communication between the parasite and host is a particularly promising avenue of research. Previous study has shown that the cuticular hydrocarbons of the parasite mite Varroa jacobsoni are qualitatively identical to those of its honey-bee host Apis mellifera (Nation J.L., Sanford M.T., Milne K., 1992. Cuticular hydrocarbons from Varroa jacobsoni. Experimental and Applied Acarology 16, 331-344). The purpose of the present study was to compare the cuticular hydrocarbon patterns of the two species at different stages of bee development. Cuticular components were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The proportion of each component was calculated at three stages of bee development (larvae, pupa, emerging bee). The degree of chemical mimicry between the parasite and host was evaluated by multivariate analyses using the resulting proportions for each category of individuals. There were four main findings. The first was that the proportions of some components are different at the larval, pupal and imago stage of bee development. Second, Varroa profiles vary depending on the developmental stage of the host. Third, the cuticular profile of adult mites is more similar to that of the stage of the host than that of later and/or earlier stages except for parasites collected from emerging adult bees. Fourth, the degree of mimicry by Varroa is greater during larval and pupal stages than during the emerging adult bee stages. The role of chemical mimicry - although it is not perfect - in enabling parasites to infest bee colonies by the parasite is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Decay of house-dust mite allergen Der f 1 at indoor climatic conditions.

BACKGROUND: The decay of house-dust mite allergens is important for the outcome of avoidance measures for house-dust mite-allergic patients. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the stability of Der f 1 from mattress dust when exposed to domestic conditions. METHODS: Three samples of mattress dust were individually homogenized and divided into 64 subsamples. Mites were killed by freezing for 48 hours at -30 degrees C. The subsamples were exposed in eight homes, three storerooms, and one greenhouse, where temperature and relative humidity were recorded. Der f 1 was determined in extracts of subsamples (enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay) at 0, 3, 12, and 24 months. RESULTS: In the three samples of mattress dust, the initial concentrations of Der f 1 (mean +/- standard deviation; STD) were: 169 (12), 3.9 (0.4), and 31 (2.6) microg/g, respectively. Median half-life of Der f 1 in the mattress dust samples was 10 years in the exposure homes, 18 years in the store rooms, and 1.0 year in the greenhouse. No correlations among preserved Der f 1 and temperature, relative humidity, and absolute humidity in homes were found (Spearman rank correlation test). CONCLUSION: Natural decay of Der f 1, with an estimated half-life of 10 years at housing conditions, has no practical consequence in reducing allergen exposure. Therefore, avoidance measures should include an active removal of the allergens.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2000

Study of the effects of vacuuming on the concentration of dust mite antigen and endotoxin.

BACKGROUND: Dust mite antigens are major sources of allergens in house dust and together with endotoxin, a proinflammatory component of gram negative bacteria also found in house dust, are important causes of tissue injury involved in the pathogenesis and severity of allergic diseases, eg, asthma. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of vacuuming in reducing the quantity of dust mite antigens, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p and Der p2) and endotoxin using a quantitative ELISA assay and to correlate results with those obtained using a qualitative rapid dipstick method for Der p2. METHODS: Four specimens of house dust were collected using a Kirby Model G5 vacuum cleaner with a Micron Magic Filtration system from an approximately 54" x 18" standardized area of rug from each of 20 homes at 4 time intervals over a 6-week period, ie, a baseline specimen #1 at 0 week; specimen #2 at 1 week; specimen #3 at 5 weeks (1 month after specimen #2); specimen #4 at 6 weeks (1 week after specimen #3). Three intervals were compared, ie, period 1-2 (1 week), period 2-3 (1 month), and period 3 to 4 (1 week). The concentrations of Der p1 and Der p2 were determined in dust samples using a standard ELISA assay and the concentration of endotoxin was detected using a limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Concentrations of Der p2, determined by the standard ELISA assay, were compared to those in the same samples determined by a rapid dipstick method. RESULTS: A wide range of values for total weight of unprocessed dust (0.3 to 59 g, X = 8.7) and finely sieved dust (0.1 to 19 g, X = 3) from all specimens were found. In finely sieved dust specimens the mean concentrations of Der p1, Der p2 and endotoxin were 775, 1310, and 3836 ng/g of dust, respectively. Following weekly vacuuming there was an increase in concentration of Der p1, Der p2, and endotoxin in 20%, 35%, and 63% of the houses, respectively, compared to in monthly vacuuming in which increases were seen in 65%, 50%, and 63% of the houses, respectively. In contrast, there was a decrease in concentration of Der p1, Der p2 and endotoxin with weekly vacuuming in 43%, 60%, and 37% of the houses respectively versus in monthly vacuuming in 15%, 35%, and 37% of the houses respectively. A correlation coefficient of 0.7 was found for the concentration of Der p2 in 37/40 samples tested detected using the ELISA method compared with rapid dipstick assay. CONCLUSION: The results of this study support the effectiveness of vacuuming on the reduction of dust mite antigens (Der p1 and Der p2) ie, Der p2 > Der p1. This reduction was more pronounced with weekly compared with monthly vacuuming. No reduction in the concentration of endotoxin was found. A good correlation was found between results obtained by ELISA and rapid dipstick assay for Der p2.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2006

Molecular characterization, expression and localization of tropomyosin and paramyosin immunodominant allergens from sheep scab mites (Psoroptes ovis).

cDNAs encoding the immunodominant allergens tropomyosin and paramyosin were amplified from RNA extracted from the sheep scab mite Psoroptes ovis. The tropomyosin cDNA contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 852 bp which encoded a predicted protein with 98% and 97% identity to the house dust mite allergens Der f 10 and Der p 10 respectively. The complete paramyosin ORF generated by RT-PCR was 2625 bp in length and encoded an 875aa predicted protein of 102.6 kDa with 97%, 95% and 89% identity to the paramyosins of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p 11), Sarcoptes scabiei and Blomia tropicalis (Blo t 11) respectively. Full length tropomyosin and truncated and full-length paramyosin were expressed as recombinant proteins. IgG and IgE in sera from sheep with a 6-week duration primary infestation of P. ovis did not detect either full-length or truncated recombinant paramyosin. IgG in both infested and naïve sheep sera detected recombinant tropomyosin, suggesting cross-reactivity to tropomyosin and to other invertebrate species to which the sheep may have been exposed. Staining with antibodies directed against tropomyosin and paramyosin was observed throughout sections of P. ovis. Staining was especially prevalent in the anterior sections of the mites, possibly associated with locomotory muscles in this region.

Allergens↗
PubMed2005

Chemical defenses of Trifolium glanduliferum against redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor.

Trifolium glanduliferum Boiss. was resistant to redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor Tucker (Acari: Penthaleidae), feeding compared with Trifolium subterraneum L. Extracts from T. glanduliferum leaves, obtained with dichloromethane and methanol, acted as feeding deterrents to the redlegged earth mite. Bioassay-directed fractionation of the extracts led to the isolation of several metabolites, coumarin, alpha-and beta-ionone, linalool, medicarpin, that were shown to be deterrent in laboratory experiments. The compounds contributing to the defense of T. glanduliferum were different from those influencing mite feeding on T. subterraneum leaves.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Development of a gel formulation of formic acid for control of parasitic mites of honey bees.

Formic acid has been used in various countries for the control of parasitic mites of honey bees (Apis mellifera), particularly the Varroa mite (Varroa jacobsoni) and the tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi). Its corrosivity and consequent fear of liability have precluded commercial interest in the United States, and its rapid vaporization requires frequent reapplication. We have developed a gel formulation of formic acid which provides controlled release over 2-3 weeks and improves the convenience and safety of handling of formic acid. The strong acidity of formic acid restricts the choice of gelling agents; vegetable gellants such as agar are destroyed, and bentonite clay derivatives do not gel, even with high-shear mixing. Polyacrylamides lead to viscous liquids lacking thixotropic properties. High-molecular-weight poly(acrylic acids) and fumed silicas provided gels with suitable physical characteristics. The poly(acrylic acid) gels were difficult to mix and gave slower and nonlinear release behavior, while the fumed silica gels were easy to prepare and linear in formic acid vaporization.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Differential effects of plant species on a mite pest (Tetranychus utricae) and its predator (Phytoseiulus persimilis): implications for biological control.

The influence of plant species on the population dynamics of the spider mite pest, Tetranychus urticae, and its predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis, was examined as a prerequisite to effective biological control on ornamental nursery stock. Experiments have been done to investigate how the development, fecundity and movement of T. urticae, and the movement of P. persimilis were affected by plant species. A novel experimental method, which incorporates plant structure, was used to investigate the functional response of P. persimilis. Development times for T. urticae were consistent with published data and did not differ with plant species in a biologically meaningful way. Plant species was shown to have a major influence on fecundity (P < 0.001) and movement of the pest mite (P < 0.01), but no influence on the movement of the predator. The movement of both pest and predator was shown to be related to the density of the adult pest mites on the plant (P < 0.001). Plant structure affected the functional response, particularly in relation to the ability of the predator to locate prey at low densities. The impact of these findings on the effective use of biological control on ornamental nursery stock is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Mite population dynamics on different grape varieties with or without phytoseiids released (Acari: Phytoseiidae).

In a three-year study, mite populations were monitored in two vineyards, each having two grape varieties with different leaf hair density. In both vineyards native phytoseiids were present: Amblyseius andersoni in one vineyard, and Phytoseius finitimus in the other. The economically important predators Kampimodromus aberrans and Typhlodromus pyri were released in both vineyards in order to study their efficacy in controlling tetranychids and eriophyids and their persistence during periods of prey scarcity. In both vineyards, relative abundances of the mite species, especially phytoseiids, were found to differ on different varieties in the same vineyard. In the first experiment, A. andersoni reached higher densities and was more persistent on the variety with slightly pubescent leaf under-surface (Merlot). Typhlodromus pyri and K. aberrans releases were successful and the mites became more abundant on the variety with pubescent leaf under-surface (Verduzzo). In the second experiment, P. finitimus was more abundant on a variety with pubescent leaf under-surface (Prosecco) than with glabrous leaf under-surface (Riesling). The most interesting results of the present study concerned the interactions between native and released predators. In the first vineyard, different results were obtained when releasing T. pyri on the two varieties. On the variety with pubescent leaves, A. andersoni was rapidly displaced by T. pyri, whereas the former species persisted on the other variety throughout the three-year study, apparently becoming dominant during the last season. In contrast to T. pyri, interactions between K. aberrans and A. andersoni in this vineyard did not depend on variety. The results of the experiments carried out in the second vineyard stressed the importance of interspecific competition for phytoseiid releases. Typhlodromus pyri colonization failed on both varieties. Kampimodromus aberrans releases appeared to be more successful on Riesling than on Prosecco; where P. finitimus was more abundant. At the end of the experiments, K. aberrans displaced P. finitimus on both varieties.

Animals↗