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PubMed2005

The effect of encoding manipulation on word-stem cued recall: an event-related potential study.

The purpose of the present study was to find out whether the neural correlates of explicit retrieval from episodic memory would vary according to conditions at encoding when the words were presented in separate study/test blocks. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants performed a word-stem cued-recall task. Deeply (semantically) studied words were associated with higher levels of recall and faster response times than shallowly (lexically) studied words. Robust ERP old/new effects were observed for each encoding condition. They varied in magnitude, being largest in the semantic condition. As expected, scalp distributions also differed: for deeply studied words, the old/new effect resembled that found in previous ERP studies of word-stem cued-recall tasks (parietal and right frontal effects, between 400-800 and 800-1100 ms post-stimulus), whereas for shallowly studied words, the parietal old/new effect was absent in the latter latency window. These results can be interpreted as reflecting access to different kinds of memory representation depending on the nature of the processing engaged during encoding. Furthermore, differences in the ERPs elicited by new items indicate that subjects adopted different processing strategies in the test blocks following each encoding condition.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Quality-of-life evaluation using Short Form 36: comparison in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients.

Short Form 36 (SF-36) is a well-documented health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) instrument consisting of 36 questions compressed into eight scales and two primary dimensions: the physical and mental component scores. This tool was used to evaluate QOL among peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD) patients. The results of 16,755 HD and 1,260 PD patients (728 continuous ambulatory PD [CAPD] and 532 continuous cycling PD [CCPD]) completing an SF-36 during 1996 were analyzed. Three analyses of variance were performed, consisting of (1) no adjustment, (2) case mix (age, sex, race, and diabetes), and (3) case mix plus laboratory parameters. PD patients were younger (P < 0.001), a larger fraction were white (P < 0.001), fewer had diabetes (P < 0.001), and had lower serum albumin concentrations (P < 0.001) and higher creatinine, hemoglobin, and white blood cell count values (P < 0.001) than HD patients. Diabetes was present in a larger fraction of CCPD than CAPD patients (P < 0.001). HD and PD patients scored similarly for scales reflecting physical processes. PD patients scored higher for mental processes, but only after statistical adjustment for the laboratory measures. Scores on scales reflecting physical processes were worse, and those reflecting mental processes were better among CCPD than CAPD patients. HD and CAPD scores were similar. CCPD patients perceived themselves as more physically impaired but better adjusted than HD or CAPD patients. These descriptive data show that perception of QOL among PD and HD patients is similar before adjustment, but PD patients score higher for mental processes with adjustment. CCPD patients score worse for physical function and better for mental function than either CAPD or HD patients. We cannot, however, exclude the influence of therapy selection.

Female↗
PubMed1983

Adult age differences in accessing and retrieving information from long-term memory.

The present study employed a series of cognitive decision tasks to investigate adult age differences in accessing and retrieving information from long-term memory. Young and old adults, from low and high education populations, were required to make feature, lexical, and categorical judgments about word pairs. Older adults were slower than younger adults at feature extraction, lexical access, and accessing category information. The age deficit was proportionally greater when retrieval of category information was required. The results suggest that one contribution to the diminished processing capacity in elderly adults may be their slower semantic access speed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Age differences in processing information from television news: the effects of bisensory augmentation.

Younger and older adults listened to segments of television news under one of three conditions: (a) Listen, in which they heard the auditory portion of the segment without its visual track; (b) Listen + Read, in which they listened to the auditory track only while reading along with a written transcript; and (c) Listen + Television, in which they heard the original televised segment complete with audio and visual track. Younger adults showed better free recall for the spoken information when it was augmented by the written transcript or video track; older adults did not show this benefit of bisensory augmentation. Subjects were also tested on a Daneman and Carpenter (1980) style measure of working memory processing. This measure accounted for virtually all age variance in memory performance in the unaugmented Listen condition. In the Listen + TV condition, however, there was a substantial proportion of age variance in performance which could not be accounted for in terms of working memory processing. Results are discussed in terms of the varying involvement of working memory processing in age differences as a function of input modality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Parallel distributed processing and the emergence of schizophrenic symptoms.

Computer simulations of parallel distributed processing (PDP) neural networks have increased our understanding of brain functioning. This article reviews how PDP concepts can contribute to our understanding of schizophrenic symptoms. Psychotic states induced by phencyclidine and the adult form of metachromatic leukodystrophy, as well as neurometabolic studies, suggest that schizophrenia reflects a breakdown in communication between cortical areas. A computer simulation of this type of brain pathology has suggested two neurocognitive consequences: some cortical circuits will become functionally autonomous, and a subset of these circuits will yield "parasitic foci" that slavishly reproduce the same cognitive output. Delusions of control, paranoid delusions of the idee fixe type, thought broadcasting, "voices," and certain deficit symptoms are postulated outcomes of parasitic foci located at different levels of language processing. A neurodevelopmental model of impaired corticocortical communication is described, and this model's implications for further study are outlined.

Attention↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Is impaired recall in dementia of the Alzheimer type a consequence of a contextual retrieval deficit?

Eighty-eight patients with mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer type were tested in a word list and a spatial pattern recall task. With increasing degree of dementia severity we found a decline in the initial recall scores while learning curves over five consecutive trials remained normal in the mildly demented patients. Furthermore, there was a loss of the primacy effect in the word list task in our moderately demented patients. These findings are consistent with the pattern that have been reported after medial temporal lobe dysfunction. The data are discussed in the framework of cognitive dual process theories of memory as indicators of a contextual retrieval deficit.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Dyslexia.

A review of the literature indicates that the study of dyslexia has been almost exclusively confined to the higher cortical processes. The suggestion is made that more thought should be directed to the attentional functions underlying these processes. It is further suggested that medication should be more extensively used and that dosages higher than those usually prescribed should be considered.

Attention↗
PubMed2004

Priming guesses on a forced-recall test.

The forced-recall paradigm requires participants to fill all spaces on the memory test even if they cannot remember all the list words. In the present study, the authors used that paradigm to examine the influence of implicit memory on guessing--when participants fill remaining spaces after they cannot remember list items. They measured explicit memory as the percentage of targets that participants designated as remembered from the list and implicit memory as the percentage of targets they wrote but did not designate as remembered (beyond chance level). The authors examined implicit memory on guessing with forced recall (Experiment 1), forced cued recall with younger and older adults (Experiment 2), and forced free and cued recall under a depth-of-processing manipulation (Experiment 3). They conclude that implicit memory influences guesses of targets in the forced-recall paradigm.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Levels-of-processing effect on internal source monitoring in schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Recognition can be normalized in schizophrenia by providing patients with semantic organizational strategies through a levels-of-processing (LOP) framework. However, patients may rely primarily on familiarity effects, making recognition less sensitive than source monitoring to the strength of the episodic memory trace. The current study investigates whether providing semantic organizational strategies can also normalize patients' internal source-monitoring performance. METHOD: Sixteen clinically stable medicated patients with schizophrenia and 15 demographically matched healthy controls were asked to identify the source of remembered words following an LOP-encoding paradigm in which they alternated between processing words on a 'shallow' perceptual versus a 'deep' semantic level. A multinomial analysis provided orthogonal measures of item recognition and source discrimination, and bootstrapping generated variance to allow for parametric analyses. LOP and group effects were tested by contrasting recognition and source-monitoring parameters for words that had been encoded during deep versus shallow processing conditions. RESULTS: As in a previous study there were no group differences in LOP effects on recognition performance, with patients and controls benefiting equally from deep versus shallow processing. Although there were no group differences in internal source monitoring, only controls had significantly better performance for words processed during the deep encoding condition. Patient performance did not correlate with clinical symptoms or medication dose. CONCLUSIONS: Providing a deep processing semantic encoding strategy significantly improved patients' recognition performance only. The lack of a significant LOP effect on internal source monitoring in patients may reflect subtle problems in the relational binding of semantic information that are independent of strategic memory processes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Information processing in working memory and event-related brain potentials.

Information processing in working memory was investigated in a paradigm with a pseudo-random sequence of visually presented consonants. The subjects' task was to memorize seven sequentially presented letters per trial and to recall the sequence (MEMORY task). Even-related potentials (ERPs) were selectively averaged for each of the seven positions of consonant presentation within a trial. The later a consonant was presented within a trial the smaller the P300 amplitude elicited by the consonant. The number of recall errors increased, however, from first to last presentation position. In a control task identical to the MEMORY condition consonant were presented. To limit the working memory load to one element, subjects had to count the number of letters within trials showing a specific physical criteria. P300 amplitude did not depend on presentation position. P300 was shown to covary with the amount of processing resources available for a task. We assume that increasing working memory load consumes processing resources that are not available for the processing of the incoming stimuli presented later in the trial.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Tracking cognitive processes with functional MRI mental chronometry.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is used widely to determine the spatial layout of brain activation associated with specific cognitive tasks at a spatial scale of millimeters. Recent methodological improvements have made it possible to determine the latency and temporal structure of the activation at a temporal scale of few hundreds of milliseconds. Despite the sluggishness of the hemodynamic response, fMRI can detect a cascade of neural activations - the signature of a sequence of cognitive processes. Decomposing the processing into stages is greatly aided by measuring intermediate responses. By combining event-related fMRI and behavioral measurement in experiment and analysis, trial-by-trial temporal links can be established between cognition and its neural substrate.

Brain↗
PubMed1996

Cortical activation in confrontation naming.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to detect cortical activation in the right and left perisylvian cortex of seven young adult right-handed volunteers in response to a letter fluency task and to a visual naming task using standardized line drawings. Both letter fluency and visual naming activated left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's areas 6, 9, 44 and 45). Only visual naming activated area 37 (a cortical region with strong connections to visual association areas), visual association area 19, and areas 39 and 21 previously shown to activate with auditory semantic tasks. This study supports a role for area 37 as participant in a visual lexicosemantic processing network which may otherwise overlap the auditorysemantic network.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Process and outcome in mental health care delivery: a model approach to treatment evaluation.

In recent years, there has been a strong movement toward "evidence-based medicine," which has significantly affected approaches to the delivery of mental health care. The author highlights the cultural and socioeconomic context in which this trend has emerged. He also notes the resulting controversy over the emphasis on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Although he does not reject the important role of such trials, he reviews some of their limitations and offers a rationale for the equally important role of naturalistic outcome studies. He concludes by introducing subsequent articles in the journal issue that describe a computerized, online approach for evaluating the effectiveness of mental health care delivery. This system, originally developed in the United Kingdom, has been adapted for use by The Menninger Clinic.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗