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PubMed1983

[Possibility for studying the life expectancy of patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy by dispensary observation].

The follow-up cards of 1100 patients that died of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) within the period 1962-1981 were studied with a view to establishing the incidence of the disease in Vratza district, affection of sex and age and chiefly--the duration of the disease. The authors established that the disease was found in 47 settlements of Vratza district, that the females were more often affected as compared with the males and that the subjects aged from 30 to 70 were most frequently affected. More that the half of the patients with BEN was established by the authors, to die with--in the first 5 years since the onset of the disease, whereas the rest--live longer, in single cases, over 20 years.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term food restriction, deprenyl, and nimodipine treatment on life expectancy and blood pressure of stroke-prone rats.

We determined whether food restriction or the drugs nimodipine (Ca2+ antagonist) and deprenyl (a MAO-B inhibitor) prevent the development of stroke in the spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rat (SHR-SP). Forty male SHR-SP rats, in the age of 34 weeks, were exposed to various treatments. During a period of 27 weeks, survival and blood pressure were followed. In the control and deprenyl group, the blood pressure values remained unchanged; 50% had died after 27 weeks. All rats that were treated with nimodipine survived. After food restriction, 7/8 rats survived and showed a lower blood pressure. This study in SHR-PR rats shows the superiority of nimodipine on survival, and the potential of food restriction as a stroke-preventing measure.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Effect of alpha-difluoromethylornithine and polyhexamethyleneguanidine (PMG), polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors on leucosis L1210 growth kinetics and life expectancy of animals with cancer].

The article deals with the study of polyamines content and y-glutamiltranspeptidase (gamma-GTP) activity in leucosis L1210 cells under the influence of inhibitors of polyamines synthesis such as alpha-difluoromethylornithine (alpha-DFMO) and polyhexamethylenguanidine (PMG). Injections of alpha-DFMO and PMG to animals essentially reduce putrescine and spermidine concentrations, and the levels of spermine and gamma-GTP activity increase under this influence. These modulation were associated with L1210 leucosis growth retardation. Antiblastic effect was dependent on inhibitors' doses and mode of injections' course. Under the optimum conditions the retardation index was 90-98%. The animals with retarded tumor growth had essentially longer survival time frame than blank tumor-bearing animals (index was 37.2 for a-DFMO and 67.5 for PMG).

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Trends in life expectancy after spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether there have been improvements in survival after spinal cord injury (SCI) over time, both in the critical first 2 years after injury and in the longer term. DESIGN: Pooled repeated observations analysis of person-years. For each person-year, the outcome variable is survival and mortality, and the explanatory variables include age, level and grade of injury, and calendar year (the main focus of the analyses). The method can be viewed as a generalization of proportional hazards regression. SETTING: Model spinal cord injury systems and hospital SCI units across the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Persons (N=30,822) admitted to a Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems facility a minimum of 1 day after injury. Only persons over 10 years of age and known not to be ventilator dependent were included. These persons contributed 323,618 person-years of data, with 4980 deaths, over the 1973 to 2004 study period. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Survival. RESULTS: Other factors being equal, over the last 3 decades there has been a 40% decline in mortality during the critical first 2 years after injury. However, the decline in mortality over time in the post-2-year period is small and not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of a substantial decline in mortality after the first 2 years postinjury is contrary to widely held impressions. Nevertheless, the finding is based on a large database and sensitive analytic methods and is consistent with previous research. Improvements in critical care medicine after spinal cord injury may explain the marked decline in short-term mortality. In contrast, although there have no doubt been improvements in long-term rehabilitative care, their effect in enhancing the life span of persons with SCI appears to have been overstated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Cured tuberculoid patients have a greater life expectancy than cured lepromatous patients in Japan.

Leprosy patients lack specific cellular immunity against Mycobacterium leprae, but other immunological functions are thought to be preserved. However, in a leprosy sanatorium in South Japan between 1982 and 2000, we found that the average age at death of cured lepromatous leprosy patients was about 5 yrs younger than that of cured tuberculoid patients; [male/lepromatous, 76.0 +/- 10.0 yrs old vs. male/tuberculoid, 79.7 +/- 9.4 yrs old, p = 0.026], and [female/lepromatous, 78.0 +/- 10.5 vs. female/tuberculoid, 85.3 +/- 9.8, p = 0.0001]. This trend was also observed in autopsy records of two other leprosy sanatoria in Japan. In a prospective study based on their age in 1982, among females in the age group between 60 and 69, lepromatous patients (75.3 +/- 6.0 yrs) died earlier than tuberculoid patients (81.0 +/- 5.1 yrs) (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that lepromatous patients have higher risk of death even in a post-chemotherapy era.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

[Prospects for predicting the life expectancy of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease for refining indicators for lung transplantation].

Success of lung transplantation is largely determined by the patients' timely referral for surgery. However, the determinants of survival in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), potential lung recipients are to be established. To reveal the determinants of survival in patients with terminal respiratory failure, the data from a follow-up of 59 patients with COPD who met the generally accepted requirements for the recipients of an isolated lung were analyzed. The analysis of some clinical, functional, hemodynamic parameters established that the level of hypoxemia and the value of pulmonary systolic pressure were of the greatest prognostic value. The values of external respiratory function did not affect the patients' survival. Thus, patients with COPD should undergo lung transplantation if they have a pulmonary systolic pressure of over 50 mm Hg, pO2 of under 60 mm Hg, and no benefits from their conservative therapy.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Five-year outcome of cholinergic treatment of Alzheimer's disease: early response predicts prolonged time until nursing home placement, but does not alter life expectancy.

Fifty consecutive outpatients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) received treatment with the cholinesterase inhibitor tacrine in an open longitudinal study. Assessments using Mini-Mental State Examination, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - cognitive subscale, and a global rating were made at baseline and at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months. Three outcome groups were characterized: responders, unchanged and deteriorated. Additional outcome measures were time until nursing home placement, and mortality rate. At 6 months -75%, at 12 months -42%, at 24 months -20%, and after that 10% of the patients still on medication had improved or remained stable. The mortality rate did not differ between the outcome groups. Response to tacrine treatment at 6 or 12 months was found to predict a prolonged time until nursing home placement. No predictors for a positive treatment response could be identified at baseline.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Prognostic factors for life expectancy in nonagenarians with nonmelanoma skin cancer: implications for selecting surgical candidates.

BACKGROUND: Controversy exists over surgical intervention for nonmelanoma skin cancer in the very elderly. OBJECTIVE: We sought to define variables that are prognostic for survival in the elderly after surgery for skin cancer. METHODS: We reviewed 99 charts of nonagenarians who had Mohs micrographic surgery for nonmelanoma skin cancer and recorded data on comorbid conditions and date of death. Comorbid conditions were quantified by the Charlson index. RESULTS: Patients with Charlson scores of zero (no comorbidities) had a statistically significant longer survival than patients with Charlson scores of >/=3 (multiple comorbidities). Women survived longer than men at both 1 and 5 years. No patient died within 30 days of operation. CONCLUSION: Charlson scores of >/=3 in nonagenarians predict shorter survival. Although this parameter may predict shorter survival when skin cancer surgery is considered in a cohort of elderly patients, it remains difficult to predict accurately the survival of individual patients with scores >/=3.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Chronic elevation of plasma thioredoxin: inhibition of chemotaxis and curtailment of life expectancy in AIDS.

Thioredoxin (Trx) is an intracellular redox protein with extracellular cytokine-like and chemokine-like activities. We show here that, although plasma Trx levels are unrelated to survival of HIV-infected individuals with CD4 cell counts above 200/microl blood, survival is significantly impaired (P = 0.003) when plasma Trx is chronically elevated in HIV-infected subjects with CD4 T cell counts below this level (i.e., with Centers for Disease Control (CDC)-defined AIDS). Relevant to the mechanism potentially underlying this finding, we also present data from experimental studies in mice showing that elevated plasma Trx efficiently blocks lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced chemotaxis, an innate immune mechanism that is particularly crucial when adaptive immunity is compromised. Thus, we propose that elevated plasma Trx in HIV-infected individuals with low CD4 T cell counts directly impairs survival by blocking pathogen-induced chemotaxis, effectively eliminating the last (innate) barrier against establishment of opportunistic and other infections in these immunodeficient individuals.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed2003

Social capital, life expectancy and mortality: a cross-national examination.

This paper analyses the relationship between social capital and population health. The analysis is carried out within an econometric model of population health in 19 countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries using panel data covering three different time periods. Social capital is measured by the proportion of people who say that that they generally trust other people and by membership in voluntary associations. The model performs well in explaining health outcomes. We find very little statistically significant evidence that the standard indicators of social capital have a positive effect on population health. By contrast, per capita income and the proportion of health expenditure financed by the government are both significantly and positively associated with better health outcomes. The paper casts doubt upon the widely accepted hypothesis that social capital has a positive effect on health and illustrates the importance of testing this kind of hypothesis in an extended model.

Cooperative Behavior↗
PubMed2005

Candidate genes associated with ageing and life expectancy in the Jerusalem longitudinal study.

In an exploratory study, 11 common polymorphisms were examined for contributing to longevity including: apolipoprotein E (apoE), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), cathepsin D (CAD), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), angiotensinogen (AGT) and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), Leiden factor 7, p53 oncogene, dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) and the serotonin transporter (SERT). Genotype and allele frequencies of these genes were compared in 224 older (75 years) Jewish Jerusalem residents of Ashkenazi ethnicity to a group of 441 younger subjects (22 years). Nominally significant results provide suggestive evidence in the Ashkenazi group that apoE, MHTFR, SOD2, IGF2 ApaI, and factor VII are risk factors for a single outcome, survival to 75. Overall, the more genetically homogenous Ashkenazi ethnic group showed evidence for association in five genes examined suggesting that future studies in this population would gainfully focus on this ethnic group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Predictors of healthy aging in men with high life expectancies.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors that consistently predict staying healthy in contrast to developing clinical illness and/or physical and mental impairments. METHODS: More than 8000 men of Japanese ancestry were followed for 28 years with repeat examinations and surveillance for deaths and incident clinical illness. Physical and cognitive functions were measured in 1993. Measures of healthy aging included surviving and remaining free of major chronic illnesses and physical and cognitive impairments. RESULTS: Of 6505 healthy men at baseline, 2524 (39%) died prior to the final exam. Of the 3263 available survivors, 41% remained free of major clinical illnesses, 40% remained free of both physical and cognitive impairment, and 19% remained free of both illness and impairment. The most consistent predictors of healthy aging were low blood pressure, low serum glucose, not smoking cigarettes, and not being obese. CONCLUSIONS: Beyond the biological effects of aging, much of the illness and disability in the elderly is related to risk factors present at midlife.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Life expectancy of patients with chronic nonleukemic myeloproliferative disorders.

This study determines, within the frame of current therapeutic possibilities, the impact of chronic nonleukemic myeloproliferative disorders on expected survival. The survival data for 1067 patients (454 with polycythemia vera, 247 with essential thrombocythemia, and 366 with idiopathic myelofibrosis) were collected from 38 Spanish institutions. The actuarial survival probability of each group of patients was compared with that of the age-matched and sex-matched control population. The survival of the patients with polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia did not differ from that of the control population (P = 0.92 and, 0.22, respectively), whereas the survival of the patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis was strikingly reduced with respect to the control population (P = 0.0000000007). Thus, in terms of survival, current therapeutic procedures may be considered as quite satisfactory in patients with polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. On the other hand, due to poor survival of patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis, new therapeutic approaches for this condition are clearly needed.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Life expectancy of children with cerebral palsy.

Risk factors for mortality of young children with cerebral palsy were studied using a sample of 12,709 children aged 0.5-3.5 years with cerebral palsy who had received services from the State of California between 1980 and 1995. The most powerful prognostic factors for survival were simple functional items: mobility and feeding skills. Once these were known, factors such as severity of mental retardation and presence of quadriplegia contributed relatively little. Children with fair motor and eating skills had good survival prospects, with 90% or more reaching adulthood, but those without such skills had much poorer prospects. Among children who were unable to lift their heads, median survival time was 7 additional years for those who were tube fed (n = 557) and 14 years for those fed entirely by others (n = 997). Although a child's approximate survival chances can be assessed from such functional classifications, we indicate the manner in which additional information on the child's condition can be used to obtain more accurate survival data.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Decline in function and life expectancy of older persons with cerebral palsy.

The authors studied the pattern of functional abilities and decline of skills in adults with cerebral palsy. The data source was the California Developmental Disabilities data base, which included 904 subjects of age 60. For those individuals who are mobile when they become adults, there is a marked decline in ambulation, especially in late adulthood, and few of the 60 year-olds who walked well preserved this skill over the following 15 years. Older subjects frequently also lost the ability to dress themselves. Many other skills, however, seemed to be well preserved, including speech, self-feeding and the ability to order meals in public. Whereas the great majority of young adults lived in their families' home or in small private group homes, 18% of the 60 year-olds lived independently or semi-independently, and 41% resided in facilities providing a higher level of medical care. Survival rates of the ambulatory older adults were only moderately worse than the general population. Survival was, however, much poorer among those who had lost mobility.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

Anencephalic infants: life expectancy and organ donation.

Between 1978 and 1982, 205 anencephalic infants weighing more than 2,500 g were born alive in California. Although typically none were offered significant support, almost 9% lived more than one week. It seems reasonable to assume that modern intensive care would have increased survival times dramatically. In fact, preliminary data from centers specializing in neonatal organ transplantation demonstrate that seven to 14 days of ventilatory support can be accomplished for anencephalic infants without occurrence of brainstem death. Given these data and medical information that clearly establishes anencephalic infants as a "special case" of children who have not suffered brain death but could reasonably be used as organ donors, we believe that parents who wish to do so should be allowed to continue ventilatory support for their anencephalic children for whatever period of time is necessary to find organ recipients and arrange for organ donation. Arbitrary cutoff points for intensive care and artificial criteria for brain death should not be necessary to allow the use of anencephalic infants as organ donors. We believe that current laws should be changed to permit this scenario.

Anencephaly↗
PubMed1977

[Prognosis of life expectancy of patients with ischemic heart disease detected during mass screening].

Prospective 5-year follow-up was accomplished among males ranging in age between 50 and 59 and forming four random samples from the respective population of the Bauman region in Moscow subjected to primary cross-sectional epidemiologic survey. The results show that in primary survey general mortality and the mortality of ischemic heart disease were significantly higher among males with ischemic heart disease than among the rest of the individuals examined. The mortality of ischemic heart disease proved to be particularly high among individuals with a history of myocardial infarction (relative death risk 5.8) and among those with typical anginal pectoris (relative death risk 4.4). Ischemic heart disease mortality was lower (relative death risk 2.1) in the group of males who had suffered from silent myocardial infarction or had silent ischemic heart disease than among those who had had myocardial infarction or with angina pectoris, but higher among males who did not have these diseases. To study the prognostic value of atypical chest pain in angina pectoris, it is necessary that prospective follow-up be continued.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term follow-up of iodine-125 brachytherapy for choroidal melanomas. Part I: Anatomical results and life expectancy.

We report a prospective study of 19 choroidal melanomas treated with iodine-125 plaque from 1984 to 1989. The mean tumor height was 5.8 mm, base diameter 11.6 mm, and tumor volume 80 to 510 mm3. The mean radiation dose to tumor apex was 70 Gy and scleral contact dose 355 Gy; tumor base was surrounded by contiguous laser or cryopexy lesions. Follow-up was 27 to 84 months (mean 60 months). All tumors regressed at least 50% in volume with no tumor regrowth within 27 months to 60 months. Late tumor regrowth, localized in the center, occurred in one eye after 65 and another after 69 months. One tumor was successfully replaqued; the other was not re-treated because the patient had had a recent heart attack. In 17 eyes radiation retinopathy developed after 1 1/2 years, the earliest in a diabetic eye. Despite primary recovery of preoperative vision, there was severe deterioration of visual acuity after 4 1/2 years in all the eyes. During follow-up, two patients died due to metastases after 28 and 71 months; one patient is alive with metastases after 17 months. None of the eyes had to be enucleated. There was no incidence of madaurosis, symblepharon, or dry eye.

Adult↗