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PubMed2007

The full spectrum of biomedical informatics education at Oregon Health & Science University.

OBJECTIVES: The growing use of health information technology in operational settings, along with the maturation of the discipline of biomedical informatics, requires reorganization of educational programs in the field. The objective of this paper is to provide a context and description of the biomedical informatics education program at Oregon Health & Science University. METHODS: The details of the program are provided. RESULTS: The paper describes the overall program and its component curricula. CONCLUSIONS: OHSU has developed a program that caters to the full spectrum of those who will work in the field, allowing education tailored to their career goals and needs. The maturation of Internet technologies also allow most aspects of the program to be delivered on-line. The informatics field must step up to the challenge of educating the best workforce to achieve our goals for the optimal use of HIT.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed2004

The asbestos case: a comment on the appointment and use of nonpartisan experts in world trade organization dispute resolution involving health risk.

The World Trade Organization is currently evolving its approach to incorporating scientific and technological evidence into its dispute-resolution process. In European Communities-Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products, the Panel was faced with a large amount of complex and conflicting scientific evidence presented by the partisan experts. The Asbestos Panel's solution was to appoint independent, nonpartisan experts to help it understand and evaluate the scientific evidence. While this was far better than trying to unravel the conflicting scientific evidence on its own, two aspects of the Panel's adopted procedure merit scrutiny. First, the expert-selection process used by the Panel may not assure that the collective expertise of the appointed experts is broad enough when the dispute involves multidisciplinary scientific issues. Second, the process adopted by the Panel for consulting the appointed experts-which involved individual consultation rather than a consensus process-may leave a panel with a distorted or confused picture of the science. A consensus approach is the best means of obtaining scientific advice from appointed experts; it is most calculated to provide a clear and accurate report of the scientific information needed by a panel to make a fair and informed decision on the dispute before it. The underlying principle of world trade agreements is that it is beneficial to all of us to have free trade. Among other things, this requires an effective means of resolving disputes, and increasingly that includes disputes involving complex scientific and technological issues. This can be achieved only if the parties have confidence that their disputes will be decided in a fair and informed manner, based on the best science available. To achieve this goal, we suggest that future WTO panels depart in certain respects from the procedures utilized by the Asbestos Panel.

Asbestos↗
PubMed1994

Providing consumer health information through institutional collaboration.

In the past several years, The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library of the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center (HSC) has noted a growing demand for consumer health information. However, because the primary role of the library is to provide information services to health professionals at the HSC, questions have been raised as to the amount of time, energy, and money that should be expended to provide health care information to consumers. The library staff, because it can provide special expertise regarding the availability and utilization of consumer health materials, has felt the responsibility to participate in HSC initiatives that reach a broad audience. Library efforts in that regard include assisting with inventory and management of patient education materials, participating in a community health promotion task force, collaborating with hospital departments in planning a consumer health information center, establishing a consumer health information reference section in the library, and obtaining a grant to offer a networked health information system to local public and community college libraries. Consumers of health information benefit from the enhanced services that result from combining the expertise of health professionals and patient educators with the information management skills of library staff.

Consumer Advocacy↗
PubMed1990

Who has the right to know the genetic constitution of a particular person?

Having conquered computer science, linguistics and aesthetics, the 'informational paradigm' has finally reached bioscience. In terms of information theory a human being's personal identity is defined by his/her unique combination of genetic information ('genetic fingerprint'). Any ethical analysis of the accessibility of individual genetic data must therefore be considered both from a medical ethics and from an information ethics point of view. As far as medical ethics is concerned it is obvious that certain medical activities relating to the physical and psychological integrity of human beings require informed consent. Since all activity involved in revealing a person's genetic constitution fulfils the requirements of informed consent, it goes without saying that only the person concerned has the right to determine who should have access to his/her genetic information. From an information ethics point of view, however, there is by definition no such thing as the natural right to private ownership of any kind of information. Information is in principle rather defined as a publicly shared good. We could therefore conclude from this that in principle everyone has the right to know everyone else's genetic constitution. The paper discusses some of the resulting problems by analysing different sets of arguments and confronting them with higher-order principles of modern ethics.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed1992

Sex ratio and factors influencing family size in a human population from Spain.

Six hundred and eight students from the Faculty of Biological Sciences of Valencia (Spain) provided information about secondary sex ratio and family size of the parental, present, and projected generation. The average number of children was 3.59, 3.05, and 2.10 and the secondary sex ratio was 113.3, 101.2, and 98.6 for the parental, present, and projected generation respectively. Combination of sexes of the first two children had a significant effect in the parental and the present generations. There was no consistent association between sexes of successive and sexes of nonsuccessive children within families. The most preferred combination of sexes in the projected generation was one male-one female, and male-female was the most preferred permutation. Strong preferences for the firstborn to be male and for an alternation of sexes were also indicated.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed2002

Three-dimensional visualization of human vocal organ on the web.

In the field of image technology, three-dimensional (3D) image display can give the intuitive information more efficiently. In medical science, 3D visualization is used for the purpose of education and diagnosis and is becoming increasingly more important. In this article, several structures of the larynx are visualized by 3D image and displayed on the Web to provide users an easy approach to the image. VRML is used on Web3D display because it is popular and easy to manipulate.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Imaging of brain iron by magnetic resonance: T2 relaxation at different field strengths.

Soon after the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a diagnostic modality in the 1980s, it was recognized that some of the contrast found in brain imaging correlated with patterns of iron deposition. The presence of non-heme iron had previously been established by pathological studies on post-mortem brains. The iron concentration is highest in specific nuclei of the basal ganglia and some associated structures. It is low at birth and increases with age until a relatively constant level is reached at an age of 20-30 years. There is evidence for further increases in very elderly persons. Although iron is ubiquitous in human tissues, only in a few situations is the concentration large enough to affect MRI. Because MRI has the ability to detect, in a noninvasive fashion, the naturally occurring iron in the basal ganglia and related nuclei, it may be used to study the physiology and pathology of these important structures. Magnetic resonance imaging has confirmed the results of earlier post mortem studies of the anatomical localization and age-dependence of brain iron. Initial steps have been toward the use of MRI to study disorders of thought, movement, and behavior that are believed to be related to brain iron. However, additional understanding is required of the physical details of the contrast mechanism, the physiology of the iron accumulation, and the significance of abnormal patterns of iron deposition. In this report, data are presented on the normal variation in MRI parameters and their dependence on magnetic field strength. The potential clinical and basic science applications are briefly reviewed. Information from widely differing fields is relevant to the study of the physical and pathological significance of brain iron, and for this reason, extensive, although not exhaustive, literature references are included.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Generalizing from clinical trials.

Although randomized controlled clinical trials have become the "gold standard" for evaluating new treatments, only a small subset of the population considered for treatment participate in randomized clinical trials. To what extent is it reasonable to generalize beyond the boundaries of a specific clinical trial? This paper argues that several pieces of information are necessary to determine the extent of extrapolation or generalization warranted in a specific clinical trial. The necessary items of information are derived from basic science laboratory studies; animal studies; genetic studies (where applicable); observational, clinical, and epidemiological studies; and other randomized clinical trials in similar settings or with similar treatments. An example from the field of cholesterol reduction is presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Steering through the murky waters of a scientific conflict: situated and symbolic models of clinical cognition.

The situated action perspective, which embraces a diversity of views, challenges several of the fundamental assumptions of the symbolic information-processing framework underlying cognitive science and artificial intelligence. In this paper, we consider the following issues; symbolic representations, plans and actions, distributed cognition, and the transfer of learning. We evaluate each of these issues in terms of research and theories in clinical cognition and examine the implications for education and training, and for the integration of intelligent systems in medical practice. We argue for a reconceptualization of the symbolic framework in terms of the way the role of internal representations and cognitive activities are perceived. However, symbolic representations are integral to medical cognition and should continue to be central in any theoretical framework. A re-examination of cognitive science in medicine in terms of the relationship among physicians, technology, and the workplace could prove to be constructive in bridging the gap between theory and practice.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2005

Mars habitat modules: launch, scaling and functional design considerations.

The Sasakawa International Center for Space Architecture (SICSA) is undertaking a multi-year research, planning and design study that is exploring near- and long-term commercial space development opportunities. The central goal of this activity is to conceptualize a scenario of sequential, integrated private enterprise initiatives that can carry humankind forward to Mars. Each development stage is planned as a building block to provide the economic foundation, technology advancements and operational infrastructure to support others that follow. This report presents fundamental issues and requirements associated with planning human Mars initiatives that can transfer crews, habitats and equipment from Earth to Mars orbit, deliver them to the planet's surface, and return people and samples safely back to Earth. The study builds in part upon previous studies which are summarized in SICSA's: Commercial Space Development Plan and the Artificial Gravity Science and Excursion Vehicle reports. Information and conclusions produced in this study provide assumptions and a conceptual foundation for a subsequent report titled The First Mars Outpost: Planning and Concepts.

Air Conditioning↗
PubMed2005

Cannabis use to enhance sportive and non-sportive performances among French sport students.

PURPOSE: Despite a large public health interest in substance use among athletes, only a few works have addressed illicit drug use in relation with sport practice. We have studied cannabis use to enhance both sportive and non-sportive performance among French sport university students. METHODS: An anonymous self-reported questionnaire was administered to a sample of students from six Sport Science Universities from Southern France. Information on sport practice and cannabis use (frequency, quantity, motives) was collected. RESULTS: Males were more prone to have already used cannabis to enhance non-sportive performance as well as sportive performance. The simultaneous equation model indicated that both kinds of enhancing-substance use were endogenous: cannabis use to enhance sportive performance leads to cannabis use to enhance non-sportive performance and reciprocally. Moreover, the relaxing properties of cannabis may be frequently used to enhance performance. Cannabis use to enhance sportive performance was positively related to the competitive level and to sliding sports. CONCLUSIONS: The present study helps to improve understanding on an empirical paradox about the relationship between doping agents use and so-called 'recreational' drug use among athletes. Indeed, people who use doping agents may also use 'recreational' drugs for a 'non-recreational' purpose.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Web resources for the carbohydrate chemist.

Bioinformatics has played a pivotal role in advancing genetics and protein sciences. The large amount of information generated by genomics, and now proteomics, has been a driving force. By comparison, glycobiology still generates small amounts of data. The need to organize our knowledge about carbohydrates is however growing constantly and has given rise to an increasing number of public databases and freely available tools. This review gives an overview of the carbohydrate-oriented resources currently available on the Internet. Many of the resources are seldom referred to in the literature and difficult to find, in part because of the constant flux of the net itself, but also because many efforts have been lead by a single individual. As the World Wide Web has matured the number of 'permanent' resources, maintained by organizations rather than individuals, has increased. In this paper, we present some of the more useful and accessible public tools and databases. There are also a few commercial initiatives but these have not been reviewed.

Biochemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2005

A history and overview of the certification exam for medical dosimetrists.

During the last century, the creation and implementation of board certification has had a powerful impact on the medical community. Board certification has helped to shape the scope and practice of medical professionals and the care they provide, as well as to influence the way the health insurance industry sets standards for reimbursement. One profession that offers board certification to its members is medical dosimetry. The Medical Dosimetrist Certification Board exam has been administered since 1988 and its content covers a broad spectrum of information from the radiation therapy sciences. The exam has strict application requirements and is rather difficult to pass. Those who pass the exam can then call themselves Certified Medical Dosimetrists. For data purposes of this study, several members of the dosimetry community were solicited to participate in a survey regarding the exam's content and history, and to provide relevant statistical data. Currently 2,177 medical dosimetrists are board certified, with an additional 1,500 estimated to be working without certification. Although board certification is not currently required to practice medical dosimetry, new legislation known as the CARE Bill could change this. The CARE Bill, if passed, would mandate nationwide compulsory licensure and/or certification for medical dosimetrists and other medical professionals who want to work in radiation-related health care. Health maintenance organizations and other insurance carriers may likewise require certification for reimbursement purposes.

Certification↗
PubMed2004

Eating disorders: clinical features and pathophysiology.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are disorders of eating and weight-related behavior that together afflict some 1-3% of women in the United States. One of the remarkable features about each of the eating disorders is how persistent the disordered eating behavior becomes once it has begun. Substantial psychological, social, and physiological disturbances are associated with eating disorders, and it has been very difficult to disentangle those factors that may result from the disturbed behavior from the factors that may have predisposed individuals to, or precipitated the development of, the disorder. This article will briefly review the definitions, phenomenology, and identified risk factors for development of each of the major eating disorders. Pathophysiology will be discussed, with a particular focus on candidate factors that might sustain disordered eating behavior, as informed by clinical and basic science research. Future research directions will be suggested.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed2005

Absolute pitch: perception, coding, and controversies.

Recent findings in cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology are converging to shed light on the nature of processing, categorization and memory for pitch in humans and animals. Although most people are unable to name or place pitch values in consistent, well-defined categories, as they do for color, stable long-term memory for pitch has been shown in certain animal species, in infants, and in both adult musicians and non-musicians. 'Absolute pitch', the rare ability to label pitches without external reference, appears to require acquisition early in life, and involves specialized brain mechanisms, now partially identified. Research on pitch coding strategies informs wider theories in cognitive science of semantic memory, and the nature of perceptual categories.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Description and analysis of metabolic connectivity and dynamics in the human red blood cell.

The human red blood cell (hRBC) metabolic network is relatively simple compared with other whole cell metabolic networks, yet too complicated to study without the aid of a computer model. Systems science techniques can be used to uncover the key dynamic features of hRBC metabolism. Herein, we have studied a full dynamic hRBC metabolic model and developed several approaches to identify metabolic pools of metabolites. In particular, we have used phase planes, temporal decomposition, and statistical analysis to show hRBC metabolism is characterized by the formation of pseudoequilibrium concentration states. Such equilibria identify metabolic "pools" or aggregates of concentration variables. We proceed to define physiologically meaningful pools, characterize them within the hRBC, and compare them with those derived from systems engineering techniques. In conclusion, systems science methods can decipher detailed information about individual enzymes and metabolites within metabolic networks and provide further understanding of complex biological networks.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed2003

Arguments for adjuncts.

It is commonly assumed across the language sciences that some semantic participant information is lexically encoded in the representation of verbs and some is not. In this paper, we propose that semantic obligatoriness and verb class specificity are criteria which influence whether semantic information is lexically encoded. We present a comprehensive survey of the English verbal lexicon, a sentence continuation study, and an on-line sentence processing study which confirm that both factors play a role in the lexical encoding of participant information.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Therapeutic and research implications.

Investigations into the relationship between the cerebellum and nonmotor processing have produced a substantial body of evidence which seems to require a revision of accepted notions about the functional role of the cerebellum. This chapter presents a perspective on the contemporary and possible future therapeutic and research implications of these findings. These include the need for patients and their families to know of the behavioral consequences of cerebellar disease processes; potential approaches for improvement through rehabilitation therapies; and future treatment strategies, such as electrical stimulation of the cerebellum and psychosurgical approaches applied to the cerebellum. In addition, some areas of basic science investigation that could prove informative in understanding this relationship are addressed. It will be important to obtain a more complete characterization of the anatomy, physiology, and functional topography of the cerebellum in humans and in animal models, and a greater understanding of the clinical consequences of cerebellar lesions.

Animals↗