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PubMed1985

Information processing components of the auditory event related potential are reduced by cocaine.

The effects of cocaine on a human electroencephalographic event related potential (ERP) were measured. Forty-eight subjects received one of three IV doses (0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 mg/kg) and placebo. Thirty-three subjects received one of three oral doses (2, 3, or 4 mg/kg). All IV and oral doses reduced amplitude of the auditory ERP P200 and P300 components during the oddball task. P200 latency decreased. N100 amplitude was reduced only after IV administration. The changes in ERPs occurred during the period of peak cardiovascular and subjective effects. The amplitude reduction in ERP components occurring before the P300 component is consistent with decrements in attention, specifically selective attention. The P300 amplitude reduction after cocaine suggests a disruption of stimulus evaluation resources. The findings are inconsistent with the notion that stimulants affect only response selection and execution. The degree to which stimulants alter cognitive processes prior to response selection may depend on the magnitude of the cardiovascular, subjective, and probably other noncognitive effects.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1984

Relationship between subjective self-report of cognitive dysfunction and objective information-processing performance in a group of hospitalized schizophrenic patients.

This study examines the relationships between subjective self-report of cognitive difficulties associated with schizophrenia and performance parameters of an objective choice reaction time task. The predicted relationships did not emerge and the results are discussed with regard to the methodological difficulties of measuring self-report and the features of the CRT task used. One positive finding was the significant relationship between chronicity of illness and the CRT measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Information processing at a central synapse suggests a noise filter in the auditory pathway of the noctuid moth.

1. The central projections of the A1 afferent were confirmed via intracellular recording and staining with Lucifer Yellow in the pterothoracic ganglion of the noctuid moths, Agrotis infusa and Apamea amputatrix (Fig. 1). Simultaneous recordings of the A1 afferent in the tympanal nerve (extracellularly) and in the pterothoracic ganglion (intracellularly) confirm the identity of the stained receptor as being the A1 cell. 2. The major postsynaptic arborizations of interneurone 501 in the pterothoracic ganglion were also demonstrated via intracellular recording and staining (Fig. 2). Simultaneous recordings of the A1 afferent (extracellularly) and neurone 501 (intracellularly) revealed that each A1 spike evokes a constant short latency EPSP in the interneurone (Fig. 2Bi). Neurone 501 receives only monaural input from the A1 afferent on its soma side as demonstrated by electrical stimulation of each afferent nerve (Fig. 2Bii). EPSPs evoked in neurone 501 by high frequency (100 Hz) electrical stimulation of the afferent nerve did not decrement (Fig. 2Biii). These data are consistent with a monosynaptic input to neurone 501 from the A1 afferent. 3. The response of neurone 501 to a sound stimulus presented at an intensity near the upper limit of its linear response range (30 ms, 16 kHz, 80 dB SPL) was a plateau-like depolarization, with tonic spiking activity which continued beyond the end of the tone. The instantaneous spike frequency of the response was as high as 800 Hz, and was maintained at above 600 Hz for the duration of the tone (Fig. 3). 4. The relationship between the instantaneous spike frequency in the A1 afferent and that recorded simultaneously in neurone 501 is linear over the entire range of A1 spike frequencies evoked by white noise sound stimuli (Fig. 4). Similarly, the relationship between instantaneous spike frequency in the A1 afferent and the mean depolarization evoked in neurone 501 is also linear for all A1 spike frequencies tested (Fig. 5). No summation of EPSPs occurred for A1 spike frequencies below 100 Hz.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1990

Information processing, neuropsychological function, and the inherited predisposition to alcoholism.

Sons of male alcoholics are at particularly heightened risk for the development of alcoholism. This heightened risk frequently appears in association with increased incidence of conduct disorder or hyperactivity, with deficits in abstract thinking and poor school performance, with abnormalities in cued psychophysiological response, and with increased sensitivity to the putatively stress-response-dampening effects of alcohol intoxication. This risk and its associated features are discussed within the context of a neuropsychological theory, predicted on the notions (1) that deficits in cognitive functions theoretically dependent upon the intact functioning of the prefrontal cortex could underlie manifestation of the idiosyncracies commonly attributed to sons of male alcoholics, and (2) that acute alcohol intoxication could relieve the subjective discomfort associated with the consequences of such deficits.

Alcoholism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parallel and sequential information processing in animals as a function of different hemispheres.

The procedure of motor-food conditioned reflexes in conjunction with unilateral decortication of the hemispheres by means of spreading depression was used in experiments on 53 rats. Differentiation of geometric figures, combined into simultaneous complexes or chain stimuli, presented simultaneously or sequentially, was developed. It was shown that lateralization of predominant disturbances of analysis depends not on the type of stimuli used, but on the nature of their presentation. In the case of simultaneous presentation, the most profound disturbances occurred after the right hemisphere was disconnected, and in the case of sequential presentation, as a result of inactivation of the left hemisphere. The presence of a simultaneous processor in the right hemisphere of the animals and a sequential processor in the left is suggested.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Electrical measurement of internal information processing during silent reading and listening.

When one listens, one "say what one hears." In reading, one "says what one sees," following which, one "hears what one says." The processes of intermodal transfer and of phonetic coding to achieve lexical-semantic processing are hypothesized. The technologic consequence is that covert oral behavior (subvocalization) during silent reading is beneficial to children and should not be tampered with by the teacher.

Electrophysiology↗
PubMed2005

[One decade of functional imaging in schizophrenia research. From visualisation of basic information processing steps to molecular-genetic oriented imaging].

Modern neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have contributed tremendously to our current understanding of psychiatric disorders in the context of functional, biochemical and microstructural alterations of the brain. Since the mid-nineties, functional MRI has provided major insights into the neurobiological correlates of signs and symptoms in schizophrenia. The current paper reviews important fMRI studies of the past decade in the domains of motor, visual, auditory, attentional and working memory function. Special emphasis is given to new methodological approaches, such as the visualisation of medication effects and the functional characterisation of risk genes.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of the information processing and mood effects of a transdermal nicotine patch.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a transdermal nicotine patch will produce the same effects on performance and mood as cigarette smoking. The nicotine patch improved attentional processing and produced some improvements in memory. It produced the calming effects of smoking and induced feelings of happiness which were increased with smoking. These effects were obtained 6 h after application of the patch, showing that acute tolerance for these behavioural effects had not developed completely, if at all, after exposure to nicotine, although it is still possible that tolerance might occur with longer exposure.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2005

Seeing speech affects acoustic information processing in the human brainstem.

Afferent auditory processing in the human brainstem is often assumed to be determined by acoustic stimulus features alone and immune to stimulation by other senses or cognitive factors. In contrast, we show that lipreading during speech perception influences early acoustic processing. Event-related brainstem potentials were recorded from ten healthy adults to concordant (acoustic-visual match), conflicting (acoustic-visual mismatch) and unimodal stimuli. Audiovisual (AV) interactions occurred as early as approximately 11 ms post-acoustic stimulation and persisted for the first 30 ms of the response. Furthermore, the magnitude of interaction depended on AV pairings. These findings indicate considerable plasticity in early auditory processing.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Information processing during physical exercise: a chronometric and electromyographic study.

Choice reaction time (RT) is shorter when participants perform a choice task at the same time as a sub-maximal exercise than when they are at rest. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether such an exercise affects response execution or whether it alters processes located upstream from the neuro-muscular level. To this end, the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the response agonists was analysed in a between-hand choice RT task performed either concurrently with a pedalling task or at rest. Visual stimulus intensity was also manipulated so as to determine whether exercise further affects early sensory processes. Results shows that exercise affected the time interval elapsing from the onset of the contraction of the response agonists to the mechanical response, thereby indicating that this variable modifies the peripheral motor processes involved in response execution. EMG signal analyses further revealed that the cortico-spinal command is more efficient during exercise than at rest. In addition, exercise was shown to interact with visual stimulus intensity on the time between stimulus and voluntary EMG onset and to increase the critical flicker fusion frequency threshold, thereby indicating that exercise modifies the peripheral sensory processes involved in early sensory operations. The decomposition of RT, with respect to the EMG activity of response agonists, sheds light on the processes affected by exercise and suggests that exercise affects both sensory processes and late motor processes.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Proprioceptive information processing in weightlessness.

The "illusions" experiment carried out on five astronauts during the last two French-Russian flights (Antarès in 1992 and Altaïr in 1993) and in the Russian Post-Antarès mission (1993) was designed to investigate the adaptive changes in human proprioceptive functions occurring in weightlessness at both the sensorimotor and cognitive levels, focusing on two kinds of responses: (1) whole-body postural reflexes, and (2) whole-body movement perception. These kinesthetic and motor responses were induced using the tendon-vibration method, which is known to selectively activate the proprioceptive muscular sensory channel and to elicit either motor reactions or illusory movement sensations. Vibration (70 Hz) was therefore applied to ankle (soleus or tibialis) and neck (splenii) muscles. The subject's whole-body motor responses were analyzed from EMG and goniometric recordings. The perceived vibration-induced kinesthetic sensations were mimicked by the subjects with a joystick. The main results show that a parallel in-flight attenuation of the vibration-induced postural responses and kinesthetic illusions occurred, which seems to indicate that the proprioceptive system adapts to the microgravity context, where standing posture and conscious coding of anteroposterior body movements are no longer relevant. The same sensory messages are used at the same time in different sensory motor loops and in the coding of newly developed behavioral movements under microgravity. These results suggest that the human proprioceptive system has a high degree of adaptive functional plasticity, at least as far as the perceptual and motor aspects are concerned.

Adaptation, Physiological↗